STEM 12

What have you

obsereved?
 I C S 2 , S T E M 12
PHYS

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
PREPARED BY: ELMER JR. P. SERRA
Objectives
a. understand and apply the concepts of
Electromagnetism Induction.

At the end of the

lesson, the student b. Calculate the magnetic flux through an area in a given B-
shuld be able to; field, magnitude and direction of the induced current or emf
in a conductor moving with respect to a given B-field; and

c. Apply Lenz’s law and the right-hand rule to determine

directions of induced emf.
A Brief History

1600 William Gilbert, On magnetism; magnetic materials;

poles that attract & repel; Earth’s magnetic field, compass ‘dip’

1820 Hans Christian Oersted finds that an electric current

deflects a compass needle.

1820 Andre Marie Ampère finds that parallel wires

carrying current produce forces on each other.

1820s, 1830s Michael Faraday develops the concept of electric field and shows
that electric current + magnetism -> motion (motor effect) motion + magnetism -
> electric current (electromagnetic induction)

1860s James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) establishes

a mathematical description of electromagnetism.
What is E/M Induction?
Electromagnetic Induction is the process of using magnetic fields to
produce voltage, and in a complete circuit, a current.

Michael Faraday first discovered it, using some of

the works of Hans Christian Oersted. His work
started at first using different combinations of
wires and magnetic strengths and currents, but it
wasn't until he tried moving the wires that he got
any success.

It turns out that electromagnetic induction is created by

just that - the moving of a conductive substance through a
magnetic field.
 Induced Current

when a conductor moves across

flux line, magnetic force on the free
electrons induce an electric current
Right-hand force rule shows
current outward for downand
inward for up motion.
Induced EMF: Observations
 Magnetic Flux Density
Flux is a general term associated with a FIELD that is
bound by a certain AREA. So MAGNETIC FLUX is any
AREA that has a MAGNETIC FIELD passing through it.

The unit of Flux Density is the weber per square meter.

 Calculating Flux When Area is Not
Perpendicular to Field
N

N
N N
S
S
S

S
S
S N
N
N N S
S
Example 1
Exercise
Exercise
Application of Faraday's Law
Example 2
Excercise
Example 2
 •Faraday’s law gives the direction of the induced emf
Len'z Law and therefore the direction of any induced current.
•Lenz’s law is a simple way to get the directions straight,
with less effort.
Example 3
Direction of Forces
and EMFs
Motional EMF in a wire
Example 4
Example
Exercise
Exercise
 Transformer

An electric transformer is a device that uses electromagnetic induction to

change the voltage of electric current. Electromagnetic induction is the process
of generating current with a magnetic field. It occurs when a magnetic field
and electric conductor, such as a coil of wire, move relative to one another. A
transformer may either increase or decrease voltage.
Transformer

When coil S has more turns than coil P, the voltage

in the secondary current is greater than the
voltage in the primary current. This type of
transformer is called a step-up transformer. That’s
because it steps up, or increases, the voltage.

·When coil S has fewer turns of wire than coil P,

the voltage in the secondary current is less than
the voltage in the primary current. This type of
transformer is called a step-down transformer
because it steps down, or decreases, the voltage.
Formula
Example 5
Example
Exercise
Exercise
 Generator

An electric generator is a device that changes

kinetic energy to electrical energy through
electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic
induction is the process of generating electric
current with a magnetic field. It occurs when a
magnetic field and an electric conductor, such
as a coil of wire, move relative to one another.

Generators may be set up to produce either direct or alternating current.

Generators in cars and most power plants produce alternating current.
Regardless of the type of current, all generators change kinetic energy to
electrical energy.
 A power plant generator produces electricity with the
kinetic energy of a turning turbine. The energy to turn
Generator the turbine may come from burning fuel, falling water,
or some other energy source. You can see how falling
water is used to generate electricity in a hydroelectric
power plant

Q: The water flowing through

the dam and over the turbine
has kinetic energy because it
is moving. Where does the
water get the energy to move?
 The AC Generator

I in R is right, zero, left, and then zero as loop rotates.

Calculating Induced EMC
Sinusoidal Current of Generator
Example 6
Exercise
Exercise
The DC Generator
The Electric Motor
Example 7