9/28/2011

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

CHAPTER 1

Zulhilmi ismail
Hydraulics & Hydrology
Department, FKA, UTM

CHAP 1: INTRODUCTION TO OCF

Wh t is
What i Open
O Channel?
Ch l?

‰Implies flow in channel open to the atmosphere.

‰Driven by gravity.
‰Water flow in a river is driven by the elevation
difference
difference.
‰Depth usually unknown & normally function of
discharge and geometry.

10

1
 9/28/2011

‰Many different types

-River, stream or creek; canal, flume or
ditch & culverts

‰Many different cross-sectional shapes

11

Classification of Open-Channel Flows

‰Natural
‰N t l fl flows: rivers,
i
creeks, floods, etc.

‰Human-made systems:
fresh-water aqueducts,
aqueducts
irrigation, sewers,
drainage ditches, etc.

12

2
 9/28/2011

Types of Flow Chart

Type of
Open
Channel

Steady Unsteady
Flow Flow

Non-
Uniform
uniform
Flow
Flow

Rapidly Gradually
Varied Flow Varied Flow

13

Types of Flow

‰Steady uniform flow-constant depth in time and distance

‰Steady non-uniform flow-depth varies with distance but not time
‰Unsteady flow-depth varies with both time and distance

14

3
 9/28/2011

Steady and Unsteady Flow

Flow Rate

Steady

Unsteady

Time

In one flow, the flow type may change:

16

4
 9/28/2011

Uniform Flow

‰ Flow in a channel is uniform if the flow depth

remains constant.

17

State of Flow
VR
‰Reynolds Number Re =
ν
-Laminar flow (Re≤500)

-Transition flow (if 500< Re <1000)

-Turbulent flow (Re ≥1000)

18

5
 9/28/2011

State of Flow

V
‰Froude Number Fr =
gD
-Subcritical flow

-Supercritical flow

-Critical flow

19

Definition of Geometric Elements

‰ y = depth of flow ‰ z = side slope
‰ T = Top width ‰ So = channel bottom slope
‰ b @ B = bottom channel ‰ v = average flow velocity
width

20

6
 9/28/2011

Parameters of Open Channels

‰ A = Area of the flow cross-section

‰ P = Length of the line of contact between the channel

and the water on the area

‰ R = A / P (the average flow depth/hydraulic radius)

‰ D = A / T (hydraulic water depth)

Cross-Section
Area

Wetted Perimeter

21

Geometrical properties

22

7
 9/28/2011

Freeboard
‰ Vertical distance between the highest water level
anticipated in the design and the top of the retaining
banks It is a safety factor to prevent the overtopping of
banks.
structures.

23