Minimum Data To start Well Constriction re0, Depth x 1900 a1 so wo 120 140 160 180 200 Pressure Gradient - Ibaal Equivalent Sunes 88 ot a 13 eS 8 7 18 19 20 Pressure ities Gradient Surge Margin Fracture Gradient | Losses Problem BUST SMSSBIg [ELLIO Pressure Window Hole pressure Less than Pore Pressure Flow Problem Pore Pressure Gradient | ss0ce | ‘Swab Margin DEPTH (ft) ——— Hole pressure greater than Fracture Pressure ao . 3 *Refreshing :- Surge / Swab ! Trip Pressure Margin :- When move tubulars up and down in a hole filled with drilling mud so called “swab pressures” and “surge pressures” are created. The Surge Pressure is an increase of the pressure in front of the tubulars when run into the well, Pressure increase due to surge pressure can fracture weaker formation and cause lost circulation . ‘The Swab Pressure is a pressure reduction behind the tubular when pulled cout of the well , Pressure reduction due to swab can cause a kick , Swab pressure increases the intake of formation gas (trip gas) which in tum can decrease the hydrostatic pressure. When determining the actual wellbore pressure gradient consideration is given to : trip margins for controlling swab pressure / surge pressure, the equivalent fluid specific weight associated with the running / pulling out of the pipe strings and a safety margin. Generally a Factor between 0.025 and 0,045 psilft (0.45 to 0.9lb/gal of equivalent drilling mud specific weight) can be used to take into account the effects of swab and surge and provide a safety factor . Surge & Swabbing PressureExample : Calculate mud Specific weight suitable to drill a formation at depth 14000ft if you know the formation pressure is 7426 psi , Fracture pressure is 12440psi. IF you know that the company policy Factors for Trip Margin as following , 0.01psi/ft and for swabbing , 0.0155 psi/ft for Surge and 0.01 psi/ft afe' : safety factor ot sigh) 7426psi 102 mea ~ (:0.052*14000f Answer :+ 0.052" At fi) igay *17-1 Ib/ gal Pe psi! f2)\ _ (0.015 Spsi/ ft eS naar) “| ape eat EMD gp (16) ga1) = EMD sean to got) * 0-2 Tb / gal oo Amount, tbm/gal i 40.2 ~ swab Margin = - ‘Surge Margin +02 Safety Fotor Sassy Factor -| 506 Minimum MadDensy | [366 Masur Mud Dens Suitable mud Specific weight Range ( min 10.8Ib/gal — max 16.6lb/gal). Actual DataPressure gradient, ppg Actual Data Pressure gradient, ppg soo wt Rk 8 ws we OT 9 0 1 2 8 MB 8 00 Bee i < 000 eo 7000 Depth (TVD KB), ft Depth (TVD KB), ft g 12000 13000 14000 Chapter 4 Preliminary Casing Design (Well Profile , Wellhead , Mud Program , Cement Program ) i . a Schema) —«di Well Profile Consist of :- ayy 1- Casing Setting Depths (no. of holes) | { 2- Casing Size | | See slide No. 19 t4-1) FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF CASING DESIGN (4-1-1) PURPOSE OF CASING At a certain stage during the drilling of oil and gas wells. it becomes necessary to line the walls of a borehole with steel_pipe which is called casing). Casing serves numerous purposes during the drilling and production history of oil and gas wells, these include: 1. Keeping the hole open by preventing the weak formations from collapsing. ite., caving of the hole . 2. Protecting the freshwater-bearing formations from contamination by drilling and production fluids. 3. Providing a suitable support for wellhead equipment and blowout preventers for controlling subsurface pressure. and for the installation of tubing and subsurface equipment. 4. Serving as a high strength flow conduit to surface for both drilling and production fluids. 5. Providing safe passage for running wire-line equipment. 6. Allowing isolated communication with selectively perforated formation(s) of interest.(4-1-2) TYPES OF CASING:- When drilling wells, hostile environments, such as high-pressured zones, weak and fractured formations, unconsolidated formations and sloughing shale , are often encountered. Consequently, wells are drilled and cased in several steps to seal off these troublesome zones and to allow drilling to the total depth. Different casing sizes are required for different depths, the six general casings used to complete a well are:- 1. Caisson / Riser Pipe (For Offshore Wells) . 2. Conductor pipe (CP), 3. Surface Casing (S.CSG), 4, Intermediate Casing (I.CSG), 5, Production Casing (P.CSG) 6. Liner Casing (L.CSG) As shown in Figures a & b below , these pipes are run to different depths and one or two of them may be omitted depending on the drilling conditions: they may also be run as liners or in combination with liners. In offshore platform operations, it is also necessary to run a Caisson pipe. NOTE :- Casing is also one of the most expensive parts of a well, around 20% of the cost of a conned well. Casing is usually divided into five basic types. i conoucton bt PIPE ‘cement ——H4 i sunrace ASIN. E ta [PRODUCTION CASING PRODUCTION — ual INTERMEDIATE. 4 CAIN Liner Sr ecsenvorn= (@) HYORO-PRESSURED WELLS (®) GEO-PRESSURED WELLS Figure a Figure b4- Caisson / Riser Pipe On an offshore platform, a caisson pipe, usually 26 to 42 in. in ‘outside diameter (OD), is driven into the sea bed to prevent washouts of near-surface unconsolidated formations and to ensure the stability of the ground surface upon which the rig is seated. It also serves as a flow conduit for drilling fluid to the surface. The Caisson Pipe is tied back to the conductor or surface casing and usually does not carry any load. RISERLESS WITH RISER. MUQLIFT SYSTEM 2-Conductor Pipe (CP) :- The outermost casing string is the conductor pipe. The main purpose of this casing is to hold back the unconsolidated surface formations and prevent them from falling into the hole. The conductor pipe is cemented back to the surface and it is either used to support subsequent casings and wellhead equipment or the pipe is cut off at the surface after setting the surface casing. Where shallow water or gas flow is expected, the conductor pipe is fitted with a diverter system above the flow-line outlet. This device permits the diversion of drilling fluid or gas flow away from the rig in the event of a surface blowout. The conductor pipe is not shut-in in the event of fluid or gas flow, because itis not set in deep enough to provide any holding force.3- Surface Casing (S.CSG) :- The principal functions of the surface casing string are to: dhold back unconsolidated shallow formations that can slough into the hole and cause problems, Dsolate the freshwater-bearing formations and prevent their contamination by fluids from deeper formations . Serve as a base on which to set the blowout preventers (BOPs). It is generally set in competent rocks , such as hard limestone or dolomite, so that it can hold any pressure that may be encountered between the surface casing seat and the next casing seat. 4- Intermediate Casing (I.CSG) Intermediate or protective casing is set at a depth between the surface and production casings. The main reason for setting intermediate casing is :- 1. To case off the troublesome zones encountered include those with abnormal formation pressures, lost circulation, unstable shales and salt sections. When abnormal formation pressures are present in a deep section of the well. 2. To protect formations below the surface casing from the pressures created by the drilling fluid specific weight required to balance the abnormal pore pressure. Similarly, when normal pore pressures are found below sections having abnormal pore pressure, an additional intermediate casing may be set to allow for the use of more economical, lower specific weight, drilling fluids in the subsequent sections. After a troublesome lost circulation, unstable shale or salt section is penetrated, intermediate casing is required to prevent well problems while drilling below these sections.5- Production Casing (P.CSG):- Production casing is set through the prospective productive zones except in the case of open-hole completions. It is usually designed to hold the maximal shut-in pressure of the producing formations and may be designed to withstand stimulating pressures during completion and work-over operations. It also provides protection for the environment in the event of failure of the tubing string during production operations and allows for the production tubing to be repaired and replaced. 6 - Liners (L.CSG) Liners are the pipes that do not usually reach the surface, but are suspended from the bottom of the next largest casing string. Usually, they are set to seal off troublesome sections of the well or through the producing zones for economic reasons . Basic liner assemblies currently in use are shown in Figure C, these include: drilling liner, production liner, tie-back liner, scab liner, and scab tieback liner (Brown- Hughes Co., 1984). TE BACK SCAB TIE BACK LINER SCAB LINER (a) LINER (b) TIE BACK LINER (c) SCAB LINER (d) SCAB-TIE BACK LINER Figure C Basic liner system, (After Brown ~ Hughes Co 1984.A- Drilling liner:- (Figure C-a) Drilling liner is a section of casing that is suspended from the existing casing (surface or intermediate casing). In most cases, it extends downward into the open-hole and overlaps the existing casing by 200 to 400 ft. It is used to isolate abnormal formation pressure, lost circulation zones, heaving shales and salt sections, and to permit drilling below these zones without having well problems. B- Production liner:-(Figure C-a) Production liner is run instead of full casing to provide isolation across the production or injection zones. In this case, intermediate casing or drilling liner becomes part of the completion string. C-Tie-back liner :-(Figure C-b) Is a section of casing extending upwards from the top of the existing liner to the surface. This pipe is connected to the top of the liner with a specially designed connector. Production liner with tie-back liner assembly is most advantageous when exploratory drilling below the productive interval is planned. It also gives rise to low hanging-weights in the upper part of the well. D- Scab liner: (Figure C-c) Scab liner is a section of casing used to repair existing damaged casing. It may be cemented or sealed with packers at the top and bottom. E- Scab tie-back liner: (Figure C-d) This is a section of casing extending upwards from the existing liner, but which does not reach the surface and is normally cemented in place. Scab tie-back liners are commonly used with cemented heavy-wall casing to isolate salt sections in deeper portions of the well The major advantages of liners are that:- >Reduced length and smaller diameter of the casing results in a more economical casing design than would otherwise be possible . Reduce the necessary suspending capacity of the drilling rig. However, possible leaks across the liner hanger and the difficulty in obtaining a good primary cement job due to the narrow annulus must be taken into consideration in a combination string with an intermediate casing and a liner.(4-2) Casing Seat :- Refers to the depths where Casing should be seat , Selection of casing seats for the purpose of pressure control requires a knowledge of pore pressure and fracture gradient of the formation to be penetrated. Once this information is available, casing setting depth should be determined for the deepest string to be run in the well. Design of successive setting depths can be followed from the bottom string to the surface. A typical example is presented in Figure to illustrate the relationship between the pressure gradient, fracture gradient and depth. The pore pressure and fracture pressure are expressed as an Equivalent Density and are plotted vs. depth. A line representing the planned-mud-density program also is plotted. The mud densities are chosen to provide an acceptable trip margin above the anticipated formation pore pressure to allow for reductions in mud weight caused by upward pipe movement during tripping operation. A commonly used trip margin is 0.45 Ibm/gal or one that will provide 200-500psi of excess bottom hole pressure over the formation pore pressure DEPTH (ft) ( Software : CasingSeat - Landmark ) 85 19 1 12 1 4 1S 18 17 18 19D oi 12 13 4 15 16 17-18 1920 Pore Pressure + trip Margin Fracture Pressure - trip MarginCSG Setting Depths 8 9 10 tt 12 13 14 15 16 17 «18 19 20 1-The principle TO behind the selection | of the casing seat is : sos0n | First control the formation pressure with drilling fluid hydrostatic pressure... without fracturing the shallower formations in the same section. 11350 lesen This Well profile 14950"... Consider the Pore Pressure Gradient Preliminary pogo Setting depth 19000 ft... at 88 10 1h 12 1S 4 HS 16 17 HB 9 20 2-The Preliminary Well ES eee Profile design Have to check for the other Design parameter like :- 050.8 1, Geological Conditions, 2. Hole problems, 3. Company policy, te 4. Government regulation: & 5. Cost. E soso dp igen ---A4. Geological conditions :- Several Geological conditions should take in account when select casing seating depth like :- A. Dynamic strength for the vertical stress of casing and cement . When this formation collapsed the casing maybe slip down. B. Formation type : Impossible to seat casing on Sloughing , sandstone or salt formation . C. Surface casing should protect the fresh water aquifers .as most flesh-water aquifers occur between 2.000 and 5,000 ft the setting depth for surface casing should be within this range to satisfy the dual requirements of prevention of underground blowouts and the protection of flesh-water aquifers. D. Faults and salt formation movement stress should be consider when select casing seat. E. Unconsolidated zone, when selected CP sitting Depth .( from 100 to 1000 ft). 2. Hole problems:- Although , the lost Circulation & Fluids Flow Covered during the Preliminary casing seat , the following problem should be take in account:- A. Check for the likelihood of pipe-sticking B. Check for Kick Tolerance A- Check for the likelihood of Pipe-Sticking:- When drilling or running casing , Differential pipe sticking is most likely to occur in transition zones between normal pressure and abnormal pressure. The maximum differential pressures at which the casing can be run without severe pipe sticking problems are:- 92,000 - 2.300 psi fora normally pressured zone . 38,000 - 3,300 psi for an abnormally pressured zone . Thus, if the differential pressure in the minimal pore pressure zone is greater than the arbitrary (2,000 - 2,300 psi) limit, the intermediate casing setting depth needs to be changed. Ap =0.052*h* (Py ~ Pn) Ap = arbitrary limit of differential pressure, psi 0,052 = conversion factor from Ib/gal to psi/ft. f= depth where normal pressure zone ends , ft. Pa =specificweight of new Mud , Ib/gal . p, =specificweight of formation pressure, Ib/gal .1 Bo 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 19 2D ci In Normal zone :- IF AP> (2,000 - 2.300)psi = casing Seat should Change to — shallower depth. Or using drilling “""™ Liner uz ‘eunssicl [PWWON In abnormal _zon' IF AP> (3,000 - .300)psi. - casing Seat should Change to shallower ______| depth. Or using drilling Pn Ap <(2000- ~ pepth were Normal ptyssure Ends Liner . 1050. 19000... B- Check for Kick Tolerance :- sown w 20 B- Check for Kick Tolerance = The surface casing string is often subjected to abnormal pressures due to a kick arising from the deepest section of the hole. If a kick occurs and the shut-in casing pressure plus the drilling fluid hydrostatic pressure exceeds the fracture resistance pressure of the formation at the casing shoe, fracturing or an underground blowout can occur. The setting depth for surface casing should, therefore, be selected so as to contain a kick- imposed pressure.B51 Td ets te 7 18D P,=G,D,—-G,(D; —D,) P, = Kick- imposed pressureat depth Ds, psi D, =Setting Depth forSurface Casing. ge D, =Setting Depth for Intermediate Casing ft) | G,, = Formation fluid Gradient at depth Di . psilft Assume also that formation fluid enters the hole from the next casing setting depth, Di. Expressing the kick-imposed pressure of the drilling fluid in oy terms of formation fluid gradient kick and a safety margin(SM) , P.=(G,+SM)*D,-G,(D,—D,) 2 sm 2)\-6, Dd, Ds ‘ \ Well Geometry | a Casing Size)e | Data /Seismic Survey —+| 2-Fracture Pressure (4-3) CASING SIZES:- Selection of casing string sizes is generally controlled by Four major factors: 4. Completion Configuration : *Size of Production Tubing string, «Number of Production Tubing String , + Subsurface equipments that may eventually be placed in the well like Artificial lift , packers etc 2. Number of Casing strings required to reach the final depth . 3. Drilling Requirements & Equipments that may be run in the well . 4. Contingency plan . 4- Completion Configurations :- The size of the production tubing string plays a vital role in conducting oil and gas to the surface at an economic rate. Small-diameter tubing and subsurface control equipment always restrict the flow rate due to the high frictional pressure losses. Completion and work over operations can be even more complicated with small- diameter production tubing and casing strings because the reduced inside diameter of the tubing and the annular space between the casing and tubing make tool placement and operation more difficult. ey. we oeCompletion Configurations multi-zone production Tubingless Tubing Tubing \ Dual tubing 7 compietion completion completion with, completion without packer annulus packer with packers Completion multi-zone production ‘Single string dual zone, Single string dual zone, Dual string dual zone single packer two packers2- Number of Casing Strings The number of casing strings required to reach the producing formation mainly depends on the setting depth and geological conditions as discussed previously. Past experience in the petroleum industry has led to the development of fairly standard casing programs for different depths and geological conditions. The Figure below shows the standard casing programs. i | [ 9-5/8" | 7-5/8" | [ 7-5/8" eee in S12" 32x 2-7/8" 31/2" x2-7/8" drilled in 3- Drilling Conditions Drilling conditions that affect the selection of casing sizes are ‘- 1. Bit size required to drill the next depth Drift diameter of casing is used to select the bit size for the hole to be drilled below the casing shoe. Thus, the drift diameter or the bit size determines the maximal outside diameter of the successive casing strings to be run in the drilled hole. Bits from different manufacturers are available in certain standard sizes according to the IADC (International Association of Drilling Contractors). Almost all API casing can be placed safely without pipe sticking in holes drilled with these standard bits. Non-API casing, such as thick-wall casing is often required for completing deep holes. The drift diameter of thick-wall pipe may restrict the use of standard bit sizes though additional bit sizes are available from different manufacturers for use in such special circumstances. Lee Wd ws ¥2. Borehole hydraulics The size of the annulus between the drillpipe and the drilled hole plays an important role in cleaning the hole and maintaining a gauge hole. Hole cleaning is the ability of the drilling fluid to remove the cuttings from the annulus and depends mainly on the drilling fluid viscosity, annular fluid velocity, and cutting sizes and shapes. Annular velocity is reduced if the annulus is too large and as a consequence, hole cleaning becomes inadequate. Large hole sections occur in the shallow portion of the well and obviously it is here that the rig pumps must deliver the maximum flow rate. Most rig pumps are rated to 3,000psi though they generally reach maximum flow rate before rated pressure even when operating two pumps together. Should the pumps be unable to clean the surface portion of the hole because they lack adequate capacity then a more viscous drilling fluid will need to be used to support the cuttings. 3. The requirements for cementing the casing. With increasing depth, the number of casing strings in the hole increases and the hole narrows as does the annular gap between the hole and the casing. Fluid flow in such narrow annular spaces is turbulent and tends to enlarge the hole sections which are sensitive to erosion. In an enlarged hole section, hole cleaning is very poor and a good cementing job becomes very difficult . Annular space between the casing string and the drilled hole should be large enough to accommodate casing appliances such as centralizers and scratchers, and to avoid premature hydration of cement. An annular clearance of 0.75in. is sufficient for a cement slurry to hydrate and develop adequate strength. Similarly, a minimum clearance of 0.375in. (0.75in. is preferable) is required to reach the recommended strength of bonded cement (Adams, 1985).4, Contingency plan . Reservoir: 10,000 ft (3000 m) Conventional well Slimhole well 20 inch 10.75-inch Conductor |, Conductor 17% inch 9.87: 6.75-inch 48-inch Zineh 3.s:inch. Contingency Contingency e s s 23/4" Casing and Hole Size Selector Hole size, in —— Standard ~~ Low Clearance 2 Hote size. in CCosing size. in Hole size. in Cosi size in Hole size. in Casing size. in Hote size in Casing size. in.casing and liner sze (inches) Bit and hole Casing and Iiner size (inches) Bit and hole size (inches) casing and ner ize (niches) Bt and hole size (inches) Casing and liner size (inches) Bitand hole ze (inches) ‘Casing and foersertnenes) CO) @) @) Commonly Used Bit Sizes That Will Pass Through API Casing Casing Size, OD, ‘Commonly Used ‘ Weight. tof on Drift Diamoter. in noe wr 98 4090 3085 38 83 138 3Sar ie ‘000 388 Bs 3e20 3508 a4 5 ae ed 238 ae 33 Sion i300 30 Py) 1383 eo ime ais at sia $0 Sous Soi3 S ae foe Star 133 $833 6 $882 20.0 4.778 4653 a%ie 330 Son 438 a o% ro oi38 sero ° 20.0 6.049 5.924 She Bd Son 355 30 $901 See 320 Sars 3880 on , 3700 S20 Pd Hn 300 base e331 Boo esse San 300 Save east om Boo Stee Soe ¢ 300 Soo $5e0 oo $86 Ser 38.00 5.920 5.795 58 ¥ 75% 20.00 TAS 7.000 Che 00 foes S000 340 3500 seme S70 ears $50 Pe 33.70 6.765 6.640 ete ar f 300 Sas $200 v3pz Commonly Used Bit Sizes That Will Pass Through API Casing Casing Sizo, OD. ‘Commonly Used in. “Weigh. tbenit 10, in. Drift Diameter... ‘Ba Sizes. in 8% 24.00 ‘3.097 7972 718 28.00 8017 T8902 32.00 7921 1796 on 36.00 7825 7700 40.00 7.600 44.00 7500 49.00 7.386 8% 20.30 ‘8.007 83. 8/2 3230 8.545 36.00 785 40.00 3670 0510. 872 43:50 8.590 47.00 525 siz 5350 3.378 Te 10% 3275 10.036 ore 250 ‘9.804 45.50 704 9% 51.00 9004 35:00 9.604 60.70 9.504 es.37 1% 38.00 42.00 47.00 54.00 60.00 13%8 48.00 124 seo 61.00 ‘68.00 ‘7200 " 16 55.00 % 65.00 75.00 14% 84.00 109.00 87.50 wie 94.00 Ye Drilling Data Handbook CLEARANCE BETWEEN STANDARD BITS CLEARANCE BETWEEN STANDARD BITS ba "AND CASING SIZES "AND CASING SIZES (continued) cana ssaaeee| ea as Tee He “alee 3 3 eveExampl a The following data represent the final value of Pore "iy pressure and Fracture pressure has been collected and/or vee Pe) Pore Fracture pressure Pressure estimated depend on the offset wells, Find the Well Profile ie ts = (Well Geometry) , consider the following - ee a9 a 4. Verticals well ( Max. Inclination 3°) , TVD is 19000ft) a 7 i 2 Swab & Surge Pressure are generally on term Of ses it ae £0.45ppg (OR ++0.025 psi) . so as us 3, The unconsolidated formations thickness is 100m (£5m) . sooo 89 184 4. Fresh water Aquifers in this region in the range of 4000 - rom to 185 4500ft. (seat Casing at least 500ft below as Safety). 000 49 159 5, Offset well record shows that Differential pipe sticking is 9000 a 84 most likely to ocour if ,To prevent Pipe-sticking use 500psi_ ** so 165 as SM 10000 a4 188 + Ap =2000psi for normal pressure zone. ae a ae + Ap =3300psi psi for abnormal pressure zone. = “ ie 6. Single Payzone_, Tubing completion with annulus packer 4559 a ar (range OD=6.1" to 6.4"*ID= 3%"), TRG size 3 %in. ssx9 a ie standard Size are favorable 46000 188 485 7. Contingence plan 4” casing 17000 v 1885 8. Minimize the Cost , using liner when Open hole less than — 18000 172 18.85, 4000 ft. +9000 1745 8 ANSWER :- 1- Plot Pore Pressure (ppg) & Fracture Pressure(ppq) VS Depth (ft): Pore Fracture oar pressure Pressure EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (PPG) 9 0 0 as 2 ps wn 2 BM 9 2 ‘010 8s 1 . 2000 a 8 2000 8s 28 a 4000 ss ua = soon 89 “3 000 i so00 es 54 1000 8s 155 c00 000 a9 159 00 sa 65 ‘00a st 468 ‘once ‘1000 " m4 ‘2000 454 13 a | ‘2000 82 815 | ‘1000 ‘64 183 san sso00 166 04s 00 68 85 ‘00 " 1065 can a) a2 eas ‘000 #145 8 180002- Add the Effect of Trip Margin (Pp+ SM) . (Fp-SM) SM=0.45ppq - ° 2000 4000 00 10000 12000 36000 18000 EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (PPG) 8 9 0 mn 2 a 1s 6 17 a8 19 20 EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (PPG) 8 9 1 Ba Mos 6 7 1B 9 2 ° 2000 4000 6000 ¥ 000 30000 12000 14000 \ 18000 Determine the Preliminary Casing Seat D epths -- 3050 ft. | DEPTH (tt) 11380, 14050.0. 18000 + EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (pa) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 97 18 19 2% 1 eum es fp oF noma BresSuat tone 1900.81.4- Check Preliminary Casing Seat Depths (CP.) To Geological Conditions :- A) The unconsolidated — formations thickness is EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (Ppa) 400m(s5m) , So CP should be seat atleast 350f. g 9 io 1 12 13 14 15 16 97 18 19 20 soot OPPS 2 Wen aera, gone ess een g ae 1350.8. 14050.8. 16000 18000 19000. 4- Check Preliminary Casing Seat Depths (S.CSG) To Geological Conditions & Fresh water Aquifers jin the range of 4500 ft EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (ope) 8 9 10 1 12 13 4 5 16 17 18 19 20 A a = oer 131 oe aera goo ss sooo 4 B+ Freshwater sooo | = om wr nue Sg Sette E sccco 4 12000 | 14000 1000 18000 i? : ¥ $4- Check Preliminary Casing Seat Depths (I.CSG) To Hole Problems _- ‘A- Check for the likelihood of Pipe-Sticking EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (ppa) 8 9 to 11 12:13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20, as . é =| wenn enowe use | mest | z sess Min, P por 8.99P9 rescrune om10100 Srbssist Zone Max P nero 13 ppg mo weer -/ e000 + 48 200 EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (ppa) Ap, = 0.052* A* (Dy — Pn) sewer @n user ww x ~ Ap =2000psi for normal pressure zone s ae st oe Ap, =0.052*9150* (13.1—8.9) 2000 = 2000psi 500 Psi as Pipe Sticking Safety Margin 2000psi—500psi( safety) = 1500psi Sous 000 1500psi = 0.052*9150*(p,, -8.9) nol = 12.0 lb/gal sonia Pm gal Gamay 215505 Represnt the Max. Mud Weight p,,,. Inter by 12 ppg in pressure curve {ios ] > the depth will be 111 00ft . 1000 18000 19000Correct the Other seating depths below 41100ft depend the same technique which is controlled pressure BQUIVALENT WUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (PPe) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 18 18 17 18 19 20 30. Wo oo GP 2 2000 4000 5000-1. EE SCeS 000 = 8000 E scceo 1 100 _ bose a Kt36 +000 ‘4000 fe +4000 16000 Check for the likelihood of pipe-sticking ( abnormal pressure zone ) :~ Ap =0.052*h* (p,, ~ Pa) EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (pp) «Ap =8300psi psifor abnormal pressure zone. ° 6 9 10 1 12:13 4 15 16 17 18 19 20 052*11100*(16.85-11.55) oe 3059psi < (33 00psi)oki Ap, = 0.052* 140008 (17.95-16.85) = 800.8psi <(3300psi)oki. 000 Differential pressures between 44,100 ft and 14,000 ft and between 44,000 ft and 19,000 ft are 3059 psi and 800psi, respectively. These values are within the prescribed limits. "7° Thus, the final setting depths for intermediate casing string, drilling liner and production casing string 0f 11,100 :6000 ft, 14,000 ft, and 19,000 It, respectively. 8000 oer) g2- Check for Kick Tolerance :- EQUIVALENT MUD SFEGIIC WEIGHT (ore) > IG +SM)*D,-G.U trons wm 7 eee D, =Setting Depth for Surface Casing ft D, « Setting Depth for Intermediate Casing ft G, = Formation fluid Gradient at depth Di .psift Check §.CSG-sitting shoe (5000ft) for Kick Tolerance - G, = 0.052* p, .052*11.55 Ib/ gal =0.6psil ft =(0.6+0.025)*11100~0.6(111 00-5000) = 32805 psi Fracture Pressureat S000ft: - P, = 0.052*14.6* 5000= 3796psi Py < Fracture Pressure There is no risk of Kick Tolerance for Surface Casing , NO change in sitting depth (5000ft) Check I,CSG (1) sitting shoe (11100 ft EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (PPE) for Kick Tolerance :- . Bo ton 7 a3 14 15 SOT HEF 19 20 G,, =0.052* p, J =0.052*16.4/b/ gal a =0.853psi/ ft 1000 4 = (0.853+-0.025)*14000-0.853(14000- 11100) =9816psi fa 8000 | Fracture Pressureat 111 00ft:- P, = 0.052*17.2*11 100=9927.8psi — sc000 ‘too | P< Fracture Pressure 12000 4 There is no risk of Kick Tolerance 4 14000 forsurface casing, NO change in I.CSG sitting depth (11 100ft} eo 4 e000 +Check LCSG (2) sitting shoe (14000 ft) _SaUNsLENT un sPecirc wetaHT (os) for Kick Tolerance :- . bos to 12 3 14 158 10 a aw ts 20 ° G,, = 0.052" p, 4 .052*17.451b/ gal 907 psil fi Aes =(0.907+0.025)*19000-0.907(19000-14009 + 6000 + = 131786 psi ] Fracture Pressureat 14000ft: - beat P, 0.052*18.3*14000=133224psi 10000 | Py, < Fracture Pressure vet 12000 + There is no risk of Kick Tolerance sanegia one: for surface casing , oe NO change in I.CSG (2)sitting depth (11100ft) 11000 +9000 BUT , The Final selection of the setting depth should satisfy the following criteria:- 4, Avoid Fracturing below the setting depth. 2. Avoid differential pipe sticking problems for both the current section and the section below 3, Reduce the pipe costs by Minimize the _— LARGE / LONG section . Casing Size : = Single Completion , TBG size 3 % in , Packer ( OD range = 6.1" to64ID= 3%") a - SURFACE CASING Tubing 3%" INTERMEDIATE CASING OD, packer = ID production Casing PackerUpper Splt Nu. Lower Spit Nut_ _ Freon Blocks Laft-Hane Seow Head inner tance! 109 ‘Major Components ofa Typital Production Packer ‘conpycror SURFACE CASING INTERMEDIATE CASNG PRODUCTION CASING Commonly Used Bit Sizes That Will Pass Through API Casing cating Size, 00. Commonty Used in ‘Weight. tort 10.10 Orit Diameter.in. —_BitSiz08. in aM 95 4.000 3.965 3 105 4052 3e77 | 116 4.000 3ers | 135 3.920 3705 | 3% 5 415 4.560 44351 on 130 aa08 4300 150 4408 4383 | 180 4276 sist} 3% sia 330 5.084 asi | a 440 5012 sear | 455 4.950 4825 170 4802 a7 1S 200 2778 46531 230 4670 4505 1S, 6% 17.0 6.135 6000 fo 200 6.049 soz | 240 5921 ts 280 5701 18 32.0 5675 te 4 panna PO an == BSB ' eu 20.00 6.456 ' Production Casini 23.00 6.366 duction Casing 2.00 6.368 4 39.00 e184 8 32.00 6.094 35.00 6.006 38.00 5.920 5%i8 Te 20.00 7.125 6% 24.00 7028 26.40 6960 2370 6875 33.70 6.765 ee 39.00 6625Casing and Hole Size Selector Hole size in —— Standard “® Low Clearance Casing size, aE Gye x Soc ose = 12k SG 7 a% —L.csG2 a Sik Re Hole size. in ‘Casing size, Hole size. in. Casing size. in 0-360 ft 350 ft - 5000 ft 5000 ft - 11100 ft 17 Yeinch 11100 ft - 14000 ft 42 Y%einch 14000 ft - 19000 8% inch Contingence Plan 5%hinch 0-350 ft 30 inch Conductor Pipe 360 ft- 5000 ft 20inch Surface Casing 5000 ft- 11100 ft 13% inch Intermediate Casing 1 41100-14000 ft 9% inch Intermediate Casing 2 14000 ft -19000 ft 7_inch Production Casing Contingence plan 4 inch Liner F 7 a ¥ 2L 30 inch Conductor Pipe 36inch 39 s %6 inch" 20 inch Surface Casing 47 inch 100 143 %inch Intermediate Casing 1 42%inch 000" 9% inch Intermediate Casing 2 8% inch soar 7. inch Production Casing Contingence Plan § 7/8" Bit , 4" CSG 8- Minimize the Cost , using liner when Open hole less than 4000 ft 36inch 30inch Conductor Pipe 26 inch °° inch Surface Casing AT ihinch 1100 "13% inch Intermediate Casing 9% inch Driling Liner Casing 4000" 8% inch ——seoae 7. inch Production Casing Contingence Plan 57/8" Bit, 4° CSGLf Casing Setting Depth | Ls Mud Pan Mud Plan ( Density )( Review Drilling Fluids ° 2 stage) sou 1213: 14-15 16 17 18 19 20 inch ‘Winch ConducorPine | 2000 4 4000 Winch Suface Casing 60° + 10000 + 1 13%inch Inlermediate Casing 4 12000 AW Ainch sro 12h inch ow, 9% inch Dring Liner Casing "40° ~] 16000 | 1800 + 8 inch seo T inch Production Casing ContngereePan 788 #°CS6EQUIVALENT MUD SPECIFIC WEIGHT (ppg) @ 9 10 11 12 13 14 18 16 17 18 18 20 t ° i a i dient (It) 0-350 ft 0.485 psi ft 2000-4 | [ 350 f- 5000 f 0.485 psi 4 5000 ft- 11100 ft 0.597 psi eel ‘1100-14000 ft 0.849 psi tt | 000 | 14000-19000 0.906psi it Contingence plan > 0.906psi ft ‘8000 0000 + ae 1685 poe Pra 100.4 12000 360 ft- 5000 9.5 ppg eed 5000 ft 11100 ft 12.0 ppg 11100 -14000 ft 16.8 ppg 16000 14000-19000 ft 17.9 ppg 18000 | Contingence plan >17.9 ppg