Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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CONSTITUTION & GOVERNMENT
of INDIA
CONTENTS
❖ STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION & NATIONAL SYSMBOLS
❖ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
❖ MAKING OF CONSTITUTION
❖ PREAMBLE
❖ UNION AND ITS TERRITORIES
❖ CITIZENSHIP
❖ FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS , DUTIES AND DPSP
❖ UNION EXECUTIVE
❖ STATE EXECUTIVE
❖ UNION LEGISLATURE
❖ STATE LEGISLATURE
❖ JUDICIARY
❖ LOCAL GOVERNMENT
❖ ELECTIONS
❖ COMMISSIONS AND BODIES AND OTHER DIMENSIONS
❖ CONSTITUTION AT A GLANCE
Syllabus
• Government India Act 1919 and 935
• Constituent Assembly.
• Parliament, Union Executive, President
• Fundamental Rights , Fundamental Duties of the Citizens
• Directive Principlesof State Policy
• Coustitutional Amendments.
• Judicial System and Supreme Court
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THE STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION
NATIONAL SYMBOLS
THE STRUCTURE OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION.
• The structure of Indian Constitution : It consists of (i) Articles, (ii) Parts,(iii) Schedules and (iv)
Appendices
Articles
• It has numbered and further expanded its provisions as "Clause" and "Sub-Clause".
• Currently there are around 465 Articles but originally there were 395 Articles.
Parts
• The individual Articles of the. Constitution are grouped together in Parts.
• Indian Constitution has 25 parts currently but originally it had 22 parts.
Schedules
• Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categories and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy
of the Government.
• Currently there are 12 schedules but originally it had 8 schedules only.
Appendices
There are five appendices:
a) Appendix I : The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954;
b) Appendix II : Restatement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions
and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir;
c) Appendix. III :Extracts from the Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978;
d) Appendix IV : The Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 and
e) Appendix V :The Constitution (88th Amendment) Act, 2003.
NATIONAL SYMBOLS
National Flag
• The National flag is horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (kesaria)at the top, whitein the middle and
dark green at the bottom in equal proportion.
• The ratio of width of the flag to its length is 2 : 3.
• In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel which represents the Chakra.
• It has 24 spokes.
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• Its design in that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka.
• The National flag (Tiranga) is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag the Indian National Congress got
designed by Pingali Venkayya.
• The design of the National Flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July, 1947.
• Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 which took effect from 26 January,
2002. It brings together laws, conventions, practices and instructions to all.
• The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village industries
Commission which allocates it to the regional groups.
• As on 2009, the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of
the flag.
National Emblem
• It is a replica of the Lion of Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh.
• It was adopted on 26 January, 1950.
• The 4 lions (one hidden from view) symbolizing power, courage and confidence - rest on a circular
abacus.
• The abacus rests on a lotus in full bloom, exemplifying the fountainhead of life and creative
inspiration.
• The abacus is guarded by four animals guardians of the four directions : the lion on the north, the
elephant on the east, the horse on the south and the bull on the west.
• The words Satyameva Jayate is from Mundaka Upanishad which means Truth Alone Triumphs.
• It is inscribed below the abacus of the emblem in Devanagari script and also referred to as the
National Motto.
National Anthem
• The song Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in
its Hindi version as the National Anthem of India on 24 January, 1950.
• It was first sung on 27th December, 1911 at the Kolkata Session of the Indian national Congress.
• The complete song consists of five stanzas.
• The duration of the national anthem is approximately 52 secs.
• A short version consisting of the first and last lines of the stanza (playing time approximately 20
seconds) is also played on certain occasions.
• Present tune for national anthem was composed by Captain Ram Singh Thakur.
• The lyrics were rendered into English by Rabindranath Tagore himself.
• Bharat Bhagya Vidhata was the title under which the song was first published in January 1912 issue
of Tatvabodhini Patrika; whose editor was Tagore.
• The Anthem turned 100 years in 2011. m 2013 is also the 100th year of winning the Nobel Prize for
literature - Gitanjali.
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Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Punjab-Singh-Gujarat-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga.
Tava shubha name jage,
Tava shubha asisa mange,
Gahe tava jaya gatha,
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,
jaya, jaya, jaya, jaya he!
National Song
• The song Vande Mataram, composed in sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterji, was a source of
inspiration to the people in their struggle for freedom.
• It has an equal status with Jana-Gana-Mana. it was first sung at the 1896 session of the Indian
National Congress.
• The song first appeared in his book Anandamatha, published in 1882 the song itself was actually
written six years prior in 1876.
Session of parliament begins with 'Jana-gana-mana' and concludes with 'Vande Mataram'.
Vande Mataram!
Sujalam, suphalam, malayaja Shitalam,
Shasyashyamalam, Mataram!
Shubhrajyotsna pulakitayamini,
Phullakusumita drumadala shobhini,
Suhasinim sumadhura bhashinim,
Sukhadam varadam, Mataram!
National Calendar
• The National Calendar based on the Saka Era with Chaitra as its first month and a normal year of
365 days was adopted from 22 March, 1957 along with the Gregorian calendar.
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• Dates of the national calendar have a permanent correspondence with dates of the Gregorian
calendar, 1 Chaitra falling on 22 March normally and on 21 March in leap year.
Indian National Calendar
No. Month Length Gregorian date
1. Chaitra 30/31 March 22*
2. Vaishakh 31 April 21
3. Jyaishtha 31 May 22
4. Ashadha 31. June 22
5. Shravana 31 July 23
6. Bhadrapad 31 August 23
7. Ashwin 30 September 23
8. Kartik 30 October 23
9. Agahayana 30 November 23
10. Paush 30 December 22
11. Magh 30 January 21
12. Phalgun 30 February 20
National Flower
• Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is the National Flower of India.
• India ranks 10th in the world and 4th in Asia in plant diversity.
National Animal
• The Tiger (Panthera Tigris) is the national animal of India.
• Out of the 8 races of the species known, the Indian race, the Royal Bengal Tiger is found throughout
the country (except the north-western region).
• The Government of India, under its Project Tiger programme, started a massive effort to preserve
the tiger population in 1973.
• So far, 50 tiger reserves have been established in the country.
• The Project Tiger is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
• The fourth cycle of the All India Tiger Estimation 2018 estimated that the country now has 2967
tigers as per the latest census.
National River
• The Ganga is the national river of India. It is the longest river of India flowing over 2704 km of
mountains, valleys and plains.
• It originates from Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas as the Bhagirathi.
• The Ganga is revered by Hindus as the most sacred river on earth.
National Tree
• The Banyan (Bargad) also called the Indian fig tree (Ficus bengalensis) is the National tree of India.
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• Because of characteristic and longevity, this tree is considered immortal and is an integral part of
the myths and legends of India.
National Bird
• The Peacock (Pavo cristatus) is the national bird of India.
• It is a symbol of grace, joy, beauty and love.
• The male of the species is more colorful than the female.
• It is fully protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
National Fruit
• The Mango (mangifera indica) is the national fruit of India.
• The mango is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruits of the tropical world.
• Its juicy fruit is a rich source of Vitamins A, C and D.
National Monument
• India Gate, one of .the largest war memorials, situated in the heart of New Delhi, is the National
Monument of India.
• It was erected in memory of 90,000 soldiers who lost their lives fighting in the World War I and
Afghan War for the British Army.
• It was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. It was earlier called All India War Memorial.
National Aquatic Animal
• River Dolphin (Platanista Gangetica) is an endangered species in India. Therefore, it has been put in
Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
National Currency Symbol (Rs.)
• The symbol Rs. of Indian rupee came on 15th July, 2010.
• Rs. is an amalgamation of Devanagri `Ra' and the Roman `R' without the stem.
• It was designed by D. Uday Kumar, a post-graduate of IIT, Bombay which was finally selected by the
Union Cabinet on 15th July, 2010.
Indian Standard Time (IST)
• Indian Standard Meridian passes through 5 states: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
• This meridian helps in calculating the Indian .Standard Time (IST) which is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead
of the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
National Game
• Hockey is the National Game of India.
• The Golden Era of Hockey in India was the period from 1928-1956 when India won 6 consecutive
gold medals in the Olympics.
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National Heritage Animal
• Elephant is the National Heritage Animal of India.
• Around 60% of Asiatic Elephants live in India.
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Historical Background of Constitutional Development
• India was a direct colony of the British and the impact of this colonial rule over the economy, society
and polity of India has been quite deep.
• Various features of the Indian Constitution have their roots in the British rule which laid down the
legal framework for the organization and functioning of government and administration.
• They are explained below in a chronological order.
Colony
A country which is politically dependent on a foreign state.
Colonialism
It implies the extra-territorial expansion of a country politically and economically advanced
in comparison to the country being thus subjugated and controlled.
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Charter Act, 1786
• Governor General had the power of the commander-in-chief.
• Governor General had the power to override the majority of the council.
Charter Act, 1793
• The monopoly of trade with India for another twenty years was given.
• The salaries for the staff and members of the Board of Control to be paid from Indian Revenue.
Charter Act, 1813
• Ended the company monopoly of trade.
• Provided Rs. One lakh grant for education.
Charter Act, 1833
• Made the Governor General of Bengal as the Governor General of India.
• Lord William Bentinck was the first Governor General of India.
• Ended the activities of the East India Company as a commercial body and became an administrative
body.
• Under Lord Macaulay, a Law Commission was set up for codification of laws.
Charter Act, 1853
• The Macaulay Committee (the committee on the Indian Civil Service) was appointed in 1854.
• Introduced an open competition system of selection and recruitment of civil servants.
• Introduced local representation in the Central Legislative Council.
THE CROWN RULE (1858-1947)
Government of India Act, 1858
• The Act abolished the East India Company and the power was transferred from the company to the
British Crown.
• The Court of Directors and the Board of Control was abolished.
• The Governor General of India was renamed as the Viceroy of India.
• Lord Canning became the first viceroy of India. The Secretary of State for India was appointed.
Indian Council Act, 1863
• Introduction of the representative institutions in India.
• Decentralized legislative power.
• Statutory recognition to the portfolio system.
• Portfolio system was coined by Lord Canning in 1859.
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Indian Council Act, 1909
• Known as Morley — Minto Reforms.
• Lord Morley was the Secretary of State of India and Lord Minto was the Viceroy of India.
• Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the executive council of the viceroy.
• Communal representation was introduced, as Muslims were given a separate electorates.
• This Act legalized communalism and Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal
Electorate.
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• It abolished the office of the Secretary. of State for India and transferred his functions to the
Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs.
• It granted freedom to the Indian princely states either to joI1-n the Domination of India or
Domination of Pakistan or to remain independent.
• It designated the Governor-General of India and the provincial governors as constitutional (nominal)
heads of the states.
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CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
• The Constitution of India was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. This
enactment completes 70 years on November 26, 2019.
• The Indian Constitution was a product of deliberations of the Assembly for over three years.
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Key Takeaways
• The Constituent Assembly had 11 sessions over 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to complete the
task of drafting the constitution.
• The Constitution-makers had gone through the constitutions of about 60 countries.
• The total expenditure incurred on making the Constitution amounted to Rs. 64 lakh.
• The Constituent Assembly was formed in Nov 1946 under the scheme drafted by Cabinet Mission
Plan.
• The Constituent Assembly was both partly elected and partly nominated body.
• The total strength of the Constituent Assembly was 389.
• The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946.
• Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha was elected as the temporary President of the Assembly.
• On December 11, 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and HC Mukherjee were elected as the President and
Vice-President of the Assembly respectively.
• Sir B.N. Rau, was appointed as the Constitutional Advisor to the Assembly.
• On December 13, 1946, Pt Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objective Resolution which resolved to
proclaim India as an Independent sovereign Republic.
• The constitution was adopted on Nov 26, 1949 which contained Preamble, 395 Articles and 8
Schedules.
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Committees of the Constituent Assembly
A number of committees were appointed to deal with different task of constitution-making.
Committee Chairman
Drafting Committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Committee on the rules of Procedure Rajendra Prasad
Steering Committee Rajendra Prasad
Finance and Staff Committee Rajendra Prasad
Adhoc Committee on the National Flag Rajendra Prasad
Credential Committee Alladi KrishaswamY Ayyar
House Committee B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Order of Business Committee K.M. MunsHi
Committee on the Functions of the Constituent G.V. Mavalankar
Assembly
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas
Provincial Constitution Committee Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Union Powers Committee Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
State Committees Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(committee for negotiating with states)
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Enforcement of the Constitution
• The major part of the constitution came into force on January 26, 1950.
• This day is referred as the date of commencement of the Indian constitution and is celebrated as
the Republic Day.
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Source of the Constitution at a Glance
Source Features Borrowed
Federal Scheme,
Office of Governor,
1. Government of India Act of
Judiciary,
1935
Public Service Commissions,
Emergency provisions and administrative details.
Parliamentary government,
Rule of Law,
legislative procedure,
Single citizenship,
2. British Constitution
cabinet system,
prerogative writs,
Parliamentary privileges and
bicameralism.
Fundamental independence of judiciary,
Judicial review,
3. US constitution impeachment of the president,
removal of Supreme Court and high court judges and
Post of vice-president.
Directive Principles of State Policy,
4. Irish Constitution nomination of members of Rajya Sabha and
method of election of President.
Federation with a strong Centre,
vesting of residuary powers in the Centre,
5. Canadian Constitution
appointment of state governors by the Centre, and
advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Concurrent List,
Freedom of trade,
6. Australian Constitution
Commerce and inter-course, and
Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
7. Weimar Constitution of
Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency.
Germany
8. Soviet Constitution (USSR, Fundamental Duties and
now Russia) The ideal of justice (social economic and political) in the Preamble.
Republic and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the
9. French Constitution
Preamble.
Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and
10. South African Constitution
Election of members of Rajya Sabha.
11. Japanese Constitution Procedure established by Law.
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Salient Features of the Constitution of India
• Lengthiest Written Constitution : Originally it contained a Preamble, 395 Articles (divided into 22
parts) and 8 Schedules. Presently, it consists of a Preamble, about 465 Articles (divided into 25 Parts)
and 12 Schedules
• Drawn from various sources for their suitability to the Indian conditions;
• The procedure of amendment is partly flexible and partly rigid;
• Parliamentary system of government both at the centre and the states;
• Integrated and Independent Judiciary;
• Federal System with Unitary features;
• A Secular State;
• Single Citizenship;
• Universal Adult Franchise:
• Every Indian citizen who is not less than 18 years of age has a right to vote. (The voting age was
reduced to 18 years from 21 years in 1989 by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988.)
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Parts of Indian Constitution
Part XI Relation between the Union and the States Arts. 245 to 263
Part XII Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits Arts. 264 to 300A
Part XIII Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Arts. 301 to 307
Territory of India
Part XIV Services under the Union and the States Arts. 308 to 323
Part XVI Special provisions relating to certain classes Arts. 330 to 342
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Part XIX Miscellaneous Arts. 361 to 367
Part XXI Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions Arts. 369 to 392
Part XXII Short title, commencement, authoritative text in Arts. 393 to 395
Hindi and repeals
Part VII Repealed by Const. (7th Amendment) Act; 1956 Arts. 246
17 Abolition of untouchability
38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
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44 Uniform civil code for the citizens
45 Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of 6
years.
161 Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences in certain cases
167 Duties of Chief Minister with regard to the furnishing of information to Governor,
etc.
213 Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances during recess of the state legislature
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226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs
249 Power of parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the
national interest
315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the states
330 Reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the House of hte
People.
335 Claims of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the House of the people.
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360 Provisions as to financial emergency.
365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union
(President's Rule)
370 Temporary provisions with respect to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
395 Repeals Indian Independence Act and Government of India Act, 1935.
Schedules
Number Subject Matter Articles
2nd Schedule Provision relating to the emoluments, privileges and so on of : (i) 59, 65, 75,
President; 97,
(ii) Governor; 125,
148,
(iii) Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha and Legislative
158,
Assembly;
164,
(iv) Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and 186 &
Legislative Council; 221
(v) Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts and
(vi) Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
5th Schedule Administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes 244
6th Schedule Administration of Tribal Areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, 244 and
Tripura and Mizoram. 275
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7th Schedule Distribution of Power between the Union and the State 246
Government.
It contains 3 lists :
(i) Union List (For central Govt.) 100 subjects but originally 97;
(ii) State List (for State Govt.) 61 subjects but originally 66 and
(iii) Concurrent List (Both Union & States) 52 subjects but originally
47.
10th Schedule Provisions relating to disqualification of the members of Parliament 102 and
and State Legislatures on the ground defection. 191
This schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, also
known as Anti-defection Law.
11th Schedule Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. 243 - G
It has 29 matters.
This schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.
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PREAMBLE
THE PREAMBLE
• Preamble refers to the introduction or preface to the constitution which contains the summary of
the constitution.
• It is based on the 'Objective Resolution' drafted by Pt Jawaharlal Nehru, borrowed from US
Constitution.
• NA Palkhivala called the Preamble as the identity card of the constitution.
• The Preamble is neither a source of power to legislature nor a prohibition upon the powers of
legislatures.
• It is non-justiciable, that is, not enforceable by courts.
• It has been amended by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) which added three new
words —Socialist, Secular and Integrity.
• The idea of Justice - Social, Economic and Political have been taken from the Russian Revolution and
the idea of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity have been taken from the French Liberty Revolution.
• Preamble is the part of the constitution and amendment can be processed as discussed in the
Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) while ratifying the Berubari Union Nation Case (1960).
• The Assembly adopted the Preamble as presented by the Drafting Committee without any
change.
1. Source of, authority of the Constitution : The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its
authority from the people of India;
2. Nature of Indian State : It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, less democratic and
republican polity;
3. Objectives of the Constitution : It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives
and
4. Date of adoption of the Constitution : It stipulates November 26, 1949 as the date.
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Interesting Facts about Preamble of Indian Constitution
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OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION
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Key Takeaways
What is the purpose of Preamble?
• The ‘Preamble’ of the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding
purpose and principles of the document, and it indicates the source from which the document which
derives its authority, meaning, the people.
Is preamble a part of Indian Constitution?
• Yes, it is a part of the Indian constitution, also emphasized in Kesavananda Bharti Case.
Who wrote the preamble of India?
• The preamble of India contains tenets highlighted in the Objective Resolution drafted by Jawaharlal
Nehru in 1946
How many preamble does Indian Constitution have?
• Only 1 preamble along with 22 parts and 12 schedules and 448 articles, Indian Constitution today
exists
What is the most important word in the Preamble of India?
• Though no particular word has been given more importance than others, however, ‘We, the people
of India’ are the words which are termed as the most powerful in the Preamble to the Indian
Constitution
Why do we need a Preamble?
• It gives us a fundamental values and highlights of the Constitution
In which case, did the Supreme Court declare passed a judgement that Preamble is not a part of Indian
Constitution?
• In Berubari Case (1960), SC declared Preamble not to be a part of Indian Constitution
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UNION & ITS TERRITORY
CITIZENSHIP
UNION & ITS TERRITORY
• Articles 1 to 4 under Part I of the constitution deal
with the union and its territory. At present, there are
29 states and 7 union territories.
• Article 1 describes India, that is Bharat, shall be a
Union Territories rather than a Federation of states.
The territory of India includes
o Territories of the states,
o Union Territories and
o Territories that may be acquired by the government of India at any time.
• Under Part XXI, there are special provisions applicable to the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa.
• The Fifth and Sixth schedules contain separate provisions with respect to the administration of
scheduled areas and tribal areas within the states.
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• In December 1953, a three-member State Reorganisation Commission under the chairmanship of
Fazl Ali was constituted. Its other members were KM Panikkar and HN Kunzru. It accepted language
as the basis of reorganisation of states.
• In October 1953, Andhra state was created as first linguistic state.
• This followed a prolonged popular agitation and the death of Potti Sriramulu after a 56 day hunger
strike for the cause.
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Territory of India 1950
States in Part - A States in Part - B States in Part - C States in Part - D
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Formation of States
Formation of States
NOTE : Goa, Puducherry, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Sikkim were not a part of India at the time of
independence.
• Goa was liberated from Portuguese occupation in 1961,
• Puducherry along with Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam was transferred to India in 1954 by the French.
• Dadra & Nagar Haveli were liberated in 1954 from the Portuguese and
• Sikkim became part of India in 1974.
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CITIZENSHIP
Part II of the Indian Constitution from Article 5 to 11 deals with the citizenship.
Acquisition of citizenship
• The Citizenship Act of 1955 provides for acquisition and loss of citizenship.
• It prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship, viz, (i) Birth, (ii) Descent, (iii) Registration, (iv)
Naturalisation and (v) Incorporation of Territory.
(i) Citizenship by Birth : Every person born. in India on or after January 26, 1950, shall be a citizen of
India by birth.
(ii) Citizenship by Descent : A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950, shall be a citizen
of India by descent of his/her father is a citizen of India at the time of his/her birth.
(iii) Citizenship by Registration : A non-citizen can apply for citizenship of India and can be registered
by the prescribed authority by the following conditions: (a) Is a person of Indian origin and has spent
five years in India; (b) Foreign women married to an Indian citizen and (c) Minor children of Indian
Parents.
(iv) Citizenship by Naturalisation : A foreigner can acquire Indian citizenship on application for
naturalisation to the government of India. Every naturalised citizen must take an oath of allegiance
to the Constitution of India.
(v) Citizenship by Incorporation of Territory : When any foreign territory is added to Indian Union,
People of that territory automatically become Indian citizens.
Loss of Citizenship
The Citizenship Act of 1955, prescribes three ways of losing citizenship. These are:
1. By Renunciation : If a person voluntarily gives up the citizenship of India after acquiring the
citizenship of another country.
2. By Termination : When an Indian citizen voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country,
his/her Indian citizenship automatically terminates.
3. By Deprivation : Deprivation of citizenship is on the basis of fraud, false representation and
concealment of material, fact or being disloyal to the constitution.
People of Indian Origin (PIO)
• The Government of India launched a comprehensive scheme for the Persons of Indian Origin (PIO)
that is PIO card scheme on 19th August, 2002 under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• For this scheme, Persons of Indian Origin up to the fourth generation. settledthroughout the world
are eligible except Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
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Citizenship Amendment Act, 2015
Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) cardholders shall be considered to be Overseas Citizen of India
cardholder
The eligibility provisions is being extended to such citizens of all other countries other than those
who had never been a citizen of Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• PIO card holders can visit India without any visa for life-long but PIO card is valid for 15 years.
• PIO Card holders to have similar benefits as NRIs in economic, financial and educational matters but
are not allowed to have political rights.
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• by birth
• by descent (those born outside India from Indian citizen parents)
• by registration
• by naturalisation (being ordinarily resident in India for twelve years)
• by acquisition of territory (e.g., Sikkim)
How does a foreigner become a citizen of India?
• A foreigner can apply for citizenship by means of registration or naturalization, each of these have
certain specific provisions that need to be fulfilled in order to acquire citizenship.
What rights do foreigners have in India?
• Foreigners are entitled to fundamental right of life and personal liberty.
Who is an illegal migrant as per Citizenship Act, 1955?
• Under section 2(1)(b), an illegal migrant is defined as any person who entered India without a valid
passport or travel document or having entered India with a valid passport or travel document, has
stayed behind after its expiry.
Can an illegal migrant apply for citizenship by naturalization or registration?
• No. The Citizenship Act, 1955 (before the 2019 amendment) does not entitle illegal migrants to
acquire citizenship by naturalization or registration.
What is the mode of citizenship for illegal migrants as per the newly amended CAA, 2019?
• The Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 provides for citizenship by naturalisation to illegal migrants,
relaxing the pre-requisite of residence in India to 5 6 years, as opposed to 11 years for other
foreigners.
What are the major amendments made to Citizenship Act, before CAA?
• From the birth of the Indian republic (1950) until 1987 a person has had to be born here to be an
Indian citizen; after 1987, apart from her/his birth one of the parents has to have been born Indian;
after 2004, in addition to one of the parents being born here, the other should not be an illegal
migrant.
Does the Citizenship Act provide for maintenance of a National Register of Citizens?
• Yes. The Act was amended in 2004 to include section 14A which says that the government may
maintain a National Register of Citizens to issue national identity card to citizens.
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Key Takeaways ( Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019)
What is Citizenship Act?
• The Citizenship Act, 1955 provides for acquisition, determination, and termination of Citizenship of
India, which can be acquired by birth, by descent, by registration, or by naturalization or by
incorporation of territory. Any foreigner on becoming eligible can acquire citizenship by registration
or
by naturalization irrespective of his country or his community.
37
Is there any link between CAA and National Register of Citizens (NRC)?
• No. The CAA has no link with NRC. The legal provisions regarding NRC have been part of the
Citizenship Act, 1955 since December 2004. Also, there are specific statutory rules of 2003 to
operationalize these legal provisions. They govern the process of registration of Indian citizens
and the issuance of national identity cards to them. The CAA has not altered these legal
provisions.
What is National Population Register (NPR)?
• NPR is a process for collection of data for all persons resident in India, including declared foreign
citizens, to create a comprehensive data base of all residents.
• The procedures to be followed for preparing the NPR are laid down in the Citizenship rules 2003.
38
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
What are Fundamental Rights?
• Fundamental rights are the basic human rights enshrined in the Constitution of India
• They are guaranteed to all citizens.
• They are applied without discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, etc.
• Fundamental Rights are Enshrined in Part-III of the Indian Constitution from Articles 12 to 35.
• They are based on the Bill of Rights of the USA
• Part III of the Constitution is described as the Magna Carta of India.
Category Consists of
1. Right to Equality (a) Equality before law and equal protection of laws
(Article 14-18) (Article 14).
(b) Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex
or place of birth.
(Article 15).
(c) Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16).
(d) Abolition of untouchability and prohibition of its practice (Article 17).
(e) Abolition of titles except military and academic (Article 18).
39
2. Right to Freedom (a) Protection of six rights regarding freedom of : (i) speech and
(Article 19-22) expression, (ii) assembly, (iii) association, (iv) movement, (v)
residence, and (vi) profession (Article 19).
(b) Protection in respect of conviction of offences (Article 20)
(c) Protection of life and personal liberty (Article 21).
(d) Right to elementary education (Article 21A).
(e) Protection against arrest and detention (Article 22)
3. Right against (a) Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour (Article 23).
Exploitation (b) Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. (Article 24).
(Articles 23-24)
4. Right to Freedom of (a) Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation
Religion of religion (Article 25).
(Articles 25-28) (b) Freedom to manage religious affairs (Article 26).
(c) Freedom from payment of taxes of promotion of any religion (Article
27).
(d) Freedom from attending religious instruction or worship in certain
educational institutions (Article 28).
5. Cultural and (a) Protection of language, script and culture of minorities (Article 29).
Educational Rights (b) Right of minorities to establish and administer educational
(Articles 29-30) institutions (Article 30).
6. Right to (Article 32)
Constitutional Right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights
Remedies including the writs of
(Article 32) (a) Habeas corpus,
(b) Mandamus,
(c) Prohibition,
(d) Certiorari and
(e) Quo Warranto
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Note:
(i) Fundamental Rights available only to citizens and not to foreigners: Article 15, Article 16, Article
19, Article 29 and Article 30.
(ii) Fundamental Rights available to both citizens and foreigners (except enemy aliens) : Article 14,
Article 20, Article 21, Article 21A, Article 22, Article 23, Article 24, Article 25, Article 26, Article 27
and Article 28.
Rule of law
• The concept of equality, before law is an element of the concept of 'Rule of law', propounded by AV
Dicey, the British Jurist.
86th Amendment Act, 2002 inserted Article 21A in the constitution of India to provide
free and compulsory education to all children in the Age group of 6-14 Years.
The Parliament enacted the Right of children to free and compulsory education (RTE)
Act, 2009.
Aim to achieve Education for All
Preventive Detention
• Preventive detention means detention of a person without trial and conviction by a court. It is only
a precautionary measure and based on suspicion. The provisions for preventive detention have
been mentioned in Article 22.
• The purpose of preventive detention is to prevent a person from committing a crime by arresting
such person even before he has committed any such crime.
• The 44th Amendment reduced the maximum duration of detention from 3 months to 2 months.
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Right to Constitutional Remedies
Type of Writ
Habeas Corpus Have the body The release of a person who has been
detained unlawfully whether in
prison or in private custody.
42
• Established in 1993 by an Act of parliament. NCBC was a statutory body under the Ministry of
Social Justice and Empowerment.
• 102nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018 provides constitutional status to the National
Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
• It has the authority to examine complaints and welfare measures regarding socially and
educationally backward classes.
• It considers inclusions in and exclusions from the lists of castes notified as backward for the
purpose of jobs reservation.
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Key Takeaways (Fundamental Rights)
1. India is referred as ___ under the Indian Constitution.
Bharat
3. The Constitution confers a special authority for the enforcement of FRs on the ?
Supreme Court
4. The FRs of the Indian Citizen in our Constitution are contained under which Part of the Indian
Constitution.
Part III
5. Under Article 368, Parliament has no power to repeal FRs because they are ?
Basic Structure of Constitution
7. The FRs, which cannot be suspended even during the emergency, are Articles _____.
Art 20 and 21
8. Original Constitution classified FRs into seven categories but now there are ?
Six
9. India borrowed the idea of incorporating FRs in the Constitution from ----
USA
12. The Right to private property was dropped from the list of FRs by the ________ Amendment Act.
44th Amendment
44
13. The Right to equality guaranteed by the Indian Constitution does not include _______
Economic Equality
15. Which Resolution for the first time expressed the concept of equality before the law? ---
Swaraj Bill
16. Which FR was described by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the ‘Heart and Soul of the Constitution’?
Right to Constitutional Remedies
17. The Constitutional remedies under the Article 32 can be suspended by the ----
Parliament
18. Writs can be issued for the enforcement of FRs by the ---
Supreme Court
19. Who enjoys the right to impose reasonable restrictions on the FRs of Indian citizen?
Parliament
20. Who can abridge any FR without damaging or destroying the basic features of the Constitution?
Parliament
23. The FRs of the Indian citizen can be suspended by the ________during national emergency
President
25. In which case did the Supreme Court restrict the authority of Parliament to amend FRs and
declared these rights to be absolute, permanent and unalterable? ---
Golak Nath Case
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26. In the famous Keshavananda Bharti V/s State of Kerala Case, the Supreme Court asserts the power
of the parliament to amend the Constitution under Article 368 subject to ----
Certain implied and inherent limitation of not amending the Basic Structure of the Constitution
27. ‘Rule of Law which permeates the entire fabric of the Indian Constitution excludes arbitrariness’.
This principle was laid down in ----
Maneka Gandhi V/s Union Government Case
29. Gender Equality includes protection from sexual harassment and right to work with dignity, which
is universally recognized as basic Human Right. This principle is laid down in ---
Vishaka V/s State of Rajasthan Case
30. The principle of Judicial review of President’s Rule in State under the Article 356 is laid down in
S.R. Bommai V/s Union of India
32. Equal opportunity in matters of public employment is guaranteed under the Article ---
16
36. The Sikhs in India are permitted to carry Kirpans. Under which FR are they permitted to do so?
Right to freedom of religion
46
37. Freedom of Speech under the Indian Constitution is subject to reasonable restrictions on the
grounds of protection of ---
Sovereignty and integrity of the country
39. The main objective of the cultural and educational rights granted to the citizens is to ----
Help the minorities to conserve their culture
40. A person can move to Supreme Court directly in vent of violation of FRs under Article---
32
42. Right to practice and propagate any religion is the subject to ---
public order
43. Right to property was eliminated form the list of FRs during the tenure of which Prime Minister
Morarji Desai
45. Which of the Provision authorizes Parliament to make special provisions for in favor of women
and children?
Article 15 (3)
47. Article 15 (4) confers a special provisions for the advancement of ----
SCs and STs
48. The principle “No person shall be prosecuted and punished for same offence more than once” is
----- --------Double jeopardy
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49. If an Act is not an offence on the date of its commission, a law enacted in future cannot make it
so, is the principle of ----
Ex-post facto law
50. Article 21A was inserted under our Constitution by way of ____ Constitutional Amendment.
86th
51. Earlier to 86th Amendment, Article 21A was in the form of ----
DPSP
53. Right to education guaranteed under the Article 21A shall be between the age group of ---
6-14
54. Right to Education is a part of
Right to life
55. Which Article guarantees the Right of minorities to establish and administer the educational
institutions? ---
Art 30
56. The Right to establish educational institutional under Article 30 is applicable to ---
Linguistic Minority
59. A citizen of India may be debarred from the Right to vote on the ground of ---
unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice & non-resident
60. Freedoms guaranteed under the Article 19 are suspended during emergency on the ground of ---
-
War or external aggression
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61. Article 19(2) under the Indian Constitution speaks about ---
Reasonable restrictions
66. The writ of Quo Warranto is an order from a superior court ----
whereby it can call upon a person to show under what authority he is holding the office
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72. Writ of Habeas Corpus means ---
produce the body before the court
74. Which one of the following writs literally means ‘you may have the body’? ---
Habeas Corpus
75. Right to Property was excluded form the FRs during the tenure of the Government headed by ----
Morarji Desai
76. What is the minimum permissible age in years of employment in any factory or mine according
to Art 24?
14 yrs
77. Which Article of the Constitution of India says, “No child below the age of 14 years shall be
employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment?” ---
Art 24
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DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICIES
(DPSP)
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (DPSP)
• Enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51. Borrowed this idea from the Irish
Constitution.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described these principles as novel features of the Indian constitution. The
Directive Principles along with the fundamental rights contain the philosophy of the constitution
and is the soul of the constitution.
• Directive Principles of State Policy denotes the ideals that the State should keep in mind while
formulating policies and enacting laws. These are the constitutional instructions or
recommendations to the State in legislative, executive and administrative matters.
• The Directive Principles resemble the Instrument of Instructions. (Dr BR Ambedkar)
• On the basis of content and directions, they can be classified into 3 broad categories, viz,
1. Socialistic/Welfare Principles,
2. Gandhian Principles and
3. Liberal-intellectual Principles.
1. Socialistic/Welfare Principles
• Lay down the framework of a democratic socialist state and set the path towards welfare state.
• Article 38 : State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
• Article 39 : The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing: the citizen, men, and
women equally have the right to an adequate means of livelihood; the ownership and control of the
material resources of the community are so distributed as best to serve the common good; there is
equal pay for equal work for both men and women; the health and strength of workers, men, and
women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic
necessary to enter vocations unsuited to their age of strength.
• Article 39A : Promotes equal justice and provides free legal aid to the poor.
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• Article 41: Right to work, to education and to
public assistance in certain cases.
• Article 42 : Provision for just and humane
conditions of work and maternity relief.
• Article 43 : Living wages and proper conditions of
work to all the workers.
• Article 43A : Secure the participation of workers in
the management of industries.
• Article 47 : Raise the level of nutrition, standard of
living and improve public health.
2. Gandhian Principles
3. Liberal-intellectual Principles
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New Directive Principles
• Article 38 added one more Directive Principle, which requires the state to minimize inequalities in
income status, facilities and opportunities under Article 38 (44th Amendment Act, 1978).
• Article 39 : To secure opportunities for healthy development of children (42nd Amendment Act,
1976).
• Article 39A To provide free legal aid to the poor (42nd Amendment Act, 1976).
• Article 43A To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries
(42nd Amendment Act, 1976).
• Article 48 A: To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife. (42nd
Amendment Act, 1976).
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• Instruction in mother tongue: It shall be the endeavor of every state and every local authority within
the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of
education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups (Article 350 A in Part XVIII).
• Development of the Hindi Language: It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the
Hindi language and to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements
of the composite culture of India (Article 351 in Part XVII).
▪ These are negative as they prohibit the ▪ These are positive as they require the
State from doing certain things. State to do certain things.
54
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
• The original constitution contained only the fundamental rights and not the fundamental duties. In
1976, the Fundamental Duties of Citizens were added by 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976
on the basis of Swarn Singh Committee, in Part IVA under Article 51A.
• Originally, there were 10 fundamental duties but at present, there are 11 fundamental duties. In
2002, one more duty was added.
• FD is borrowed from the constitution of USSR Former Soviet Union.
55
UNION EXECUTIVE
GOVERNMENT
• Government is a group of people with the authority to govern a country or state.
• There are three main organs of the government:
• Legislature : Entrusted with the task of making the laws, amend or repeal;
• Executive : Entrusted to implement, execute or-administer laws; and
• Judiciary : Entrusted to interpret and enforce laws and to administer justice.
Union Executives
• Articles 52 to 78 in Part V of the
constitution deal with the union executive.
• It consists of the President, the Vice-
President, the Prime Minister, the Council
of Ministers and the Attorney General of
India.
State Executive
• Articles 153 to 167 in Part VI of the
constitution deal with the state executive
which consists of the Governor, the Chief
Minister, the Council of Ministers and the
Advocate General of the State.
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PRESIDENT OF INDIA
• The President is the head of the Indian State.
• He is the first citizen of India and acts as the symbol of unity, integrity and solidarity of the nation.
Article 62. Time of holding an election to fill a vacancy in the office of President
Article 72. Powers of the president to grant pardons etc. and to suspend, remit or
commute sentences in certain cases
Article 75. Other provisions as to ministers like an appointment, terms, salaries, etc.
Article 78. Duties of Prime Minister with respect to the furnishing of information to the
president etc.
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Office of the President
• Article 52 provides for the office of the President of India.
58
• The impeachment charges may be initiated by either house of the parliament and the charges
should be signed by 1/4th of the members of the house which framed the charges. The resolution of
the charges should be passed by the majority of 2/3rd of its total membership of each houses.
• Regarding these charges fourteen (14) days notice should be given to the President.
2. Legislative Powers
• Summons or prorogues the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha.
• Summons a joint sitting of both the houses of Parliament which is presided over by the speaker of
the Lok Sabha.
• Nominates 12 members of the Rajya Sabha and 2 members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-Indian
Community.
3. Financial Power
• Only with his prior recommendation money bills can be introduced in the Parliament.
• Constitutes a finance commission after every five years to recommend the distribution of revenues
between the centre and the states.
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4. Judicial Powers
• Appoints the Chief Justice and the Judges of Supreme Court
and High Courts.
• Grant pardon, reprieve, respite and remission of punishment,
or suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person
convicted.
5. Diplomatic Powers:
• The international treaties and agreements are negotiated and
concluded on behalf of the President.
• He represents India in international forums and
affairs and sends and receives diplomats like
ambassadors, high commissioners, and so on.
6. Military Powers
• He is the Supreme Commander of the defense
forces of India. He appoints the chiefs of the
Army, the Navy and the Air force.
• He can declare war or conclude peace, subject to the approval of the Parliament.
7. Emergency Powers
The President can proclaim emergency in three conditions. These are:
1. National Emergency (Article 352): It arises out of war, external aggression or armed rebellion
within the country.
2. President's Rule or Constitution Emergency (Article 356) : Imposed due to failure of the
constitutional machinery in the states.
3. Financial Emergency (Article 360) : Imposed due to a threat to financial stability or credit of India.
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8. Veto Power of President
• The President of India is vested with three types of veto absolute veto, suspensive veto and pocket
veto. The President has no veto power in respect of a Constitutional amendment bill.
• The President has the veto power over the bills passed by the parliament. They are types:
1. Absolute veto : Withholding of assent.
2. Suspensive veto : instead of refusing the assent, the President returns the Bill or part of it for
the reconsideration.
3. Pocket veto : taking no action on the bill. In 1986, President Giani Zail Singh exercised the pocket
veto with respect to the Indian post office bill during the Rajiv Gandhi Government.
4. Qualified veto : sending back of a bill, which can be overridden by the legislature with a higher
majority.
Presidents of India
Presidents of India
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5. Justice Mohammad 1969-1969 Was also the Chief Justice of India and
Hidayatullah second Acting President.
6. Varahagiri Venkatagiri 1969-1974 -
7. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 1974-1977 Died in office
8. B.D. Jatti 1977-1977 Acting President
9. N. Sanjeeva Reddy 1977-1982 Youngest President (64 years)
10. Giani Zail Singh 1982-1987 First Sikh President
11. Dr. Venkataraman 1987-1992 Oldest President (76 years)
12. Dr. Shankar Dayal 1992-1997 -
Sharma
13. Kr Narayanan 1997-2002 First Dalit President
14. Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam 2002-2007 First Scientist to become President.
15. Mrs Pratibha Patil 2007-2012 First woman to become President
16. Pranab Mukherjee 2012-2017 -
17. Ram Nath Kovind 2017-Till Date -
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VICE PRESIDENT & GOVERNOR
VICE-PRESIDENT
• Article 63 : There shall be a Vice-President of India.
• The Vice-President occupies the second highest office in the
country.
• This office is modeled on the lines of the American Vice-
President.
• Article 65 : The Vice-President shall be ex-officio Chairman
of the Council of States and shall not hold any other office of
profit:
• Provided that during any period when the Vice-President
acts as President or discharges the functions of the President under article 65, he shall not perform
the duties of the office of Chairman of the Council of States and shall not be entitled to any salary
or allowance payable to the Chairman of the Council of States under Article 97
Election
• Election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single
transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot.
• He is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both houses of
parliament.
Qualifications
• Should be a citizen of India
• Completed 35 years of age
• Qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha
• Should not hold any office of profit.
Oath or Affirmation
• Oath is administered by the president or some person appointed in that behalf by him.
Term of Office
• Holds office for a term of 5 yrs and can address the resignation letter to the President anytime.
• Can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an absolute majority and agreed by
the Lok Sabha.
• Atleast 14 days advance notice has to be given, before a resolution for his removal is considered.
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Power and Functions
• Acts as the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha.
• Acts as President when a vacancy occurs in the office of the President due to his resignation,
removal, death or otherwise.
List of Vice-President
Name Tenure
1. Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan [1st Vice-President; had the 1952 to 1962
longest tenure (10 years]
2. Dr. Zakir Hussain 1962 to 1967
3. Varahgiri Venkatagiri 1967 to 1969
4. Gopal Swarup Pathak 1969 to 1974
5. BD Jatti 1974 to 1979
6. Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah 1979 to 1984
7. R Venakataraman 1984 to 1987
8. Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma 1987 to 1992
9. K.R. Narayanan 1992 to 1997
10. Krishan Kant (Died in office) 1997 to 2002
11. Bharion Singh Shekhawat 2002 to 2007
12. Mohammed Hamid Ansari (Tenure of 10 Years) 2007 to 2017
13. Venkaiah Naidu 2017 to till date
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GOVERNOR
• The governor is the chief executive head of the state. He is a nominal executive head and acts as an
agent of the central government.
• Usually, there is a governor for each state, but the 7th constitutional Amendment Act of 1956 states
the appointment of the same person as a governor for two or more states.
Appointment of Governor :
• Neither directly elected by the people nor indirectly elected by a specially constituted electoral
college. He is appointed by the President
Qualifications :
• Should be a citizen of India; Completed the age of 35 years.
• Two conventions :
o (a) Should not belong to the state where he is appointed;
o (b) While appointing the governor, the President is required to consult the Chief Minister
of the state concerned.
Oath :
• Administered by the chief justice of the concerned State High Court and in his absence, the senior-
most judge of the court.
Term :
• The governor has no security of tenure and no fixed term of office, re-appointment in the same
state or any other state is allowed.
• Holds office for a term of 5 years from the date on which he enters upon his office. He may be
removed by the President at any time. Resign at any time by addressing a resignation letter to the
President.
65
• Governor has no diplomatic, military or emergency powers like the President.
66
Articles Related to Governor at a Glance
• Article 153 for Governors of states
• Article 154 for Executive power of state
• Article 155 for Appointment of Governor
• Article 156 for Term of office of Governor
• Article 157 for Qualifications for appointment as Governor
• Article 158 for Conditions of Governor’s office
• Article 159 for Oath or affirmation by the Governor
• Article 160 for Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
• Article 161 for Power of the Governor to grant pardons and others
• Article 162 for Extent of executive power of state
• Article 163 for Council of Ministers to aid and advice the Governor
• Article 164 for other provisions as to ministers like appointments, term, salaries, and others
• Article 165 for Advocate-General for the State
• Article 166 for Conduct of business of the government of a state
• Article 167 for Duties of the Chief Minister regarding furnishing of information to Governor
• Article 174 for Sessions of the state legislature, prorogation and dissolution
• Article 175 for Right of the Governor to address and send messages to the State legislature
• Article 176 for Special address by the Governor
• Article 200 for Assent to bills (i.e. assent of the Governor to the bills passed by the
legislature)
• Article 201 for Bills reserved by the Governor for consideration of the President
• Article 213 for Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances
• Article 217 for Governor being consulted by the President in the matter of the appointments
of the judges of the High Courts
• Article 233 for Appointment of district judges by the Governor
• Article 234 for Appointments of persons (other than district judges) to the judicial service of
the state by the Governor.
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The Chronological List of the Governors of Madhya Pradesh
68
GOVERNORS OF MADHYA PRADESH
KEY TAKEAWAYS
The total number of individuals serving as 28
Governors so far
Only Governor born outside present India Dr. Bhai Mahavir (Lahore)
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(6 days)
Only Governor who has been Speaker of Dr. Bal Ram Jakhar (7th and 8th Lok Sabha)
the Lok Sabha
70
Only Governors who recieved State and Smt Anandi Ben Patel
National Level Best Teacher Award
Only Governor having received an Smt. S. Grewal (British Council, for London School
international scholarship of Economics)
Governor Duration
• It is noteworthy here that the President's rule proclaimed on 17.02.1980 in the tenure of Shri C. M.
Punacha continued into the tenure of Shri B. D. Sharma.
• Similarly, the President's rule proclaimed on 15.12.1992 during Shri K. M. A. Khan's tenure continued
into the tenure of Shri Mohammad Shafi Qureshi.
71
GOVERNORS OF MADHYA PRADESH
72
73
PRIME MINISTER & COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
PRIME MINISTER
• Article 75 says only the Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President.
• Prime Minister is the real executive authority (de facto executive).
• Prime Minister is the head of the government, leader of the party in power, chief spokesman of the
union government and the crisis manager-in-chief at the political level during emergency.
• Appointed by the President. The President may appoint any one as the Prime Minister and then ask
him to prove his majority in the Lok Sabha.
• A person who is not a member of either house of parliament can be appointed as Prime Minister
for
6 months, within which, he should become a member of either House of Parliament.
Term of Office
• In general, he holds the office for five years. The term can end sooner if loses the vote of confidence
in Lok Sabha.
• The Prime Minister can also resign by addressing to the President.
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• He acts as the Chairman of the NITI Aayog, National Development Council, National Integration
Council, Inter-State Council and National Water Resources Council.
75
13. Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1996-1996 Shortest tenure of a Prime Minister (For 16
days).
14. HD Deve Gowda 1996-1997 -
15. IK Gujral 1997-1998 -
16. Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1998-1999 -
17. Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1998-2004 -
18. Dr. Manmohan Singh 2004-2014 First Sikh Prime Minister
19. Narendra Modi 2014-Till First PM born after independence and also
Date served as CM
Name Tenure
1. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 1947-1950
2. Morarji Desai 1967-1969
3. Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram (jointly) 1979-1979
4. YB Chavan 1979-1980
5. Devi Lal 1989-1990
6. Devi Lal 1990-1991
7. LK Advani 2002-2004
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• A minister who is a member of one House of Parliament has the right to speak and to take part in
the proceedings of the other House also, but he can vote only in the House of which he is a member.
• A member of either house of Parliament belonging to any political party who is disqualified on the
ground of defection shall also be disqualified to be appointed as a minister.
Responsibility of Ministers
• Article 75 clearly states that the council of ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
They work as team and swim or sink together. It is the duty of every minister to stand by cabinet
decisions and support both within and outside the Parliament, even if they differed in the
cabinet meeting.
• Article 75 also contains the principle of individual responsibility. In case of a difference of
opinion or dissatisfaction with the performance of a minister the PM can ask him to resign or
advice the president to dismiss him.
• No legal responsibility of a minister in India.
• Composition of the Council of Ministers
• There are three categories of ministers : (i) Cabinet Ministers; (ii) Ministers of State, and (iii)
Deputy Ministers.
Cabinet Ministers
• The highest decision-making body. Play an important role in deciding policies. They are the real
policy makers.
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• Head the important ministries of the government like home, defence, finance, external affairs and
so forth. The cabinet's consent is necessary for all important matters.
Ministers of State
• Can hold either independent charge or attached to a cabinet Minister.
Deputy Ministers
• Attached to the cabinet ministers or ministers of state. Assist in their administrative, political and
Parliamentary duties.
Parliamentary Secretaries
One more category of ministers which have no department but attached to the senior minister
and assist in the discharge of their parliamentary duties.
Since 1967, no parliamentary secretaries have been appointed except during the first phase of
Rajiv Gandhi Government.
Kitchen Cabinet
• It is also called as Inner Cabinet. It has become the real Centre of power.
• A small body consists of the Prime Minister and two to four influential colleagues. It is composed of
not only cabinet ministers but also outsiders like friends and family members of the Prime Ministers.
Cabinet Committees
• It is an organisational device to reduce the enormous workload of the Cabinet. They also facilitate
in-depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination.
• Membership varies from three to eight. They usually include cabinet ministers.
• Mostly headed by the Prime Minister. Other cabinet Ministers, particularly the Home Minister or
the Finance Minister, also acts as their chairman.
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Types of Cabinet Committee
Cabinet Committee is of two types : (i) Standing Committee and (ii) Adhoc Committee.
(i) Standing Committees are of a permanent nature.
(ii) Adhoc Committees are of a temporary nature, constituted from time to time to deal with special
problems. They are disbanded after their task is completed.
Shadow Cabinet
Found in the British political system which is formed by the opposition party to balance the
ruling cabinet and to prepare its members for future ministerial offices.
Groups of Ministers
• At present, 21 Groups of Ministers and 6 empowered groups of ministers are in existence.
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• These are adhoc bodies formed. Viable and effective instrument of coordination among the
ministries. Constituted to look into different issues/subjects and to take decisions on behalf of the
cabinet whereas the others make recommendations to the cabinet.
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STATE EXECUTIVE
CHIEF MINISTER
• The Chief Minister is the real executive authority at the state level.
• The position of the Chief Minister at the state level is analogous to the position of Prime Minister at
the centre.
Oath
• The governor administers the oath of office and secrecy to the Chief Minister.
Term
• The term is not fixed and he holds office during the pleasure of the governor. Generally the term is
for five years, as he enjoys the majority support in the legislative assembly.
• He may resign by addressing a resignation letter to the Governor.
81
• He aids, directs, controls and coordinates the activities of all the ministers.
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14. Shri Kailsh Chandra Joshi 26.06.1977 to 17.01.1978
83
LIST OF CABINET MINISTERS and DEPARTMENTS Allocated to them
4. Shri Gopal Bhargava Minister Public Works, Cottage and Village Industries
Shri Yashodhara Raje Scindia Sports and Youth Welfare, Technical Education, Skill
9.
Minister Development and Employment
Shri Vishvash Sarang Medical Education, Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and
15.
Minister Rehabilitation
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19. Mahendra Singh Sisodia Panchayat and Rural Development
Shri Bharat Singh Kushwaha Horticulture and Food Processing (Independent Charge),
28.
(MoS) Narmada Valley Development
33. Shri Girraj Dandotiya (MoS) Farmer Welfare and Agricultural Development
*Bold Names are the MLA's who resigned from CONGRESS and joined BJP.
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UNION LEGISLATURE
Parliament
• The Parliament is the legislative organ of the Union government.
• It consists of the President, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha (Article 79).
Lok Sabha
• Lok Sabha is also called Lower House or First Chamber or Popular House.
• In Britain, Lok Sabha is referred as the House of Commons.
• In USA, Lok Sabha is known as the House of Representatives.
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Canada Parliament Pakistan National Assembly
• The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is fixed at 552, out of these
o 530 members are to be representatives of the states,
o 20 members from Union Territories and
o 2 members are to be nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian Community.
• At present, the Lok Sabha has 545 members.
• Between 1952 and 2020, 2 additional members of the Anglo-Indian community were also
nominated by the President of India on the advice of Government of India, which was abolished
in January 2020 by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019. The Lok Sabha has a seating
capacity of 550 now
• Its normal term is five years from the date of its first meeting after the general election.
• Term of Lok Sabha can be extended during the period of national emergency for one year at a
time for any length of time.
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Maharashtra Mumbai 48 19 288 78
Manipur Imphal 2 1 60 -
Meghalaya Shillong 2 1 60 -
Mizoram Aizawal 1 1 60 -
Nagaland Kohima 1 1 40 -
Odisha Bhubaneswar 21 10 147 -
Punjab Chandigarh 13 7 117 -
Rajasthan Jaipur 25 10 200 -
Sikkim Gangtok 1 1 32 -
Tamil Nadu Chennai 39 18 234 -
Telangana Hyderabad 17 7 119 40
Tripura Agartala 2 1 60 -
Uttarakhand Dehradun 5 3 70 -
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 80 31 403 100
West Bengal Kolkata 42 16 294 -
II. Union Territories
Andaman & Nicobar Port Blair 1 - - -
Chandigarh Chandigarh 1 - - -
Dadar & Nagar
Haveli Daman 2 - - -
Daman & Diu
Delhi Delhi 7 3 70 -
Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu & Kashmir 6 4 107
Jammu (Winter)
Lakshadweep Kavaratti 1 - - -
Puducherry Puducherry 1 1 33 -
III. Nominated
Member 2 12
(Now Abolished)
Total 545 245
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Sixth March 1977 Morarji Desai and Charan Singh
RAJYA SABHA
• Rajya Sabha is a permanent body or a continuing chamber and not subject to dissolution. Rajya
Sabha was firstly constituted in 1952.
• Rajya Sabha is also called as Upper House or Second Chamber or House of Elders. In Britain, Rajya
Sabha is referred as the House of Lords. In USA, Rajya Sabha is known to be Senate.
89
• The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the
states and union territories. The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250, out of these
238 are to be the representatives of the states and union territories (indirectly elected) and 12 are
nominated by the President. At present, the Rajya Sabha has 245 members.
• The Representation of the People Act (RPA) of 1951 provided that the term of office of a member
of the Rajya Sabha shall-be Six years. One-third of its members retire every second years. They are
eligible for re-election and re-nomination any number of times.
The tenth schedule of constitution provides for disqualification of the -Members on round of
defection.
Oath or Affirmation
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(i) Speaker of Lok Sabha
• The Speaker is the principal spokesperson of the House and his decision in all parliamentary matters
is final. He is also the guardian of powers and privileges of the members, the House as a whole and
its committees.
Deputy Speaker
While the office of the Speaker is vacant due to any reason, the Deputy Speaker presides.
(Article 95). M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the First Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha. At
present Mr. M Thambidurai is Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha.
• The Speaker remains in office during the life of the Lok Sabha. The date of election of the Speaker
is fixed by the President. The speaker is elected by the Lok Sabha from amongst its members.
• The Speaker resigns by writing to the Deputy Speaker.
Provision of joint sitting is applicable to ordinary bills or financial bills only and not to money
bills or constitutional amendment bills.
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First 1. Ganesh Vasudev Mavalanker 1952 to 1956 (Died)
2. Ananthasyanam Ayyangar 1956 to 1957
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Deputy Chairman
Elected by Rajya Sabha itself from amongst its members. Deputy Chairman is not subordinate
to the Chairman. He is directly responsible to the Rajya Sabha.
Sessions of PARLIAMENT
• The maximum gap between two sessions of parliament cannot be more than six months
93
Legislative Procedure in Parliament
• A Bill is a proposal for legislation and it becomes an Act or law when duly enacted. Bills may be
classified under four heads viz, Ordinary, Money, Financial and Constitutional Amendment Bills.
94
• The legislative procedure is identical in both the houses of Parliament. Money Bills cannot be
introduced in the Rajya Sabha. The other bills can be introduced in either House.
• Every ordinary bills has to pass through five stages in the Parliament, i.e., First Reading, Second
Reading, Third Reading, Bill in the second House and Assent of the President. Finally, the Bill has to
be notified by the Government to enable its implementation.
Language in Parliament
• Hindi and English is to be the languages for transacting business in the Parliament. But the presiding
officer can permit a member to address the house in his/her mother tongue.
95
2. Zero Hour: It is an Indian innovation in the field of Parliamentary procedures and has been in
existence since 1962. The time gap between the question hour and the agenda is known as zero
hour. Starts immediately after the question hour and lasts until the agenda for the day.
Budget in Parliament
• The budget is a statement of the estimated receipts and
expenditure of the Government of India in a financial year,
which begins on 1st April and ends on 31st March of the
following year. The Constitution refers to the budget as the
Annual Financial Statement (Article 112).
• After introduction of the Budget, the Lok Sabha discusses the demands for grants of various
ministries and departments. All expenditure after approval, charged on the consolidated fund of
India, are then presented in the form of single Bill called the Appropriation Bill. Proposals for
taxation (to raise revenue) are presented in the form of Finance Bill.
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PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES
• Parliamentary committee means a committee that is appointed or elected by the House or
nominated by the Speaker/Chairman.
• Broadly, parliamentary committees are of two kinds:- (a) Standing Committees and (b) Adhoc
Committees.
(a) Standing Committees : Permanent (constituted every year periodically) and work on a
continuous basis; They are broadly clasified into the following categories: Committees of
enquiries, Committees to Scrutinise, Financial Committees, Committees of Administrative
Character, Committees dealing with provision of facilities to members.
(b) Adhoc Committees : Temporary and ceases to exist on completion of the task assigned to
them. They can be divided into two categories, that is, Inquiry Committees and Advisory
Committees.
Financial Committees
• The Financial Committees of Parliament are: (i) Estimates Committee, (ii) Public Accounts
Committee and (iii) Committee on Public Undertaking.
(i) Estimates Committee : The origin of the Estimates Committee can be traced to the Standing
Financial Committee set-up in 1921. The first Estimates Committee in the post-independence
was set-up in 1950. Now it has thirty members, all from the Lok Sabha only.
(ii) Public Accounts Committee : The Public Accounts Committee was set-up first in 1921 provisions
of the Government of India Act of 1919. At present, it consists of 22 members (15 from the Lok.
Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha). Since 1967, a convention has developed whereby the
Chairman of the Committee is selected invariably from the opposition.
(iii) Committee on Public Undertaking : The Committee on Public Undertakings was created in 1964
on the recommendations of the Krishna Menon Committee. Now it has 22 members (15 from
the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha).
• In 2004, 7 more committees were set-up. Thus, total 24 committees exist as of today.
• Out of the 24 standing committees, 8 work under the Rajya Saha and 16 under the Lok Sabha.
• Each standing committee consists of 31 members (21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha).
Note: Members of the Rajya Sabha are associated with all the committees except the Estimates
Committee.
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STATE LEGISLATURE
STATE LEGISLATURE
• Articles 168 to 212 in Part VI of the Constitution deal with the organisation, composition, duration,
officers, procedures, privileges, powers and so on of the state legislature.
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• There is no uniformity in the organisation of state legislature. Most of the states have a unicameral
system (single house) while others have a bicameral system (double house). At present, only 7 states
have bicameral legislature. These are : 1. Andhra Pradesh, 2. Uttar Pradesh, 3. Bihar, 4. Maharashtra,
5. Karnataka, 6. Jammu and Kashmir and 7. Telangana.
• The Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) is the lower house, while the Legislative Council (Vidhan
Parishad) is the upper house.
• Its maximum strength is fixed at 500 and minimum strength at 60. However, in case of Arunachal
Pradesh; Sikkim and Goa, the minimum number is 30 and in case of Mizoram and Nagaland, it is 40
and 46 respectively.
• The governor can nominate one member from the Anglo-Indian community, if the community is not
adequately represented in the assembly. Under the 95th Amendment Act of 2009, this is to last until
2020.
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Member's Qualifications:
• Should be a citizen of India. Must be not less than 30 years of age in the case of the Legislative
Council and not less than 25 years of age in the case of the Legislative Assembly.
Oath or Affirmative :
• Subscribe an oath before the governor or some person appointed by him.
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Duration of Two Houses
• Duration of Legislative Assembly Normal term is five years from the date of its first meeting after
the general elections.
• Duration of Legislative Council : Permanent body. One-third of its members retire on the expiration
of every second year. A member continues as such for six years.
JUDICIARY
• The Indian constitution has established an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the
top and the High Courts below it.
• This single system of Courts is adopted from the Government of India Act, 1935.
Supreme Court
• Articles 124 to 147 in Part V of the constitution deal with the Supreme Court.
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• Supreme Court is the final interpreter, guardian of the constitution and guarantor of the
fundamental rights of the citizens. The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on January 28, 1950.
At present, the Supreme Court consists of 31 Judges including one Chief Justice and thirty other
Judges.
Appointment of Judges
• The Chief Justice is appointed by the President after consultation with such Judges of the Supreme
Court and High Courts as he deems necessary. The seniormost Judge of the Supreme Court is
appointed as the Chief Justice of India except the appointment of both A.N. Ray (in 1973) and M.U.
Beg (in 1977) as Chief Justice of India.
• The other judges are appointed by President after consultation with the Chief Justice and such other
Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts as he deems necessary.
102
103
Qualifications of Judges [Article 124 (3)]
• Should be a citizen of India; Should have been a Judge of a High Court for five years; or been 4n
advocate of a High Court for ten years or a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.
Oath or Affirmation
Tenure
• The constitution has not prescribed a minimum age for appointment as a judge of the Supreme
Court. Holds office until he attains the age of 65 years.
• Resign by writing to the President and can be removed from his office, by the President on the
recommendation of the Parliament
• The Judges Enquiry Act (1968) regulates the procedure relating to the removal of a judge of the
supreme court by the process of impeachment. The grounds of removal are two: (i) Proved
Misbehaviour or (ii) Incapacity.
• A motion seeking the removal of the judge can be preferred before either House of the Parliament
signed by 100 members (in case of Lok Sabha) or 50 members (in case of Rajya Sabha). Then, the
resolution should be supported by a majority of total membership of both the Houses and by 2/3rd
majority of the members present and voting.
• No judge of the Supreme Court has been impeached so far. But, the first and the only case of
impeachment is that of Justice V. Ramaswami of the Supreme Court (1991-93) on the ground of
proved misbehaviour.
• Delhi is the seat of the Supreme Court. But, the constitution authorizes. the-Chief Justice of India to
appoint other place/s as seat of the Supreme Court.
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Jurisdiction and Powers of Supreme Court
1. Original Jurisdiction (Article 131)
• The Supreme Court decides: (i) Disputes between the centre and one or more states; (ii)
Disputes between the centre and any state or states on one side and one or more states on
the other and (iii) Disputes between two or more states.
• In the above disputes, the Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction as they lie
directly and exclusively with the Supreme Court.
5. A Court of Record
• The records are admitted to be of evidentiary value and cannot be questioned. They are
recognised as legal precedents and legal references.
• It has power to punish for contempt of court.
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106
HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURT
HIGH COURT
• High Court is the highest judicial organ of the state.
• The Constitution of India provides for a high court for each state. But, the seventh Amendment. Act
of 1956 authorised the Parliament to establish a common high court for two or more states or for
two or more states and a union territory.
• Articles 214 to 231 in Part VI of the constitution deals with High Court.
• At present, there are 24 high courts in the country. Delhi is the only union territory that has a high
court of its own (since 1966).
• Every High Court consists of a Chief Justice and such other Judges.
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Madhya 1956 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur (Benches at Gwalior
Pradesh and Indore)
Chennari 1862 Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry Chennai
Odisha 1948 Odisha Cuttack
Patna 1916 Bihar Patna
Punjab & 1966 Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh Chandigarh
Haryana
Rajasthan 1950 Rajasthan Jodhpur (Bench at Jaipur)
Sikkim 1975 Sikkim Gongtok
Bilaspur 2000 Chhattisgarh Bilaspur
Nainital 2000 Uttarakhand Nainital
Ranchi 2000 Jharkhand Ranchi
Manipur 2013 Manipur Imphal
Meghalaya 2013 Meghalya Shillong
Tripura 2013 Tripura Agartala
Appointment of Judges
• Appointment by 'the President. The Chief Justice of the concerned High Court is appointed after
consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the governor of the state concerned.
• For appointment of other judges, the chief justice of the concerned High Court is also consulted.
Judges Qualifications
• Must be a citizen of India; Should have held a judicial office in the territory of India for ten years;
or Should have been an advocate of a high court for ten years.
Oath or Affirmation
• Administered by the governor of the state or some persons appointed by him.
Term/Tenure of Judge
• A judge of high court continues office till 62 years of age.
• Can resign by writing to the President and can be removed by the President on the
recommendation of the Parliament.
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Transfer of Judges
• The President can transfer a judge from one High Court to another after consulting the Chief
Justice of India.
The Supreme Court can issue writ jurisdiction, only where a Fundamental Right has been infringed. High
Court can issue these writs Under Article 226 not only in such cases, but also where an ordinary
legal right has been infringed. High Court does not have advisory power as in case of Supreme
Court.
SUBORDINATE COURTS
• Article 233 to 237 in Part VI deals with the various
provisions of subordinate courts. It is also called as
lower courts. It functions below and under the High
Court at district and lower levels.
District Judge
• Highest judicial authority in the district. Possesses
original and appellate jurisdiction in both civil as well as criminal matters.
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• When he deals with civil cases, he is known as the district judge. Whereas, when he hears the
criminal cases, he is called as the sessions judge.
Nyaya Panchayats
The Nayaya Panchayats are the judicial bodies in village, which provide speedy and inexpensive
justice for all petty civil suits. They can impose only monetary fines.
Lok Adalat
Lok Adalat is a boon to the litigant public, where they can get their disputes settled fast and
free of cost.
Lok Adalat (People's Courts), established by the government, settles disputes through
conciliation and compromise. The first Lok Adalat was held in Gujarat on 14March, 1982.
The Lok Adalat is presided over by a sitting or retired judicial officer as Chairman, with two
other members, usually a lowver and a social worker. There is no court fee.
• He has supervisory powers over all the subordinate courts in the district and the power to impose
any sentence including life imprisonment and capital punishment (death sentence).
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PANCHAYATI RAJ AND MUNICIPALITIES
PANCHAYATI RAJ
• Panchayati Raj is the system of rural local self-government to build democracy at the grass root
level with rural development. It was constitutionalised through the 73' Constitutional Amendment
Act of 1992. This act had added a new Part-IX to the constitution of India. The act has also added a
new Eleventh Schedule and contains 29 functional items of the panchayats.
• It is entitled as 'The Panchayats and consists of provisions from Articles 243 t6 243 O.
111
• At present, 9 states have 5th schedule areas. These are : Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat,
Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan.
Rajasthan was the first state to establish Panchayati Raj. The Scheme was
started by the PM on October 2, 1959 in Nagaur district. It was followed by
Andhra Pradesh, which also adopted the system in 1959.
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2. Ashok Mehta Committee
• In December 1977, the Government of India appointed a committee on panchayati raj institutions
under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta
• It submitted its report in August 1978 and made 132 recommendations to revive and strengthen
the declining panchayati raj system in the country.
• The Committee came to conclusion that the developmental process was gradually bureaucratised
and divorced from the Panchayati Raj and aptly called as 'grass without roots'.
• The recommendation of the GVK Rao Committee Report (1986) differed from those of the Dantwala
Committee Report on Block-Level Planning (1978) and the Hanumantha Rao Committee Report on
District Planning.
LM Singhvi Committee :
• In 1986, the Government of India appointed a committee on 'Revitalisation of Panchayati Raj
Institutions for Democracy and Development' under the chairmanship of LM Singhvi.
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MUNICIPALITIES
• The Constitution of India provides the provision of local self government units in urban area by
inserting Part IX-A through the 74th Amendment Act, 1992. In addition, the act has also added' a
new 12th Schedule to the Constitution. This schedule contains 18th functional items of
municipalities.
• Municipalities will have the power to impose taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with law.
The Constitution provides for a State Finance Commission to review the financial position of the
Municipalities and recommend measures to augment their funds.
• The Constitution provides for three types of Municipalities : (i) Nagar Panchayat, for areas in
transition from rural to urban; (ii) Municipal Council is for smaller urban area and Municipal
Corporation is for larger urban area. Urban Local Bodies do not exist in Arunachal Pradesh.
• Composition: All the members Of a municipality shall be elected directly by the people of the
municipal area. For this each, municipal area shall be divided into territorial constituencies to be
known as wards.
• The Constitution of Munidipalities shall be determined by a Law of the State Legislature. Wards
Committees shall be constituted in those Municipalities having a population of three lakh or more.
• Seats shall be reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. One-third of the seats shall be
reserved for women.
• Under Article 243 ZD, a District Planning Committee shall be constituted to consolidate the plans
prepared by the Panchayats and Municipalities in the district.
Historical Perspective
In 1687-88, the first municipal corporation in India was set up at Madras. In 1726, the
municipal corporation were set up in Bombay and Calcutta.
Lord Ripon's Resolution of 1882 has hailed as the Magna Carta of local self-government. He is
called as the father of local self-government.
The Government of India Act of 1935 declared local self-government as a provincial subject.
• Under Article 243 ZE, a Metropolitan Planning Committee shall be constituted to prepare a draft
development plan for the metropolitan area as a whole.
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ELECTION COMMISSION, ELECTIONS,
POLITICAL PARTIES
Election Commission
• A permanent and an independent body established by the constitution on 25th January, 1950 to
ensure free and fair elections in the country.
• Article 324 provides the power of superintendence, direction and control of elections to parliament,
state legislatures, the offices of President and Vice-President vested in the election commission.
• Elections to Panchayats and Municipalities in the state is conducted for the State Election
Commission.
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Appointment and Composition
• Appointment is made by the President. It consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and two
Election Commissioner.
• Chief Election Commissioner can be removed on ground similar Judge of the Supreme Court.
Tenure
• Holds office for a term of six years or until the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• Chief Election Commissioners can be removed on ground similar to that of a Judge of the Supreme
Court.
• To prepare and periodically revise electoral rolls and to register all eligible voters; To notify the dates
and schedules of elections and to scrutinise nomination papers; To grant recognition to political
parties and allot election symbols to them.
• To advise the president on matter relating to the disqualifications of the members of Parliament.
To advise the governor on matters relating to the disqualifications of the members of state
legislature.
• To cancel polls in the event of rigging, booth capturing, violence and other irregularities.
• It makes the process of counting of votes much faster than the conventional system. It eliminates
the possibility of invalid and doubtful votes.
• It reduces to a great extent the quantity of paper used and the process is eco-friendly.
• It was first used in 1982 by election to North Paravur Assembly Constituency in Kerala. In 2003, all
state elections and by elections were held using EVMs.
• Manufacturer : Bharat Electronics Ltd. Banglore and Electronic Corporation of India Ltd. Hyderabad.
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An option on the Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) through this people get the right to reject
all candidates contesting the election.
The NOTA option was first used in the assembly election in November, 2013.
Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)
When voter presses EVM button, printer generates a paper slip. This paper slip contains a
serial number of voter, number and his symbol. Voter can see printout and the slip
automatically goes in special box which can be used during recount.
In 2013, September, VVPAT first tried in Noksen constituency in Nagaland.
• The Delimitation Commission in India is a high power body whose orders have the force of law and
cannot be called in question before any court. In India, such delimitation commission have been
constituted 4 times in 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002 under Delimitation Commission Acts of 1952,
1962, 1972 and 2002 respectively.
• The delimitation commission was set up on 12th July, 2002 after the 2001 census with justice Kuldip
Singh as its chairman. The assembly elections in Karnataka in 2008, was the first one to use the new
boundaries as drawn by the 2002 Delimitation Commission.
Political Parties
• Political parties are voluntary association or organised groups of individuals who share the same
political views and who try to gain political power through constitutional means and who desire to
work for promoting the national interest.
• India has a multi-party system with recognition to national and state level parties. At present, there
are 6 national parties, 51 state parties and 1415 registered unrecognised parties in the country.
• For Recognition as a National Party : A political party is recognised as a national party if any of the
following conditions is fulfilled :
• Secures 6% of valid votes polled in any 4 or more states at a general election to the Lok Sabha
or to the legislative assembly; and, in addition, it wins 4 seats in the Lok Sabha from any state
dr states; or
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• Wins 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha at a general elections;
and these candidates are elected from 3 states; or
Recognised as a state party in 4 states.
• All India Trinamool Congress became the 7th political
party to be recognised as a National Party in the country.
BJP, Congress, CPI, CPI(M), BSP & NCP are six other
political parties to be recognised as National Parties
• The party has to Win at least three seats or three percent of the seats in the state
legislative Assembly; or
• It has to win one seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats allotted to that concerned state;
or
• The party has to bag at least 6% of the total votes, and also win one Lok Sabha and two
Assembly seats; or
• Manages to win at least eight per cent of the total votes cast in the entire state.
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119
Elections
120
COMMISSIONS
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
• UPSC is the central recruiting agency in India. It is an independent constitutional body. Listed in Part
XIV in Articles 315 to 325.
Composition :
• Consists of a chairman and other members appointed by the President of India.
Tenure :
• Hold office for a term of six years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• The President can remove the chairman or any other member of UPSC for misbehaviour, insolvency
and unsound mind.
Function :
• Conducts examinations for appointments to the All-India Services, central services and Public
services of the centrally administered territories; Advises the President on matters relating to
appointment, promotions and transfers from one service to another of civil servants; Matters
regarding award to pension and awards in respect to injuries sustained during service under the
government and assists the states in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any
services possessing special qualification.
Composition
• Consists of a chairman and other members appointed by the governor of the state.
Tenure
• Hold office for a term of 6 years or until they attain the age of 62 years whichever is earlier. The
chairman and members of SPSC are appointed by the governor but removed only by the president.
JSPSC
Joint State Public Service Commission (JSPSC) for two or more states. A ISPSC is a statutory and
not a constitutional body.
JSPSC can be created by an act of Parliament on the request of the state legislature concerned.
The two state of Punjab and Haryana had a JSPSC.
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The number of members of a JSPSC are determined by the President. Hold office for a term of 6
years or until attain the age of 62 years. Can resign addressing to the President.
Finance Commission
• Article 280 provides for a Finance Commission as a quasi judicial body. It is constituted by the
president of India every fifth year.
• It consists of a chairman and four other members. They are eligible for reappointment. Chairman
should be a person having experience in public affairs.
• The Fourteenth Finance Commission (FC-XIV) was constituted by the President under Article 280 of
the Constitution on 2 January 2013 to make recommendations for the period 2015-20. Dr. Y. V.
Reddy was appointed the Chairman of the Commission. The share of, states in the net proceeds of
the shareable Central taxes should be 42% suggested by this commission.
Functions
• To make recommendations to the President of India on : Distribution of net proceeds of the taxes
to be shared between union and states, principles that should govern the grant-in-aid to the states
out of the Consolidated Fund of India and any other matter referred to it by the president in the
interests of sound finance.
• 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 separated the combined National Commission for SCs
and STs into two separate bodies, namely, National Commission for Scheduled Castes (under Article
338) And National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (under Article 338-A).
• The Separate National Commission for SCs and STs came into existence in 2004. It consists of a
chairperson, a vice-chairperson and three other members. They are appointed by the president .
Their conditions of service and tenure of office are also determined by the President.
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• Other national commissions like the National Commission for Women (1992), the National
Commission for Minorities (1993), the National Commission for the Backward Classes (1993), the
National Human Right Commission (1993) and the National Commission for Protection of Child Right
(2007) are statutory bodies in the sense that they are established by Act of the Parliament.
• The Commission falls under the Ministry of Minority Affairs. The commission has his headquarters
at Allahabad. It has three regional offices at Belgaum (Karnataka), Chennai (Tamil Nadu) and Kolkata
(West Bengal).
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BODIES
Comptroller and Auditor General of India
• Article 148 speaks about an independent office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India
(CAG). He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department.
• He is the guardian of the public purse and controls the entire financial system of the country at both
the levels the Centre and the State.
• Shri V Narahari Rao, was the first Comptroller and Auditor General of India (1948-1954). Shashi Kant
Sharma is the present CAG of India.
• Removed by the President on same grounds and in the same manner as a judge of the Supreme
Court.
Qualification
• Must be a citizen of India;
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• He holds office during the pleasure of the president and
• To appear on behalf of the Government of India in all cases in the Supreme Court and High Court in
which the Government of India is concerned,
• Has the right of audience in all courts in the territory of India and has the right to speak and to take
part in the proceedings to both the Houses of Parliament or their joint sitting and any committee of
the Parliament but without a right to vote.
• Term of office is not fixed. Holds office during the pleasure of the governor.
Members
The NITI Aayog comprises of the followings:
1. Prime Minister of India as the Chairperson.
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2. Government Councils comprising the Chief Ministers of all the States and Lieutenant Governors of
Union Territories.
3. Regional Councils will be formed to address specific issues and contingencies impacting more than
one state or a region. The Regional Councils will be convened by the Prime Minister and will
comprise of the Chief Minister of States and the NITI Aayog or his nominee.
4. Experts, specialists and practitioners with relevant domain knowledge as special invitees nominated
by the Prime Minister.
5. Full-time organisational framework (in addition to Prime Minister as the Chairperson) comprising
of:
• Composition : Prime Minister of India as its chairman, All Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief ministers
of all states, administrators of all Union Territories and Members of the Planning Commission.
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Process of Five Year Plan
1. The Draft Five Year Plan prepared by the Planning Commission is first submitted to the Union
Cabinet.
2. After its approval, it is placed before the National Development Council, for its acceptance.
3. Then, the Plan is presented to the Parliament. With its approval, it emerges as the official plan and
published in the official gazette.
Composition
• Multi-member body consisting of a chairman and four members. In addition to these full-time
members, the commission also has four ex-offico members: the chairman of the National
Commission for Minorities, SCs, STs and Women.
• The Chairman should be a retired Chief Justice of India, and members should be serving or retired
judges of the Supreme Court, a serving or retired Chief Justice of a High Court and two persons
having knowledge or practical experience with respect to human rights.
Tenure
• The chairman and members hold office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of 70
years whichever is earlier. After their tenure, the chairman and members are not eligible for further
employment under the central or a state government.
• It can inquire into violation of human rights only in respect of subject mentioned in the state list
(list-II) and concurrent list (list-III) of the seventh schedule of the constitution.
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• The chairperson should be a retired chief justice of a high court and members should be a serving
or retired judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the State with a minimum of seven years
experience as District Judge.
Tenure
• The chairperson and members hold office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of 70
years, whichever is earlier.
• The Lokpal would deal with complaints against ministers and secretaries at central and state levels
whereas the Lokayukta would deal with complaints against other specified higher officers in every
state
Lokayuktas
• The institution of Lokayuktas was established first in Maharashtra in 1971. At present 18 states and
1 UT (Union Territory) have established the institution of Lokayuktas.
• The states which have not created the institution of Lokayuktas are Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and West Bengal.
• The Lokayukta and Upalokayukta are appointed by the governor of the state. While appointing, the
governor of the states consults (a) the Chief Justice of the State High Court and (b) the Leader of
Opposition.
• The term of office fixed for lokayuktas is of 5 years duration or 65 years of age, whichever is earlier.
• It was established in 2005 by the Central Government under the provisions of the Right to
Information Act (2005).
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Composition
• Consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than 10 other Information
Commissioners. Appointed by the President.
Tenure
• The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner hold office for a term of 5
years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. Not eligible for reappointment.
Composition
• Consists of a State Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten state information
commissioners. Appointed by the governor.
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Tenure
• Hold office for a term of 5 years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is eligible. Eligible
for reappointment.
• In 2003, the parliament enacted a law conferring statutory status on the CVC. -
Composition :
• A multi-member body consisting of a Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson) and not more
than two vigilance commissioners. Appointed by the President.
Tenure:
• Hold office for a term of 4 years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. Not
eligible for further employment under the central or a state government.
• The CBI is the main investigating agency of the Central Government. It plays an important role in
the prevention of corruption and maintaining integrity in administration.
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OTHER DIMENSIONS
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
• Part XVIII in Articles 343 to 351 deals with the official language.
• In 1955, the President appointed an Official Language Commission under the chairmanship of B.G.
Kher. The report was examined by a committee of parliament constituted in 1957 under the
chairmanship of Gobind Ballabh Pant.
Regional Languages
The legislature of a state may adopt any One or more of the languages in use in the State or
Hindi as official language of that state.
Most of the states have adopte e major regional language as the official language, for example,
Andhra Pradesh - Telgue; Kerala - Malayalam; Odisha - Odia; etc.
• The Parliament enacted the Official Language Act in 1963. The act provides for the continued use of
English (even after 1965), in addition to Hindi, for all official purposes of the union and also for the
transaction of business in parliament. This act enables the use of English indefinitely (without any
time-limit).
• This act was amended in 1967 to make the use of English, in addition to Hindi.
• At present (2017), the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution specifies 22 languages (originally 14
languages).
• The authoritative texts of all bills, acts, ordinances, orders, rules, regulations should be in English
only.
• As per the 2011 census, 43.63 percent of Indians speak Hindi as their mother tongue.
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• Bengali, with 8.03 percent speakers, is second in the list, followed by Marathi at 3rd with 6.86
percent speakers, Telugu at 4th with 6.7 percent speakers and Tamil at 5th with 5.7 percent
speakers.
• In all, 13 of the 22 scheduled languages were reported as the mother tongue by at least 1 percent
of the population.
• Except for Sanskrit, each of the 21 scheduled languages was reported as the mother tongue by at
least 10 lakh people.
• Sanskrit is the only language that is spoken by a set of around 25000 people.
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ADMINISTRATRATIVE TRIBUNALS
• The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added a new Part XIV-A to the constitution which deals with
tribunals.
• Article 323A advocates for the establishment of administrative tribunals for the adjudication of
disputes relating to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services.
• The Parliament had passed the Administrative Tribunals Act in 1985 that authorises the central
government to establish one Central Administrative Tribunal and the State Administrative Tribunals.
Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT)
• Set up in 1985 with the principal bench at Delhi and additional benches in different states. At
present, it has 17 regular benches.
• CAT exercises original jurisdiction in relation to recruitment and all service matters of public servants
covered.
Composition
• A multi-member body consisting of a chairman and members. The members have been given the
status of Judges of High Courts.
• At present, the sanctioned strength of the chairman is one and sanctioned strength of the members
is 65.
Tenure
• Hold office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of 65 years in case of chairman and
62 years in case of members, whichever is earlier.
State Administrative Tribunals (SAT)
• The SATs have been set up in the nine states of Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Kerala. However, the
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh Tribunals have since been abolished. The Kerala
Administrative Tribunal was set up with effect from 26' August, 2010.
Joint Administrative Tribunal (JAT)
The act also makes a provision for setting up of Joint Administrative Tribunal (JAT) for two or
more states. It exercises all the jurisdiction and powers exercisable by the administrative
tribunals for such states.
The chairman and members of a JAT are appointed by the president after consultation with the
governors of the concerned states.
The SATs exercise original jurisdiction in relation to recruitment and all service matters of state
government employees. The chairman and members of the SATs are appointed by the president
after consultation with the governor of the state concerned.
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ALL INDIA SERVICES
• Inter-state river water disputes are excluded from the jurisdication of all Courts including the
Supreme Court.
• Six Zonal Councils have been established to discuss and advise on matters of common interest.
These are:
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5. Southern Zonal Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Chennai
Council Puducherry
6. Northern-Eastern Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Shillong
Council Tripura, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Sikkim
• Each Zonal Council consists of the Chief Minister and two other Ministers of each of the State in the
Zonal and Administrator in the case of a Union Territory.
• The Union Home Minister has been nominated to be the common chairman of all the Zonal Councils.
135
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA : AT A GLANCE
PART-I : The Union and Its Territory
PART-II : Citizenship.
Art.12 : Definition.
Art.13 : Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.
Right to Equality
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Right to Freedom
Art.22 : Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. Right Against Exploitation
Art.25 : Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
Art.33 : Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this part in their application etc.
Art.34 : Restriction on rights conferred by this part while martial law is in force in any area
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Art.35 : Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this part.
Art.36 : Definition
Art.38 : State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
Art.42 : Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
Art.46 : Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes
and other weaker sections.
Art.47 : Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public
health.
Art.48A : Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.
138
PART-V
Art.62 : Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person
elected to fill casual vacancy.
Art.65 : The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions iduring casual vacancies in
the office, or during the absence, of President.
Art.68 : Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of
person elected to fill casual vacancy. 11
Art.71 : Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
139
Art.72 : Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in
certain cases.
Council of Ministers
Art.78 : Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.
Officers of Parliament
140
Art.90 : Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman.
Art.91 : Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act
as, Chairman.
Art.92 : The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from
office is under consideration.
Art.93 :The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.
Art.94 : Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
Art.95: Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as
Speaker.
Art.96 : The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office
is under consideration.
Art.97 : Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the ,Speaker and Deputy
Speaker.
Conduct of Business
Art:100 : Voting in Houses, power -of Houses to act not withstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualification of Members
Art.104 : Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under Article 99 or when not
qualified or when disqualified.
141
Powers. Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its members
Art.105 : Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees
thereof.
Legislative Procedure
Procedure Generally
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Chapter III : Legislative Powers of the President
Art.132 : Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases
Art.133 : Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters.
Art.135 : Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the
Supreme Court.
143
Art.141 : Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts
Art.142 : .Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
Art.143 : Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
Art.146 : Officers and servants and the expenses! of the Supreme Court
Ari.147 : . Interpretation
Chapter I : General
Art.152 : Definition.
144
Art.160 : Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies.
Art.161 : Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc. and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in
certain cases.
Council of Ministers
Art.167 : Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
Art.175 : Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
145
Art.179 : Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
Art.180 : Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act
a F; Speaker.
Art.181 : The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from
office is under consideration.
Art.183 : Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and. Deputy Chairman.
Art.184 : Power of Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office, or act as,
Chairman.
Art.185 : The Chairinn or the Deputy Chairman not to preside white a resolution for his removal from
office is under consideration.
Art.186 : Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy
Chairman.
Conduct of Business
Art.189 : Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualification of Members
Art.193 : Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under Article 188 or when not
qualified or when disqualified.
146
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and Their Members
Art.194 : Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees
thereof.
Legislative Procedure
Art.197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to bills other than Money Bills.
Procedure Generally
Art.209 : Regulation by law of procedure in Legislature of the State in relation to financial business.
147
Chapter IV ::Legislative Powers of the Governor
Art. 227 : Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
Art. 229 : Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
148
Art.233A : Validation of appointments of and judgments etc, delivered by, certain district judges.
Art.234 : Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
Art.236 : Interpretation.
Art.237 : Application of the provisions of the Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.
Art.239A : Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.
149
• PART-XV : Elections
• PART XVII : Official Language
• PART XX : Amendment of the Constitution etc
Art.244A : Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of
local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefore.
Art.247 : Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
Art.249 : Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national
interest.
Art.250 : Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation
of Emergency is in operation.
Art.251 : Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under Articles 249 and 250 and laws Made
by the Legislatures of States.
Art.252 : Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more states by Consult and adoption of such
legislation by any other State.
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Art.253 : Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
Art.254 : Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
Art.257A: Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other forces of the Union (Repealed).
Art.258 : Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
Chapter I : Finance
Art.264 : Interpretation.
Art.266 : Consolidated Funds and Public Accounts of India and of the States.
151
Distribution of Revenues between The Union and The States
Art.268 : Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States.
Art.269 : Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States
Art.270 Taxes levied and collected by the Union and distributed between the Union and the States.
Art.271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
Art.272 : Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be distributed between the Union
and the States.
Art.274 : Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are
interested.
Art.277 : Savings.
Art.283 : Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and money credited to the public
accounts.
Art.284 : Custody of suitors deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts..
Art.288 : Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
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Art.289 : Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
Chapter II Borrowing
Art.294 : Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
Art.295 : Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
Art.297 : Things of value within territorial waters of continental shelf and resources of the exclusive
economic zone to vest in the Union.
Art.299 : Contracts.
PART XIII : Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India
Art.303 : Restrictions on legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and
commerce.
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Art.307 : Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.
Chapter I : Services
Art.308 : Interpretation.
Art.309 : Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
Art.311 : Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union
or a State.
Art.312A : Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services.
Art.315 : Public Service Commission for the Union and for the States.
Art.318 : Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
PART-XIV A : Tribunals
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Art. 323B : Tribunals for other matters.
PART-XV : Elections
Art.325 : No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special electoral roll
on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
Art.326 : Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies for States to be on the
basis of adult suffrage.
Art.328 : Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislatures.
Art.330: Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
Art.332 : Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies
of the States.
Art.333 : Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
Art.334 : Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after fifty years.
Art.335 : Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
Art.337 : Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian community.
Art.339 : Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled
Tribes.
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Art.342 : Scheduled Tribes.
Art.346 : Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and
the Union.
Art.347 : Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.
Art.348 : Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
156
Art.355 : Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.
Art.357 : Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356.
Art.359 : Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during 'emergencies.
Art.363A : Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to create and privy purses to be
abolished.
Art.365 : Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the
Union.
Art.366 : Definitions.
Art.367 : Interpretation.
Art.369 : Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters
in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
157
Art.370 : Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Art.371 : Special provisions with respect to the State of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Art.375 : Court, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions
of the Constitution.
158
Art.392 : Power of the President to remove difficulties.
PART XXII : Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals
Art.394 : Commencement.
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160