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3RD TERM - Basic Calculus
3RD TERM - Basic Calculus
x -> -1
Limits are the “backbone of calculus”, and Calculus is called
the “Mathematics of Change”. The study of calculus always X F(x) x F(x)
-1.5 3.25 -0.5 1.25
starts with the understanding of the concept of limits. The
-1.2 2.44 -0.8 1.64
solving and evaluating of certain limits formulate the idea on
-1.01 2.0201 -0.9 1.98
derivatives and integrals of functions. -1.0001 2.0002 -0.999 1.998
Lim f (x) as x approaches to n Observe that as the values of x get closer and closer to -1 the
A limit is the value that a function approaches as it go closer values of f(x) gets closer and closer to 2. Therefore, the limit of
to a certain value or infinity (x2 + 1) as x approaches to 2 is 7.
X F(x) x F(x)
3.7 4.7 4.3 3.09
3.85 4.85 4 3.01
To describe clearly what is happening to the function as it 3.995 4.995 4.001 3.000001
3.9999 2.9999 4.0001 3.00000001
goes closer to a certain value n
Notes:
(-) values of x from the left ( + ) values of x from the left
-If the value of x from the right isn’t equal to the value of x from
the left then the limit of the function DOES NOT EXIST (DNE) Let us say that we want to observe the function values of 𝑓 as 𝑥
becomes closer and closer to 2. Note that we are not solving for the
Concept of a Limit of a Function function value at 𝑥 = 2. In fact, if we are to solve it, 𝑓(2) is undefined.
-Table of Values and Graph
=4
As the 𝑥 values approaches 2 on both sides, the function
values gets closer and closer to 𝑦 = 4. Note that 𝑓(2) =
1.5 but it is not important in solving for the limit. Our
focus is where the function values gets closer and not in
Based on the table, as 𝑥 approaches -2 from the left, the function exactly 𝑥 = 2.
values approaches 1. We can write it as follows:
= DNE
On the other hand, the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches -2 The limit of the function from the left of 𝑥 = 3 is equal to 3, while
from the right is 4. It can be written as: the limit from the right of 𝑥 = 3 is equal to 1. Since they are
unequal, so the limit does not exist.
If the limit on both side is not equal, then the limit does not
exist. So, 2 lim does not exist
= DNE
The limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 5 from the left is equal
to 1. However, based on the graph, an asymptote is located at 𝑥
= 5. So, we can observe in the graph on the right of 𝑥 = 5 that the
graph increases without a bound. Hence, the limit from the right
does not exist. With this, it follows that the limit does not exist.
Examples:
Lim 5 = 5 - because constant yung c, kung ano yung katabi ng
x -> 4 limit yun yung sagot, kahit san pa nag aapproach yung x
Lim (-2) = -2
x -> 0
Lim 3 = 3
x -> 2
Lim 1000 = 1000
x -> 5
Examples:
-Lim 5x dahil constant yung 5 pwede siya ilabas at
x -> 3 nakamultiply siya kay x
= 5 (3) = 15
-Lim 5 (x + 1)
x -> 4
Derivative
Then, e-equal sa 0 , then divide.