Professional Documents
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BEAM PUMP
PTP 7.1
PUMPING PRINCIPLES
&
SURFACE EQUIPMENT
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Basic system 03
Basic operation 04
Sucker rods 07
Counter balancing 08
Fluid pounding 09
Gas locking 09
SURFACE EQUIPMENT
Pumping unit 13
Structural members 14
Bearings 16
Speed reducer 16
Prime mover 19
Controllers 24
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THE BASIC SYSTEM
Sucker rod pumping is the most widespread form of artificial lift used since the
earliest days of the oil industry. The pumps are functionally the same as water-
well pumps used as long as 1,500 years ago in China, Egypt, and Rome.
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permits fluid flow upward but not downward. Also called traveling valve, this
check valve is usually of the ball-and-seat type in most modern pumps.
Sucker rod
barrel
plunger
travelling vale
The ideal operating principles of the simple sucker rod pump can be
standing
demonstrate valveInitially, the plunger is stationary at the bottom of the
pictorially.
stroke. Both the traveling valve and the standing valve are closed at this point.
The fluid column imposes hydrostatic pressure in the tubing string above the
traveling valve and in the pump barrel above the standing valve.
The load on the polished rod, that is, the top rod in the sucker rod string,
and on the pumping unit is the weight of the rod string only. As the plunger
moves upward, the traveling valve remains closed, and the load of the fluid in
the tubing is picked up by the rod string.
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Top of upstroke
upstroke downstroke Bottom of
downstroke
reservoir
The load on the top rod and the pumping unit is now the combined weight of
the rod string and that of the fluid column. With minimal leakage between the
plunger and the pump barrel, the pressure between the traveling valve and the
standing valve is reduced, so the standing valve opens, allowing fluid to flow
from the wellbore into the pump barrel.
At the top of the stroke the plunger is stationary and both valves are again
closed, so the fluid load is still being held by the plunger and the traveling
valve. Assuming that the pump barrel is now filled with fluid and that the fluid
is incompressible, the traveling valve will open as the plunger starts downward.
The weight of the fluid column in the tubing will be transferred to the standing
valve and the tubing, and the load on the polished rod and the pumping unit will
again be only the weight of the rods.
3. BOTTOMHOLE PUMPS
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Tubing pump
Insert pump
•The insert pump is run
and pulled as a single unit tubing
on the sucker rods. Plunger
•Insert pumps are barrel
preferred for deeper wells.
•Efficiency of an insert
pump is slightly less than traveling valve
that of a tubing pump
because of the smaller
diameter of the plunger standing valve
There are two basic types of bottomhole pumps used for sucker rod
pumping-Tubing pumps and Insert pumps.
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The tubing pump is so named because the pump barrel is run on the
tubing string. The plunger is run into the well on the sucker rods. The inside
diameter of a tubing pump barrel is just slightly smaller than that of the tubing
on which it is run, giving the highest pumping rate possible for a given
installation. Replacing the barrel of a tubing pump requires pulling the tubing.
The insert pump is run in and pulled from the tubing as a single unit on
the rods. Although used since before 1870, insert pumps were not used
extensively until after 1920. Because the insert pump can be pulled as a single
unit, it is preferred to the tubing pump for use in deeper wells.
The most common tubing and insert pump designs are controlled under
API specifications. Certain non-API pump designs- the casing pump and the
multistage pump- have been shown to be effective under certain special well
conditions.
4. SUCKER RODS
The earliest sucker rods were made of wood, usually hickory, with
metal end pieces. Iron or steel rods came into use about 1880-90 and became
common by 1900. API standards for sucker rod joints were first adopted in
1927. Improvements in the metallurgy used in sucker rod manufacture have
increased the strength and load capacity of sucker rods.
However, even with these improvements and the use of tapered rod
strings (strings with rods of more than one size, the larger on top and the
smallest on bottom), the maximum practical depth of steel sucker rod pump
installations is only about 10,000 feet, with a few low volume installations as
deep as 13,000 feet. Lighter, stronger rods are necessary for installations to
depths of 15,000-20,000 feet. The use of fiberglass rods is currently being
explored.
The structural members of these units were wooden with metal bearings
and hardware. Power was furnished from steam or single-cylinder, low-speed
internal combustion engines and transmitted through a belt drive. Electric-
motor drives could be added later. In these installations the derrick was also
left on the well, and the power unit and bull wheel were used for well servicing
operations. The same surface equipment was used for drilling, production, and
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servicing. These units, with innovations, were in use until about 1930, by
which time deeper wells were being drilled, pumping loads had become
heavier, and the cable-tool rig as a pump had outlived its efficiency.
The relatively high rotating speed of the prime mover is first reduced by
the belt drive and then by the gear reducer to rotation of the crank at the desired
strokes/minute rate. Rotation of the crank is converted through the crank arm,
crank pin bearing, Pitman, equalizer, and equalizer bearing into reciprocating
motion of the walking beam. Walking beam motion is then converted to linear
motion of the polished rod by the horse-head and hanger.
With proper unit alignment, this motion should not impose any bending
moment on the polished rod. The polished rod and the stuffing box provide a
seal between the rods and the tubing at the surface to divert the fluid being
pumped into the flow line.
6. COUNTERBALANCING
The counterweight shown on the crank arm of the beam pumping unit is
an important component of the system. The counterbalance weight can also be
placed on the walking beam, or an air cylinder can be used for the same
purpose. Pumping units can be described as beam-balanced, crank-balanced, or
air-balanced.
7. FLUID POUNDING
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When the pumping well has been on production long enough to
stabilize, the ideal pumping situation occurs when the inflow rate of the well
matches the pumping rate with sufficient pump submergence to permit the
pump to be completely filled on each stroke. The pump can be completely
filled, or nearly so, only when the gas being produced is separated from the
well fluid and vented through the casing and when the pumping rate and the
inflow rate are the same.
If the pumping unit's lower limit has been reached by reducing speed and
reducing stroke length and the well continues to pump off, fluid pounding can
be reduced by pumping the well intermittently. The unit can be turned on and
off manually, with a time-cycle controller, or with a pump-off controller.
8. GAS LOCKING
The gas will therefore remain in the pump chamber, and no fluid will be
pumped. The pump is then said to be gaslocked. On the other hand, if the
clearance volume of the pump on the downstroke is small enough to give a
compression ratio greater than 10:1, the gas in the pump will be compressed to
2,000 psi, and the standing valve will open. Part of the gas will be discharged
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into the tubing, and the pump will partially fill with liquid on the subsequent
upstroke. The rest of the gas will be discharged on the next downstroke, and
the pump will again be pumping fluid. As pump depths increase, gas locking
becomes more of a problem if the oil is below its bubble point. It is also an
increasing problem with lower bottomhole pressures and a higher gas-oil ratio.
In this type of well, gas anchors are helpful, and casing venting is essential.
Multistage pumps may also be used in deep, high gas-oil ratio, low bottomhole-
pressure wells in order to increase the overall pump compression ratio.
Advantages
Disadvantages
SURFACE EQUIPMENT:
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This section describe in details about surface equipment of the Beam Pump.
Although flow lines may not normally be considered as part of a sucker rod
pumping system, the design and maintenance of the pumping well Christmas
tree and lines to the tank battery are important to the performance of the
installation.
Lines must not be too small or they will increase the back-pressure on the
annulus, decreasing the efficiency of bottomhole gas separation, increasing
formation back-pressure, decreasing production, and increasing power
requirements.
If the lines are larger than required, the low velocities may result in the
depositing of produced solids in low spots. The heading of flow and the time
required for produced fluids to get through larger lines may make short-time
well tests invalid.
They should be monitored on a regular basis for leakage and inspected at the
well end for paraffin buildup. Check valves should be sized in accordance
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with manufacturers' recommendations for velocity versus density and checked
periodically for leakage,
If the check valve on the casing gas vent line leaks, pumped well fluid can
circulate back into the annulus. This check valve can be checked in the
hook-up by closing the gauge cock on the casing pressure gauge, removing the
gauge, closing the plug valve on the annulus, and opening the gauge cock.
Flow from the gauge cock will indicate leakage of either the check valve or
the annulus plug valve.
Stuffing box
BOP
pumping TEE
wing valve
mastervalve
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2. PUMPING UNIT
API Spec 11E covers the design and ratings of pumping unit
structures, gear reducers, and chain reducers. It also provides approved data
forms for manufacturers to use in submitting the required crank
counterbalance data, data on polished rod position, and torque factor for each
150 of crank rotation.
3. STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
The pumping unit structure includes the base and the Samson post. In
addition, the walking beam, equalizer, and Pitman, which are parts of the
operating mechanism, must be considered as structural members.
API Spec 11E specifies only the minimum design requirements for the
walking beam. Materials are not specified, and the design of bearing and of
structural members other than the walking beam are only generally controlled
by requiring that they be compatible with the walking beam load. The base,
Samson post, and walking beam are most commonly fabricated from
structural rolled steel shapes in accordance with ASTM A36, the maximum
allowable stress limitation for use of which is given in API Spec 11E.
The base is a rigid structure supporting the loads of the prime mover,
speed reducer, and Samson post and transmitting these loads uniformly to the
unit foundation. It must support these components and the operating
mechanism while maintaining alignment for proper operation of the unit.
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Actual foundation area and depth are dependent upon local soil
conditions. The foundation must distribute the unit loads to the soil so that
there is no rocking of the unit during operation. Drainage around the unit
foundation should prevent rainfall or other water from soaking in around the
foundation to weaken the soil support.
The Samson post is usually fabricated from three or four legs of rolled
steel shapes. It must support the walking beam, horsehead, equalizer, pitman,
and more than twice the peak polished rod load. On top is the center bearing,
or saddle bearing, which supports the walking beam.
The walking beam must be strong enough to resist the bending forces
due to the peak polished rod load on one end and the actuating force on the
other end. The critical stress on the walking beam is the compressive stress on
the outermost fibers of the lower flange at the center bearing.
Some conventional units have provisions for moving the walking beam
relative to the saddle bearing. This provision should be used only for
adjusting alignment. If used for changing stroke length, the center of
curvature of the horsehead will not be the centerline of the center bearing,
resulting in nonlinear motion of the polished rod. Decreased polished rod life
and decreased stuffing box packing life will result.
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4. BEARINGS
The center bearing and the equalizer bearing, or tail bearing, on the
walking beam support oscillating loads, whereas the crankpin bearing between
the lower end of the Pitman and the crank arm supports a rotational load.
Various designs and materials have been used for these bearings.
High-lead/bronze journal bearings have been used successfully for many years
for all three applications. These bearings will give good service even where
complete film lubrication cannot be maintained, as in the oscillating load
bearings. Tapered and spherical roller bearings are also used, especially in the
crankpin bearings and in all three locations on large units.
Also, these bearings are designed for radial loading. Lateral loads
caused by poor unit alignment or loose bolts in the structure or the foundation
can also shorten bearing and seal life. Some unit manufacturers specify that
structural and foundation bolts be hammer-tight.
Hammering bolts too tight can cause bolt failures in tension. If they
are not tight enough, movement will occur during unit operation, causing
lateral loads on the bearings and seals and misalignment of the unit. Bolt
failures in fatigue also result from undertightening.
5. SPEED REDUCER
This portion of the unit represents about 60% of the unit cost and, in
operation, more than 75% of the unit failures. It requires careful
consideration in selection and in operation and maintenance.
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Various combinations of V-belt, chain, and single-, double-, or triple
reduction gear trains are used. The most commonly employed speed reducer
is a double-reduction gear train giving a reduction of around 30:1 or a little
less, coupled with a V-belt reduction on the prime mover end .
Sheaves are made for use with V-belts having certain cross sections.
Use of belts with cross sections other than those for which the sheaves were
intended will lead to very short belt life.
And, since each belt has a certain load carrying capability, the proper
number of belts should be used. Too few will cause belt overloading and
early failure. Too many are an unnecessary expense, increase power
requirements, and will cause decreased prime mover bearing life. In selecting
a new set of belts or replacing a belt, any variation in lengths must be kept
within specified tolerance; otherwise the load will be carried by only a portion
of the belt set. Belt tension should be adjusted to specifications when installed
and should be checked on a regular schedule. Improper belt tension, either
too much or too little, causes reduced belt life.
Any water that accumulates in the gear box should be drained off on a
regular schedule A small permanent magnet on a length of string can be
lowered to the bottom of the gear box to detect an unusual accumulation of
small steel particles. An increase in wear particles may indicate either gear
overloading or improper lubrication.
TABLE 1
Recommended Lubricant Viscosities
for Gear Reducers
===============================================
1 2 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SAEF Gear or
Application* Transmission Oil AGMAF Oil
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. PRIME MOVER
The prime movers initially used with the first standard rig front-beam
pumping units were steam engines, with a gradual changeover in the 1900s to
low-speed, single cylinder internal-combustion engines
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These engines were used for well drilling as well as for well service
and work-over. They were generally greatly oversized for the pumping
operation, and since the natural gas used for fuel was mostly a useless
byproduct of the oil production, efficiency of the engine and pumping system
was of little importance.
A few of these systems had electric motor drives installed for the
pumping operation. With the advent of the beam pumping unit and portable
well service and work-over units and with the ever-increasing depth of
production and power costs, the economy of operation and the efficiency of
beam pumping prime movers and systems have become more and more
important. Not only a wide variety of pumping unit sizes and geometries but
also a wide variety of sizes and types of prime movers are available. Initial
selection is dependent upon consideration of the following:
More than half of the beam pumping units in the United States have
some form of electric motor drive, with 1,200 rpm, NEMA D, medium-slip
(5% to 8% and 8% to 13%) oilfield motors being the most common. On
beam pumping units, peak polished rod load and minimum polished rod load
can load the motor up to 2 to 4 times the allowable continuous load, resulting
in instantaneous slip exceeding the nominal 5% - 8% or 8% - 13%. Although
the NEMA D motors are most common, highslip motors (up to 27%) are also
used for beam pumping unit application (fig. 8).
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Electric motor slippage is influenced by motor temperature.
Manufacturer's rated slip is usually not reached until the motor has been in
operation for more than 1 hour. Slip of greater than 30% is required to reduce
torque by 6%.
Internal-combustion engines are normally used for beam pumping only
when suitable electric power is not available.
Since they operate at lower speeds, they must be larger than high-
speed engines for a given horsepower but generally have lower maintenance
and longer life.
Since low-speed ICE prime movers are larger for the horsepower
output, they are ordinarily employed when the horsepower required is smaller.
Multi-cylinder high-speed engines are used when higher horsepower is
required They compare favorably with low-speed engines in first cost and
size but usually have higher maintenance costs and lower service life.
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Rules of thumb for prime mover sizing are that the prime mover
horsepower should be 2 to 2 1/2 times the hydraulic horsepower or 1 1/2 to 2
times the polished rod horsepower. Unusual loads, such as high starting loads,
should be considered in the sizing of the prime mover. The sizing formula
used will result in the selection of an oversized prime mover in most cases.
This selection is not only an unnecessary added first cost but an added
operation hazard.
7. COUNTERBALANCE SYSTEM
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Beam balancing
The torque factor method given in API Standard 1IE can also be used
to evaluate counterbalance. This method is both time consuming and
expensive, however, and is usually used to determine optimum direction of
rotation, optimum location of crank weights, counterweight requirements, and
future installation gear reducer sizing.
8. CONTROLLERS
Percentage timers:
Most modern pumping unit
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electric motor controllers are
equipped with a percentage
timer to control the on-off
cycle of the unit.
Antenna
Clinometer
(position sensor)
Load cell
0.1250
RPC
MCI
Position switch
The duration of the total cycle is preset and fixed. The percentages of
on and off times are then adjusted to give maximum production without fluid
pounding. For example, if the desired on period is 50%, the setting is 12
hours (out of a 24-hour day). The unit will be on for 7½ minutes and off for
7½ minutes of the 15-minute preset cycle, resulting in a total on time of 12
hours each day.
Duration of the on and off periods for various settings are shown in
tabular form on the control box. This type of controller can be used to give
very accurate trim on the capacity of an oversized pumping system to obtain
maximum production with only low-level fluid pound. Its use also usually
results in a reduction of power demand, sometimes a drastic one.
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Settings on this controller include set point, time off and minimum
time on. Set point is adjusted with the aid of a dynamometer recorder. With
this controller, any time the set point falls outside the load diagram, the unit
will shut off. Off time is set. When the unit comes back on, it will pump for
a set minimum time even if sensing a pumped-off condition.
The pump-off controller is more expensive than the percentage timer;
however, it makes the running of dynamometer cards simpler and is adaptable
to centralized computer-controlled systems. In many cases pump-off
controllers have resulted in reduced electric bills, increased production, and
prolonged pump life (for as much as 6 months to 2 years).
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