TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

School of Law
Tarlac City

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I
A.Y. 2022-2023
Prepared by Atty. Marco Polo E. Cunanan

Applicable Laws:
1. 1987 Philippine Constitution
2. Jurisprudence

Book: Philippine Political Law (2022 edition) by Isagani Cruz and Carlo Cruz

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
I. Political Law
II. Purpose of Study

CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES

I. The Philippine Constitution

II. Features of the Constitution
III. Purposes, Supremacy, Permanence
1. COTESCUP v. Secretary of Education, G.R. No. 216930, October 09,
2018 (EB)
2. Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections and Elamparo, G.R. No.
221697, March 08, 2016 (EB)
3. Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. No. 122156, February 03, 1997

AMENDMENT AND REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION

I. Amendment and Revision

II. Procedure
1. Proposal
a) Lambino v. COMELEC, G.R. NO. 174153, October 25, 2006 (EB)
b) Santiago v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 127325, March 19, 1997 (EB)
2. Ratification
a) Occena v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-52265 January 28, 1980 (EB)
b) Gonzales v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-28196 & L-28224, November
09, 1967 (EB)
c) Tolentino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-34150, October 16, 1971
III. Judicial Review, when available
1. Sanidad v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-44640, October 12, 1976
2. Almario v. Alba, G.R. No. L-66088, January 25, 1984 (EB)

CONCEPT OF THE STATE

I. Definition
II. Elements
1. People
2. Territory
a) Art. I, 1987 Constitution
i. Articles 2-3, 30-31, 46-48, 52-53 of UNCLOS
ii. Magallona v. Ermita, G.R No. 187167, August 16, 2011
(EB)

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 iii. Arigo v. Swift, G.R. No. 206510, September 16, 2014 (EB)
3. Government
a) Functions
i. Philippine Virginia Tobacco Administration v. CIR, G.R. No.
L-32052, July 25, 1975 (EB)
ii. Shipside Incorporated v. CA, G.R. No. 143377, February 20,
2001
b) Doctrine of Parens Patriae
i. Government of the Philippine Islands v. El Monte De
Piedad, G.R. No. L-9959, December 13, 1916 (EB)
ii. Cabanas v. Pilapil, G.R. No. L-25843, July 25, 1974
iii. Soriano v. Laguardia, G.R. No. 164785, April 29, 2009 (EB)
iv. Dela Cruz v. Gracia, G.R. No. 177728, July 31, 2009
c) De Jure and De Facto Governments
i. Co Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh, G.R. No. L-5, September
17, 1945 (EB)
ii. In re: Letter of Associate Justice Reynato Puno, A.M. No.
90-11-2697-CA, June 29, 1992 (EB)
iii. Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 104768, July 21,
2003 (EB)
iv. In Re: Saturnino Bermudez, G.R. No. 76180, October 24,
1986
d) Government of the Philippines
e) Administration
4. Sovereignty
a) Laurel v. Misa, G.R. No. L-409, January 30, 1947 (EB)
b) Peralta v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-49, November 12, 1945
(EB)
c) Alcantara v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-6, November 29, 1945
(EB)
d) People v. Gozo, G.R. No. L-36409, October 26, 1973 (EB)
III. Act of State
1. PCGG v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 124772, August 14, 2007
2. Underhill v. Hernandez, 168 U.S. 250 (1897)

DOCTRINE OF STATE IMMUNITY

I. Basis
1. Art. XVI, Sec. 3, 1987 Constitution
2. Syquia v. Almeda Lopez, G.R. No. L-1648, August 17, 1949 (EB)
3. JUSMAG Philippines v. NLRC, G.R. No. 108813, December 15, 1994
4. Minucher v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 142396, February 11, 2003
II. Application
1. Garcia v. Chief of Staff, G.R. No. L-20213, January 31, 1966 (EB)
2. Sanders v. Veridiano, G.R. No. L-46930, June 10, 1988
3. U.S.A. v. Guinto, G.R. No. 76607, February 26, 1990 (EB)
4. The Holy See v. Rosario, G.R. No. 101949, December 1, 1994 (EB)
5. Philippine Navy Golf Club v. Abaya, G.R. No. 235619, July 13, 2020
III. Waiver of Immunity
1. Liang v. People, G.R. No. 125865, March 26, 2001
IV. Forms of Consent
1. Republic v. Purisima, G.R. No. L-36084, August 31, 1977
2. Amigable v. Cuenca, G.R. No. L-26400, February 29, 1972 (EB)
3. Ministerio v. CFI of Cebu, G.R. No. L-31635, August 31, 1971 (EB)

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 4. Santiago v. Republic, G.R. No. L-48214, December 19, 1978
5. Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping Co., G.R. No. L-6060, September 30,
1954 (EB)
6. United States of America v. Ruiz, G.R. No. L-35645, May 22, 1985 (EB)
7. Republic of the Philippines v. Villasor, G.R. No. L-30671, November 28,
1973
8. EPG Construction v. Secretary Vigilar, G.R. No. 131544, March 16, 2001
9. Republic of Indonesia v. Vinzon, G.R. No. 154705, June 26, 2003 (EB)
10. National Housing Authority v. Heirs of Guivelondo, G.R. No. 154411,
June 19, 2003
V. Suits Against Government Agencies
1. Department of Health v. Phil Pharma Wealth, G.R. No. 182358, February
20, 2013
2. Mobil Philippines Exploration v. Customs Arrastre Service, G.R. No. L-
23139, December 17, 1966 (EB)
3. Bermoy v. Philippine Normal College, G.R. No. L-8670, May 18, 1956
4. National Airports Corp. v. Teodoro, G.R. No. L-5122, April 30, 1952 (EB)
5. Bureau of Printing v. Bureau of Printing Employees Association, G.R. No.
L-15751, January 28, 1961 (EB)
VI. Exemption from Legal Requirements
VII. Suability v. Liability
1. Merritt v. Government of the Philippine Islands, G.R. No. L-11154, March
21, 1916 (EB)
2. Torio v. Fontanilla, G.R. No. L-29993, October 23, 1978

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

I. Republicanism
1. Villavicencio v. Lukban, G.R. No. L-14639, March 25, 1919 (EB)
II. The Defense of the State
1. People v. Lagman, G.R. No. L-45892, July 13, 1938 (EB)
III. Peace and Order
1. Chavez v. Romulo, G.R. No. 157036, June 9, 2004 (EB)
IV. Incorporation Clause
1. Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, January 18, 2003 (EB)
V. Rearing of the Youth
1. COTESCUP v. Secretary of Education, G.R. No. 216930, October 9, 2018
2. Department of Education v. San Diego, G.R. No. 89572, December 21,
1989 (EB)
VI. Women
1. Alanis III v. CA, G.R. No. 216425, November 11, 2020
2. Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Co. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 118978, May
23, 1997
VII. Social Justice
1. Ondoy v. Ignacio, G.R. No. L-47178 May 16, 1980
2. Calalang v. Williams, G.R. No. 47800. December 2, 1940
VIII. Separation of Church and State
1. In re: Letter of Tony Valenciano, A.M. No. 10-4-19-SC, March 7, 2017
(EB)
2. Republic v. Manalo, G.R. No. 221029, April 24, 2018 (EB)
3. Aglipay v. Ruiz, G.R. No. L-45459, March 13, 1937 (EB)
4. Taruc v. Dela Cruz, G.R. NO. 144801, March 10, 2005
IX. Supremacy of Civilian Authority
1. Alih v. Castro, G.R. No. L-69401, June 23, 1987 (EB)

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 X. Local Autonomy
1. Lina v. Paño, G.R. No. 129093, August 30, 2001
2. Judge Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, December 3,
2002 (EB)
3. Kida v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R. No. 196271, February 28, 2012
(EB)
XI. Economy
1. Garcia v. Board of Investments, G.R. No. 92024, November 9, 1990 (EB)
XII. Balanced and Healthful Ecology
1. Abogado v. DENR, G.R. No. 246209, September 03, 2019 (EB)
2. Cordillera Global Network v. Paje, G.R. No. 215988, April 10, 2019 (EB)
3. Oposa v. Factoran, G.R. No. 101083, July 30, 1993 (EB)
XIII. Indigenous Cultural Communities
1. Ha Datu Tawahig v. Lapinid, G.R. No. 221139, March 20, 2019
2. KMP v. Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport Authority, G.R. No.
198688, November 24, 2020 (EB)
XIV. Miscellaneous
1. DPWH v. Manalo, G.R. No. 217656, November 16, 2020
2. Maynilad Water Services v. Secretary of DENR, G.R. No. 202897, August
06, 2019 (EB)
3. Imbong v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014 (EB)
4. Pamatong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161872, April 13, 2004 (EB)
5. Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002 (EB)
6. Bernardo v. NLRC, G.R. No. 122917, July 12, 1999

SEPARATION OF POWERS

I. Purposes
II. Blending of Powers
III. Checks and Balances
IV. Role of Judiciary
1. Angara v. Electoral Commission, G.R. No. L-45081, July 15, 1936 (EB)
V. Justiciable and Political Questions
1. Casibang v. Aquino, G.R. No. L-38025, August 20, 1979
2. Gonzales III v. Office of the President, G.R. No. 196231, Decision:
September 4, 2012; MR: January 28, 2014 (EB)
3. Tañada v. Cuenco, G.R. No. L-10520, February 28, 1957 (EB)
4. Sanidad v. Comelec, G.R. No. L-44640, October 12, 1976 (EB)
5. Tañada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997
VI. Application of the Doctrine
1. Javellana v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. L-36142, March 31, 1973 (EB)
2. Dela Llana v. Comelec, G.R. No. L-47245, December 9, 1977
3. Osmeña v. Pendatun, G.R. No. L-17144, October 28, 1960 (EB)
4. Arnault v. Balagtas, G.R. No. L-6749, July 30, 1955 (EB)
VII. Political Questions under 1987 Constitution
1. Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001 (EB)
2. Belgica v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 208566, November 19, 2013 (EB)

DELEGATION OF POWERS

I. Overview
1. Jaworski v. PAGCOR, G.R. No. 144463, January 14, 2004 (EB)
2. Pelaez v. Auditor General, G.R. No. L-23825, December 24, 1965 (EB)
3. Lagman v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 197422, November 03, 2020 (EB)

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 II. Permissible Delegation
1. Tariff Powers
a) Garcia v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 101273, July 3, 1992 (EB)
2. Emergency Powers
a) Araneta v. Dinglasan, G.R. No. L-2044, August 26, 1949 (EB)
b) David v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006
c) Divinagracia v. Consolidated Broadcasting System, G.R. No.
162272, April 7, 2009
3. Delegation to the People
a) People v. Vera, G.R. No. L-45685, November 16, 1937 (EB)
4. Delegation to Local Governments
5. Delegation to Administrative Bodies
a) Kilusang Mayo Uno v. Aquino, G.R. No. 210500, April 02, 2019
(EB)
b) Conference of Maritime Manning Agencies, Inc. v. POEA, G.R. No.
114714, April 21, 1995
III. Tests of Delegation
1. The Completeness Test
a) United States v. Ang Tang Ho, G.R. No. 17122, February 27, 1922
(EB)
b) Gerochi v. Department of Energy, G.R. No. 159796, July 17, 2007
(EB)
2. The Sufficient Standard Test
a) Belgica v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 210503, October 08, 2019
(EB)
b) Ynot v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 74457, March 20,
1987 (EB)
c) Edu v. Ericta, G.R. No. L-32096, October 24, 1970 (EB)
d) Abakada Guro Party List v. Ermita, G.R. No. 168056, September
1, 2005 (EB)

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

I. The Senate
II. The House of Representatives
1. District Representatives
i. Macias v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-18684, September 14, 1961 (EB)
ii. Aldaba v. COMELEC, G.R No. 188078, January 25, 2010 (EB)
iii. Herrera v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 131499, November 17, 1999
2. Party-list Representatives
i. Atong Paglaum v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 203766, April 2, 2013 (EB)
ii. Angkla v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 246816, September 15, 2020 (EB)
iii. Lico v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 205505, September 29, 2015 (EB)
iv. Philippine Guardians Brotherhood v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190529,
April 29, 2010 (EB)
v. Abang Lingkod v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 206952, October 22, 2013
(EB)
3. Qualifications
i. Gallego v. Verra, G.R. No. L-48641, November 24, 1941 (EB)
ii. Romualdez-Marcos v. Comelec, G.R. No. 119976 September 18,
1995 (EB)
iii. Aquino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 120265, September 18, 1995 (EB)
iv. Domino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 134015, July 19, 1999 (EB)
v. Co v. HRET, G.R. Nos. 92191-92, July 30, 1991 (EB)

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 vi. Valles v. Comelec, G.R. No. 137000, August 9, 2000 (EB)
vii. Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002 (EB)
4. Term
i. Banas-Nograles v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 246328, September 10,
2019 (EB)
ii. Abundo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 201716, January 8, 2013 (EB)
iii. Dimaporo v. Mitra, Jr., G.R. No. 96859, October 15, 1991 (EB)
iv. Fariñas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 147387, December 10,
2003 (EB)
III. Election
1. Codilla, Sr. v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 150605, December 10, 2002 (EB)
IV. Salaries
V. Parliamentary Immunities
1. Privilege from Arrest
i. People v. Jalosjos, G.R. No. 132875-76, February 3, 2000 (EB)
2. Privilege of Speech and Debate
i. Trillanes v. Castillo-Marigomen, G.R. No. 223451, March 14, 2018
ii. Jimenez v. Cabangbang, G.R. No. L-15905, August 3, 1966 (EB)
iii. Osmeña v. Pendatun, G.R. No. L-17144, October 28, 1960 (EB)
iv. Antonino v. Valencia, G.R. No. L-26526, May 27, 1974
VI. Conflict of Interest
VII. Incompatible and Forbidden Offices
1. Adaza v. Pacana, G.R. No. L-68159, March 18, 1985 (EB)
2. Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, July 15, 2009 (EB)
VIII. Inhibitions and Disqualifications
1. Puyat v. De Guzman, G.R. No. L-51122, March 25, 1982 (EB)
IX. Sessions
X. Officers
1. Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, November 18, 1998 (EB)
XI. Quorum
1. Javellana v. Tayo, G.R. No. L-18919, December 29, 1962 (EB)
2. Avelino v. Cuenco, G.R. No. L-2821, March 4, 1949 (EB)
XII. Discipline of Members
1. Defensor-Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 128055, April 18, 2001
(EB)
2. Osmeña v. Pendatun, G.R. No. L-17144, October 28, 1960 (EB)
XIII. Journals
1. US v. Pons, G.R. No. L-11530, August 12, 1916 (EB)
2. Arroyo v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, August 14, 1997 (EB)
3. Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, G.R. No. L-1123, March 5, 1947 (EB)
4. Casco Philippine Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, G.R. No. L-17931
February 28, 1963 (EB)
5. Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance, G.R. No. 115455, October 30, 1995 (EB)
6. Philippine Judges Association v. Prado, G.R. No. 105371, November 11,
1993 (EB)
7. Astorga v. Villegas, G.R. No. L-23475, April 30, 1974 (EB)
XIV. Adjournment
XV. The Electoral Tribunals
1. Tañada v. Cuenco, G.R. No. L-10520, February 28, 1957 (EB)
2. Abbas v. Senate Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 83767, October 27, 1988
(EB)
3. Angara v. Electoral Commission, G.R. No. L-45081, July 15, 1936 (EB)
4. Suanes v. Chief Accountant, G.R. No. L-2460, October 26, 1948 (EB)

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 5. Robles v. HRET, G.R. No. 86647, February 5, 1990 (EB)
6. Bondoc v. Pineda, G.R. No. 97710, September 26, 1991 (EB)
7. Lico v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 205505, September 29, 2015 (EB)
8. Reyes v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 207264, June 25, 2013 (EB)
XVI. Commission on Appointments
1. Daza v. Singson, G.R. No. 86344, December 21, 1989 (EB)
2. Cunanan v. Tan, G.R. No. L-19721, May 10, 1962 (EB)
3. Coseteng v. Mitra, G.R. No. 86649, July 12, 1990 (EB)
4. Guingona v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 106971, October 20, 1992 (EB)
XVII. Organization

POWERS OF THE CONGRESS

I. Legislative Power in General

1. Gonzales v. Hechanova, G.R. No. L-21897, October 22, 1963 (EB)
2. Datu Michael Abas Kida v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R. No. 196271,
February 28, 2012 (EB)
II. Procedure
1. COTESCUP v. Secretary of Education, G.R. No. 216930, October 09,
2018 (EB)
2. Lacson v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 128096, January 20, 1999 (EB)
3. Farinas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 147387, December 10, 2003
(EB)
4. Arroyo v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, June 26, 1998 (EB)
III. Origin of Bills
1. Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. No. 115455 August 25, 1994 (EB);
MR: G.R. No. 115455, October 30, 1995 (EB)
IV. Prohibited Measures
V. Title of Bills
1. Lidasan v. Comelec, G.R. No. L-28089, October 25, 1967 (EB)
2. PHILCONSA v. Gimenez, G.R. No. L-23326, December 18, 1965 (EB)
3. Tobias v. Abalos, G.R. No. L-114783, December 8, 1994 (EB)
VI. Formalities
VII. Approval of Bills
1. Bolinao Electronics Corporation v. Valencia, G.R. No. L-20740, June 30,
1964 (EB)
VIII. Legislative Inquiries and oversight functions
1. Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, G.R. No. 89914, November
20, 1991 (EB)
2. Arnault v. Nazareno, G.R. No. L-3820, July 18, 1950 (EB)
3. Senate Blue Ribbon v. Judge Majaducon, G.R. No. 136760, July 29,
2003 (EB)
IX. Appearance of Department Heads
1. Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006 (EB)
X. The Power of Appropriation
1. Definition
i. COMELEC v. Quijano-Padilla, G.R. No. 151992, September 18,
2002 (EB)
2. Implied Limitations
i. Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works and Communications, G.R.
No. L-10405, December 29, 1960 (EB)
3. Constitutional Limitations
i. Garcia v. Mata, G.R. No. L-33713, July 30, 1975 (EB)
ii. Nazareth v. Villar, G.R. No. 188635, January 29, 2013 (EB)

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 iii. Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 113105,
August 19, 1994 (EB)
iv. Demetria v. Alba, G.R. No. 71977, February 27, 1987 (EB)
4. Appropriation for Sectarian Purposes
i. Aglipay v. Ruiz, G.R. No. L-45459, March 13, 1937 (EB)
ii. Garces v. Estenzo, G.R. No. L-53487, May 25, 1981 (EB)
5. Automatic Re-appropriation
6. Special Funds
i. Osmeña v. Orbos, G.R. No. 99886, March 31, 1993 (EB)
XI. The Power of Taxation
1. Lladoc v. CIR, G.R. No. L-19201, June 16, 1965 (EB)
XII. The Power of Concurrence
XIII. The War Powers
XIV. Referendum and Initiative

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

I. Executive Power
II. Qualifications
III. Election and Proclamation
1. Makalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 157013, July 10, 2003 (EB)
2. Brillantes v. Comelec, G.R. No. 163193, June 15, 2004 (EB)
IV. Term
1. Lonzanida v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 135150, July 28, 1999 (EB)
V. The Vice-President
VI. Presidential Succession
1. Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001 (EB)
VII. Oath of Office
VIII. Perquisites and Inhibitions
1. Civil Liberties Union v. The Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896,
February 22, 1991 (EB)
2. Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 152154, July 15, 2003 (EB)
IX. Executive Privilege
1. Akbayan v. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, July 16, 2008 (EB)
2. Neri v. Senate Committee, G.R. No. 180643, March 25, 2008(EB)
3. Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006 (EB)
X. Presidential Immunity
1. De Lima v. Duterte, G.R. No. 227635, October 15, 2019 (EB)
2. Zabal v. Duterte, G.R. No. 238467, February 12, 2019 (EB)
3. Soliven v. Makasiar, G.R. No. 82585, November 14, 1988 (EB)

POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

I. Powers in General
1. Lacson v. Roque, G.R. No. L-6225, January 10, 1953 (EB)
2. Marcos v. Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211, October 27, 1989 (EB)
3. Laurel v. Garcia, G.R. No. 92013, July 25, 1990 (EB)
4. Domingo v. Zamora, G.R. No. 142283, February 6, 2003
5. Province of Pampanga v. Executive Secretary Romulo, G.R. No. 195987,
January 12, 2021 (EB)
II. Appointing Power
1. Binamira v. Garrucho, G.R. No. 92008, July 30, 1990 (EB)
2. Valencia v. Peralta, G.R. No. L-20864, August 23, 1963 (EB)
3. Sarmiento v. Mison, G.R. No. 79974, December 17, 1987 (EB)

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 4. Calderon v. Carale, G.R. No. 91636, April 23, 1992 (EB)
5. Lacson v. Romero, G.R. No. L-3081, October 14, 1949 (EB)
6. Javier v. Reyes, G.R. No. 39451, February 20, 1989
7. Aytona v. Castillo, G.R. No. L-19313, January 19, 1962 (EB)
8. Soriano v. Lista, G.R. No. 153881. March 24, 2003
9. Midnight Appointments
i. Velacaria-Garafil v. Office of the President, G.R. No. 203372, June
16, 2015 (EB)
ii. De Castro v. Judicial Bar Council, G.R. No. 191002, April 20,
2010 (EB)
iii. Provincial Government of Aurora v. Marco, G.R. No. 202331, April
22, 2015
III. Removal Power
1. Alba v. Evangelista, G.R. Nos. L-10360 and L-10433, January 17, 1957
2. Aparri v. CA, G.R. No. L-30057, January 31, 1984
IV. Control Power
1. Philippine Institute for Development Studies v. COA, G.R. No. 212022,
August 20, 2019 (EB)
2. Drilon v. Lim, G.R. No. 112497, August 4, 1994 (EB)
3. Villena v. Secretary of the Interior, G.R. No. L-46570, April 21, 1939 (EB)
4. Araneta v. Gatmaitan, G.R. Nos. L-8895 and L-9191, April 30, 1957 (EB)
5. Gascon v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 78389, October 16, 1989 (EB)
6. Lacson-Magallanes Co., Inc. v. Paño, G.R. No. L-27811, November 17,
1967 (EB)
7. Ang-Angco v. Castillo, G.R. No. L-17169, November 30, 1963 (EB)
8. Noblejas v. Teehankee, G.R. No. L-28790, April 29, 1968 (EB)
9. Vda De Jacob v. Puno, G.R. No. L-61554-55, July 31, 1984 (EB)
10. De Leon v. Carpio, G.R. No. 85243, October 12, 1989 (EB)
V. “Take Care” Clause
VI. Military Power
1. Command of the Armed Forces
i. Kuroda v. Jalandoni, G.R. No. L-2662, March 26, 1949 (EB)
ii. Olaguer v. Military Commission No. 34, G.R. No. L-54558, May 22,
1987 (EB)
iii. Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284,
August 15, 2000 (EB)
iv. Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, May 10, 2001 (EB)
v. SANLAKAS v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 159085, February 3,
2004 (EB)
2. Habeas Corpus
3. Martial Law
i. Lagman v. Pimentel, G.R. No. 235935, February 6, 2018
ii. Lagman v. Medialdea, G.R. No. 231658, July 4, 2017
iii. Aquino v. Enrile, G.R. No. L-35546, September 17, 1974 (EB)
4. Limitations on the Military Powers
VII. Pardoning Power
1. Definitions
2. Limitations
i. People v. Salle, G.R. No. 103567, December 04, 1995 (EB)
ii. People v. Casido, G.R. No. 116512, March 7, 1997
3. Kinds of Pardon
i. Infante v. Provincial Warden of Negros Occidental, G.R. No. L-
4164 December 12, 1952

9|Page
 ii. Culanag v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-27206, August 26, 1967
(EB)
iii. Espuelas v. Provincial Warden of Bohol, G.R. No. L-13223, May
30, 1960 (EB)
iv. Torres v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 76872, July 23, 1987 (EB)
4. Effects of Pardon
i. Pelobello v. Palatino, G.R. No. L-48100, June 20, 1941 (EB)
ii. Monsanto v. Factoran, G.R. No. 78239, February 9, 1989 (EB)
5. Distinctions
6. Amnesty
i. Vera v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. L-18184, January 31,
1963 (EB)
ii. People v. Patriarca, G.R. No. 135457, September 29, 2000
VIII. Borrowing Power
IX. Diplomatic Power
1. Pangilinan v. Cayetano, G.R. No. 238875, March 16, 2021 (EB)
2. Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000 (EB)
3. Saguisag v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 212426, January 12, 2016
X. Budgetary Power
XI. Informing Power
XII. Other Powers
1. Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, December 3, 2002
(EB)

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

I. Independence of the Judiciary

II. Judicial Power
1. Pimentel v. Legal Education Board, G.R. No. 230642, September 10,
2019 (EB)
2. Gios-Samar v. DOTC, G.R. No. 217158, March 12, 2019 (EB)
3. Vargas v. Rilloraza, G.R. No. L-1612, February 26, 1948 (EB)
4. Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15,
2000 (EB)
5. Daza v. Singson, G.R. No. 86344, December 21, 1989 (EB)
6. Tañada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997 (EB)
III. Jurisdiction
1. Villavert v. Desierto, G.R. No. 133715, February 23, 2000
IV. Appointments
V. Fiscal Autonomy
VI. Composition of the Supreme Court
1. Fortich v. Corona, G.R. No. 131457, April 24, 1998
VII. Requisites of Judicial Inquiry
1. Actual Case
i. Falcis v. Civil Registrar General, G.R. No. 217910, September 3,
2019 (EB)
ii. Solicitor General Calida v. Trillanes IV, G.R. No. 240873,
September 03, 2019 (EB)
iii. Inmates of the New Bilibid Prison v. De Lima, G.R. No. 212719,
June 25, 2019 (EB)
iv. Kilusang Mayo Uno v. Aquino, G.R. No. 210500, April 02, 2019
(EB)
v. Zabal v. Duterte, G.R. No. 238467, February 12, 2019 (EB)

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 vi. Knights of Rizal v. DMCI Homes, G.R. No. 213948, April 18, 2017
(EB)
vii. Imbong v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014 (EB)
viii. Disini v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 203335, February 11, 2014
(EB)
ix. PACU v. Secretary of Education, G.R. No. L-527,October 31, 1955
(EB)
x. PHILCONSA v. Villareal, G.R. No. L-33517, March 29, 1974
2. Proper Party
i. Gios-Samar v. DOTC, G.R. No. 217158, March 12, 2019 (EB)
ii. Falcis v. Civil Registrar General, G.R. No. 217910, September 3,
2019 (EB)
iii. Bagumbayan-VNP Movement v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 206719,
April 10, 2019 (EB)
iv. PHAPI v. Medialdea, G.R. No. 234448, November 06, 2018 (EB)
v. Oposa v. Factoran, G.R. No. 101083, July 30, 1993 (EB)
vi. Cuyegkeng v. Cruz, G.R. No. L-16263, July 26, 1960 (EB)
vii. PHILCONSA v. Gimenez, G.R. No. L-23326, December 18, 1965
(EB)
viii. Kilosbayan v. Guingona, G.R. No. 113375 May 5, 1994 (EB)
ix. Kilosbayan v. Morato, G.R. No. 118910, November 16, 1995 (EB)
x. Lozada v. Comelec, G.R. No. L-59068, January 27, 1983 (EB)
xi. Guazon v. De Villa, G.R. No. 80508, January 30, 1990 (EB)
3. Earliest Opportunity
4. Necessity of Deciding Constitutional Question
i. Cordillera Broad Coalition v. COA, G.R. No. 79956, January 29,
1990 (EB)
ii. Laurel v. Garcia, G.R. No. 92013, July 25, 1990 (EB)
iii. Zandueta v. De la Costa, G.R. No. L-46267, November 28, 1938
(EB)
VIII. Effects of a Declaration of Unconstitutionality
1. Madrilejos v. Gatdula, G.R. No. 184389, September 24, 2019 (EB)
2. Municipality of Tupi v. Faustino, G.R. No. 231896, August 20, 2019 (EB)
3. Serrano v. Gallant Maritime Services, G.R. No. 167614, March 24, 2009
(EB); Sameer Overseas Placement Agency Inc v. Cabiles, G.R. No.
170139, August 5, 2014 (EB)
4. Manila Motors Company v. Flores, G.R. No. L-9396, August 16, 1956
(EB)
5. Olaguer v. Military Commission No. 34, G.R. No. L-54558, May 22, 1987
(EB)
6. Partial Unconstitutionality
i. Barrameda v. Moir, G.R. No. L-7927, August 8, 1913 (EB)
ii. In re Cunanan, March 18, 1954 (EB)
iii. Flores v. Comelec, G.R. No. 89604, April 20, 1990 (EB)
7. Operative Fact Doctrine
i. Film Development Council of the Philippines v. Colon Heritage
Realty Corporation, G.R. No. 203754, October 15, 2019 (EB)
ii. Planters Products v. Fertiphil, G.R. No. 166006, March 14, 2008
iii. League of Cities of the Philippines v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 176951,
August 24, 2010 (EB)
iv. Hacienda Luisita v. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council, G.R. No.
171101, July 5, 2011 (EB)
IX. Powers of the Supreme Court

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 1. Original Jurisdiction
2. Appellate Jurisdiction
i. Calano v. Cruz, G.R. No. L-5514, May 7, 1952 (EB)
ii. Leongson v. CA, G.R. No. L-32255, January 30, 1973
iii. Scott v. Inciong, G.R. No. L-38868, December 29, 1975
iv. Ruffy v. Chief of Staff, G.R. No. L-533, August 20, 1946 (EB)
v. Espiritu v. Fugoso, G.R. No. L-1768, October 20, 1948 (EB)
3. Temporary Assignment of Judges
4. Change of Venue or Place of Trial
i. People v. Gutierrez, G.R. No. L-32282-83, November 26, 1970
ii. People v. Pilotin, G.R. No. L-35377-78, July 31, 1975
5. Rule-making Power
i. Estipona v. Lobrigo, G.R. No. 226679, August 15, 2017 (EB)
ii. In re Edilon, A.M. No. 1928, August 3, 1978 (EB)
iii. Primicias v. Ocampo, G.R. No. L-6120, June 30, 1953 (EB)
iv. Lim v. Zosa, 1G.R. No. L-40252, December 29, 1986 (EB)
v. De Guzman v. People, G.R. No. L-54288, December 15, 1982 (EB)
6. Appointment of Court Personnel
7. Administrative Supervision of Courts
X. Tenure of Judges
1. Ocampo v. Sec. of Justice, G.R. No. 147932, January 25, 2006
2. Zandueta v. De la Costa, G.R. No. L-46267, November 28, 1938 (EB)
3. De la Llana v. Alba, G.R. No. L-57883, March 12, 1982 (EB)
XI. Consultations of the Court
XII. Decisions of the Court
1. Bernabe v. Geraldez, G.R. No. L-39721, July 15, 1975
2. Nicos Industrial Corp. v. CA, G.R. No. 88709, February 11, 1992
3. Borromeo v. CA, G.R. No. L-22962, September 28, 1972 (EB)
4. Prudential Bank v. Castro, A.M. No. 2756, June 5, 1986 (EB)
5. Buscayno v. Enrile, G.R. No. L-47185, January 15, 1981 (EB)
6. Republic v. Manalo, G.R. No. 221029, April 24, 2018 (EB)
XIII. Periods for Decision
1. Marcelino v. Cruz, G.R. No. L-42428, March 18, 1983
2. New Frontier Mines v. NLRC, G.R. No. 51578, May 29, 1984

THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

I. Salaries
II. Disqualifications
III. Staggering of Terms
1. Republic v. Imperial, G.R. No. L-8684, March 31, 1955 (EB)
IV. Reappointment
1. Funa v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 192791, April 24, 2012 (EB)
2. Nacionalista Party v. De Vera, G.R. No. L-3474, December 7, 1949 (EB)
3. Brillantes v. Yorac, G.R. No. 93867, December 18, 1990 (EB)
4. Nacionalista Party v. Bautista, G.R. No. L-3452, December 7, 1949 (EB)
V. Other Perquisites
VI. Proceedings
1. Aratuc v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-49705-09, February 8, 1979 (EB)
2. Estrella v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 160465, May 27, 2004 (EB)

THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

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 I. Composition and Qualifications
II. Scope of the Civil Service
1. National Service Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. L-69870, November 29,
1988 (EB)
III. Appointments
1. De los Santos v. Mallare, G.R. No. L-3881, August 31, 1950 (EB)
2. Salazar v. Mathay, G.R. No. L-44061, September 20, 1976
3. Besa v. PNB, G.R. No. L-26838, May 29, 1970 (EB)
IV. Security of Tenure
1. Dario v. Mison, G.R. No. 81954, August 8, 1989 (EB)
2. Mendoza v. Quisumbing, G.R. No. 78053, June 4, 1990 (EB)
V. Partisan Political Activity
1. Santos v. Yatco, G.R. No. L-13932, December 24, 1959 (EB)
2. Cailles v. Bonifacio, G.R. No. L-45937, February 25, 1938 (EB)
VI. Self-organization
1. Social Security System Employees Association v. CA, G.R. No. 85279,
July 28, 1989
2. Manila Public School Teachers Association v. Laguio, G.R. No. 95445,
August 6, 1991 (EB)
VII. Temporary Employees
1. Delector v. Ogayan, G.R. No. L-31352, July 29, 1983
VIII. Objectives of the Civil Service
IX. Oath
X. Disqualifications
1. Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896, February
22, 1991 (EB)
XI. Standardization of Compensation
XII. Double Compensation
1. Quimzon v. Ozaeta, G.R. No. L-8321, March 26, 1956

THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

I. Compositions and Qualifications

II. Powers and Functions
1. Enforcement of Election Laws
i. Marquez v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 244274, September 03, 2019 (EB)
ii. Aguam v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-28955, May 28, 1968 (EB)
iii. Abcede v. Imperial, G.R. No. L-13001, March 18, 1958 (EB)
iv. Sanchez v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-55513, June 19, 1982 (EB)
2. Decision of Election Contests
i. Javier v. Comelec, G.R. Nos. L-68379-81, September 22, 1986
(EB)
ii. Flores v. Comelec, G.R. No. 89604, April 20, 1990 (EB)
3. Decision of Administrative Questions
i. Guevara v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-12596, July 31, 1958 (EB)
4. Deputization of Law Enforcement Agencies
5. Registration of Political Parties
6. Improvement of Elections
III. Election Period
1. Penera v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 181613, November 25, 2009 (EB)
2. Peralta v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-47771, March 11, 1978 (EB)
IV. Party System
V. Funds
VI. Judicial Review

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 1. Aratuc v. Comelec, G.R. No. L-49705-09, February 8, 1979 (EB)
2. Filipinas Engineering and Machine Shop v. Ferre, G.R. No. L-31455,
February 28, 1985
3. People v. Delgado, G.R. No. L-1446, March 4, 1949 (EB)

THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT

I. Composition and Qualifications

II. Power and Functions
1. Aquino v. COA, G.R. No. 227715, November 03, 2020 (EB)
2. Chozas v. COA, G.R. No. 226319, October 08, 2019 (EB)
3. Engr. Liwanag v. COA, G.R. No. 218241, August 06, 2019 (EB)
4. Oriondo v. COA, G.R. No. 211293, June 04, 2019 (EB)
5. Felix Gochan & Sons Realty Corp v. COA, G.R. No. 223228, April 10,
2019 (EB)
6. Fernando v. COA, G.R. Nos. 237938 and 237944-45, December 04, 2018
(EB)
7. Riel v. Wright, G.R. No. L-25679, August 5, 1926 (EB)
8. Matute v. Hernandez, G.R. No. 46028, August 8, 1938 (EB)
9. Guevara v. Gimenez, G.R. No. L-17115, November 30, 1962 (EB)
10. Pacete v. Acting Chairman of the COA, G.R. No. 39456, May 7, 1990
III. Prohibited Exemptions
IV. Report

ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

I. Impeachment
1. Romulo v. Yñiguez, G.R. No. 71908, February 4, 1986 (EB)
2. In re: Gonzales, A.M. No. 88-4-5433, April 15, 1988 (EB)
3. Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, November 10,
2003 (EB)
4. Impeachable Officers
i. Republic v. Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, May 11, 2018; MR: June 19,
2018
5. Grounds for Impeachment
6. Procedure
7. Judgment
II. The Sandiganbayan
1. Nuñez v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. L-50581-50617, January 30, 1982
(EB)
2. Lecaroz v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 130872, March 25, 1999
3. People v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 219824-25, February 12, 2019 (EB)
III. The Ombudsman
1. Composition
2. Qualifications and Appointment
3. Term
4. Powers and Functions
5. Salary
6. Ifurung v. Carpio-Morales, G.R. No. 232131, April 24, 2018
IV. The Special Prosecutor
1. Jardiel v. Comelec, G.R. No. L-58575, September 21, 1983 (EB)
2. Orap v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. Nos. L-50508-11, October 11, 1985
(EB)
3. Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 79690-707, October 7, 1988 (EB)

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 4. BIR v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 115103, April 11, 2002
5. Laurel v. Desierto, G.R. No. 145368, April 12, 2002
V. Ill-gotten Wealth
1. Estrada v. Office of the Ombudsman, G.R. Nos. 212761-62, July 31,
2018 (EB)
2. Panlilio v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 92276, June 26, 1992 (EB)
VI. Loans
VII. Assets and Liabilities
1. Abid-Babano v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 201176, August 28, 2019
(EB)
VIII. Change of Citizenship

Ω
“To be gritty is to keep putting one foot in front of the other. To be gritty is to hold
fast to an interesting and purposeful goal. To be gritty is to invest, day after
week after year, in challenging practice. To be gritty is to fall down seven times,
and rise eight.” Angela Lee Duckworth

//Cases until May 2021

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