UNCOVERING THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF PARENTS ON THE USE

PRINTED MODULE DURING THE PANDEMIC

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the

Graduate School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree of Master of Arts in Education

Major in Administration and Supervision

2021
 APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled, “PARENTAL STRESS ON THE USE OF PRINTED
MODULE: ITS INFLUENCE ON LEARNERS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
DURING THE PANDEMIC” prepared and submitted by??? in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education, Major in
Administration and Supervision has been examined and recommended for
acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION.

_______________________________
Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the COMMITTEE ON ORAL EXAMINATION with a grade of
_______ on ________________.

____________________________.
Chairperson

____________________________ _____________________________
Critic Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Arts in Education, Major in Mathematics.

Comprehensive Examination: ___________

_____________________________ ____________________________
President and COO Dean, Graduate School

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Thesis becomes a reality with the help of our God Almighty for his

Guidance and blessings showered on my knowledge, strength, peace of mind, good

health, and spiritual enlightenment in completing this research.

A deepest gratitude and immeasurable appreciation for the help and support of

all the people behind of this memorable blessings.

The Researcher

DEDICATION

I would like to express my gratitude to my family to my beloved husband who

always by my side, to my children the source of my strength, happiness and inspiration.

To my parents for their endless prayers and support, to my colleagues and

people who willingly help me anytime to make my dreams become reality.

The Researcher

3
Name : Degree : Master of Arts in Education

Major in Administration and Supervision

Title : PARENTAL STRESS ON THE USE OF PRINTED MODULE:
ITS INFLUENCE ON LEARNERS ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE DURING THE PANDEMIC

ABSTRACT

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Title Page ………………………………………….................................................. i

Approval Sheet ……………………………………………………..……................ ii

Acknowledgment……... ………………………………………............................... iii

Dedication …………………...…………………………………………………… iv

Abstract ……………………………………………………………. …………….. v

Table of Contents ………………………………………………………................. vi

List of Tables ……………..…………………………………….............................. vii

List of Figures ……………………………………………………........................... ix

List of Appendices ……………................................................................................ x

CHAPTER

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction..……………………………………………………....................... 1

Review of Related Literature…………………………...………....................... 4

Purpose of Using Printed Modules During Pandemic ……………………….. 4

Parental Participation on the use of Printed Modules ………………………… 4

Theoretical Framework ………………..…………………………….…..……. 6

Conceptual Framework.……………………………………………..……….... 10

Statement of the Problem .…………………………………………….………. 11

5
 Hypothesis…..…………………………… …………………………….…...... 11

Significance of the Study……………………………………………………… 11

Scope and Delimitation of the Study ................................................................. 12

Definition of Terms ………………................................................................... 13

2. METHODS AND PROCEDURE

Research Method and Design ………………………………………………… 15

Respondents and Setting of the Study ………………………………………... 16

Instrumentation and Validation ……………………........................................ 18

Data Gathering Procedure..………………………………………….……..…. 19

Statistical Treatment of Data….…………………………………..……….….. 19

REFERENCES………………………………………………….……………….. 20

6
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Distribution of Respondents………. …………………………………………. 17

2 Reference on Verbal Interpretation………………………………………….... 20

7
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Model of Connection Theory……………..…………………….....….. 9

2 Paradigm of the Study………..…………………………,……......….. 10

3 Interpreting the Mixed Method Research Design………….…………. 16

8
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

One of the most affected sector that has been shaken by the pandemic caused

by the novel coronavirus, SARS CoV-2, is the education in. The COVID-19 pandemic

has affected the lives of all teachers, learners, and parents in the Philippines.

Toquero (2020) concluded. “Due to the pandemic, educational institutions

worldwide are embarking on making use of emergency remote teaching since online

education poses a challenge for the said institutions because a comprehensive

curriculum is also needed to implement quality education through alternative delivery.

…Issues and challenges arise since educational institutions have to establish the quality

of learning. Some stumbling blocks to advancement are having to deal with inadequate

technological equipment and the failure to consider sociocultural aspects that could

hinder technological adoption.”

Technological equipment mentioned by Toquero (2020) includes

communication technology and printing technology. It is important as channel of

teaching-learning process in blended learning in this time of pandemic.

Tupas and Linas-Laguda (2020) discusses, “…and those who have no access to

technology and connectivity, door-to-door delivery of worksheets, take-home learning

activity sheets, and take-home portfolio completions are also suggested by the expert.”

9
 Hernando-Malipot (2020) stated, “To ensure learning continuity, DepEd has

instructed schools to implement a distance learning approach through the use of printed

or offline modules, online, and television and radio-based instruction.

Schools were also allowed to combine or “blend” these modalities depending

on the capability of the students and their parents.

Bagood (2020) stated, “Identifying the right modality was done through a

survey using the Learners Enrolment Survey Form (LESF) where the parents/guardians

choose the modality suited or applicable for their children.

For Siquijor province, the survey results show that Modular Distance Learning

(MDL) is the modality that most of the parents and guardians preferred.”

DepEd (2020), reported, “…the “most preferred modality” among the options

in the Basic Education-Learning Continuity Plan (BE-LCP) is the printed modular

learning. Based on the Learner Enrolment Survey Form (LESF) gathered, 9,424,925

students chose printed modular learning.”

Luczon (2020) summarized the challenges encountered in using the printed

modules.The high printing costs, motivating other teachers to meet the deadlines in

module developments, convincing parents to serve as para-teachers for the learners,

learners who can't do independent learning and have illiterate parents, parents don't

communicate with the teacher, only half of the total number of parents picked them up,

parents must understand what's written on the different modules, and parents balance

10
the time between work, childcare, household chores, and still provide time for her

child’s learning.

Like all other nations, the Philippine government shift in blended learning and

remote learning amid to COVID19 pandemic. This decision ensures the continuous

education of the learners. Most Filipino families considered the Printed Modular

Learning instead of Online Learning. Parents preferred the Printed Modular Learning

due to unstable internet connection and lack of suitable communication technology for

Online Learning.

As alternative modality, the use of printed modules as instructional material

reveals challenges for teachers, learners, and parents. It is therefore the intention of the

present study to uncover the lived experiences of parents on the use printed module

during the pandemic.

The researcher would like to solve the current conflicting studies in the

literature and seek to describe the current challenges and deliver new findings based on

the respondents and research locale of this present study as contribution to the

phenomena in the new normal education.

11
Review of Related Literature

This presents the local and foreign literatures regarding uncovering the lived

experiences of parents on the use printed module during the pandemic.

Purpose of Using Printed Modules During Pandemic

Boise State University (2021) defined, “A module can be defined as a unit,

chapter, topic, or segment of instruction. It is a standard unit or instructional section of

your course that is a “self-contained” chunk of instruction. A week is a common module

length, but it can be shorter or longer depending upon content and your teaching style.”

DepEd explained, “Alternative Delivery Modules or Self-Learning Modules

(SLMs) is a self-contained, self-instructional, self-paced, and interactive learning

resources for public schools intended for learning a specific topic or lesson where the

learner interacts actively with the instructional material rather than reading the material

passively. SLMs become an ideal learning resource and therefor a priority in remote or

distance learning where a teacher is unable to provide the constant instructional

supervision and guidance in a classroom setting. SLMs have been used by DepEd for

its ADMs during disasters or in situations where learners have difficulty for daily

school attendance. COVID-19 has compelled the use of SLMs on a large scale.SLMs

will be delivered in printed format to schools that are located in coastal areas, far-flung

provinces, and communities without access to the internet or electricity. For households

with gadgets and devices, the Department has announced that SLMs can also be

accessed online or offline.”

12
 Manlangit et al. (2020) stated, “The modules include sections on motivation

and assessment that serve as a complete guide of both teachers’ and students’ desired

competencies. Teachers will monitor the learners’ progress through home visits

(following social distancing protocols) and feedback mechanisms, and guide those who

need special attention. …The modular approach situates Filipino students to learn in

the comfort of their homes. Limited contact with teachers will place parents or

guardians as the learners’ model or the “More Knowledgeable Other” (MKO).”

Briones (2020) explained, “The SLMs and the other alternative learning

delivery modalities are in place to address the needs, situations, and resources of each

and every learner and will cover all the bases in ensuring that basic education will be

accessible amid the present crisis posed by COVID19.”

Llego (2020) stated, “Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) that aims to provide

learners with access to quality basic education through a home-based environment to

be facilitated by qualified parents, guardians or tutors who have undergone relevant

training. It allows families to educate according to their personal faith, philosophy,

and values, and to adjust learning schedules around family schedules and

circumstances.

However, there remain several issues in its implementation, including the

supervision of licensed teachers and alignments with the curriculum. Thus, this

modality will be the subject of a later DepEd issuance before its expansion.”

13
Parental Lived Experience on the Use of Printed Module

The Manila Times (2020) stated, “Since the beginning of the current academic

year, which began on October 5 after being delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic,

there have been a multitude of complaints about errors in the learning module materials

distributed to students by the Department of Education (DepEd). Most of these have

seemed fairly minor, the result of DepEd having to create a completely new program

in a very short amount of time.”

Dangle and Sumaong (2020) concluded, “The great number of activities in each

module is one of the main problems that emerged in the implementation of Modular

Distance Learning.”

Mortola (2020) stated, "We have found out that learners who can't do

independent learning and have illiterate parents find it difficult to grasp learning

especially that the elders that they depend upon, cannot teach them because they don't

know the concepts inside the module. This is one factor that hinders the effective

implementation of modular learning, especially if the parents don't communicate with

the teacher.”

Servito (2020) clarified, “Parents are partners of teachers in education. They are

‘home facilitators,’ the ‘tagapagdaloy‘ (channel), but they will not teach the subject

matter. It is the teacher’s duty to teach.”

Lesaca (2020) stated, “…modular learning could actually provide insights and

inform DepEd's vision about 21st-century teaching and learning."

14
 Labrado et al. (2021) stated, “There are several advantages to a modular

presentation. The most important one is that it allows for better evaluation and more

focused revision and improvement. Modifying a module is easier and more cost

effective than revising a course or one large module. Another advantage to a modular

approach is that parts of the course can be used and reused elsewhere in other courses.

Courses that are already in a modular format are ultimately more flexible and easier to

convert for delivery in other formats.”

Printed Modular Learning as an alternative modality helps in continues

achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 4, which is "quality

education" amidst the pandemic. It can enhance the learning process of the children in

the last mile schools. It can support the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective skills

needed to acquire by the learner as well as the competencies that is global based

standard since it is based with MELCs but there are challenges face by the parents as

MKO and partners of teachers in guiding their children at home.

Theoretical Framework

This theoretical basis of this present study is Zone Of Proximal Development

by Lev Vygotsky.

Theories (2013) discussed Lev Vygotsky’s theory in childhood development.

Vygotsky, a Russian “psychologist born in the late nineteenth century, gives parents a

central role in supporting children’s growth.”

15
 His research teaches the emphasis Vygotsky places on parents as partners in

their child’s life is crucial as he believed that everything a child learns is through the

interactions with “knowledgeable partners,” as we know, a child spends most of their

time with their parent(s) during their early development, therefore emphasizing the

importance of modeling positive behaviour for the child.

Vygotsky’s theory includes an important theory called the “zone of proximal

development” which looks at the range of actions a child can perform alone and how a

person with a better understanding of the world such as a parent or teacher, can guide

and prompt what the child already knows; helping the child to learn more about the

world around himself/herself. He also stresses the importance of language in mental

development. “Language develops in social interaction…it influences others

behaviours…and serves as a guide as to what to do.” In other words, language is

something children hear from others around them. By speaking aloud a child is able to

direct themselves as to whether an action is positive and should be copied or negative

and should not be copied.

16
 Figure 1. Model of one Of Proximal Development by Lev Vygotsky

Zone of Proximal Development Theory support the challenges of Printed

Modular Learning where in the learners work on their printed modules and in case they

could not understand the instructions and concepts, the parents will be there as MKO

in the proximity of the learner.

Parents provide assistance to the learning process of their child through printed

modules to improve their level of competencies. The stress of the parents in this tasks

is important factor in addressing the learners’ academic performance.

17
Conceptual Framework

The research paradigm that guides this study demonstrates in the form of a
schematic model shown in Figure 2.
In this study, the independent variable is the COVID19 pandemic that may take

effect on parents’ lived experiences on the use of printed module, which is the

dependent variable.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Severity of COVID19 Parents’ lived experiences on the

1
Pandemic
use of printed module

Figure 2. The Research Paradigm of this Study

The COVID19 pandemic causes changes on traditional teaching and learning

process of in educational institution. The face-to-face learning is no longer applicable

to avoid infection and spread of deadly virus that resulted to blended learning. Most

parents preferred the Printed Modular Learning and the use of printed modules

becomes the instructional materials of the learners at their homes.

In connection to this, parents are partners of teachers in facilitating the learning

of their children and this study would like to establish the lived experiences of parent

on the use of printed module that affects by the severity of COVID19.

18
Statement of the Problem

The major concern of this study is how may the influence of parent on the use

of printed module on learners’ academic performance be determined?

Specifically this study will seek to answer the following questions.

1. How did the parents perceive their lived experiences on the use of printed module

during the pandemic?

2. What are the gains and challenges the parents experience in using the printed

modules?

3. How did the parents cope from the challenges experienced using the printed module?

4. What proposition may evolve from the findings of the study?

Significance of the study

This study will focus on uncovering the lived experiences of parents on the use

printed module during the pandemic.

Learners. The study will provide opportunity for them to access quality

education despite the pandemic as part of their continuous learning.

Teachers. They will be given tasks to reach more Filipino children and commit

them to acquire new knowledge, skills, and learning competencies with the help of

parents in using printed modules.

Parents. They will realize the need of their involvement on their child’s

education by giving time on printed modules and assist their child to develop the

learning competencies.

19
 Administrators. They will realize the need to improve the printed material

through coordination with other educational leaders and stakeholders in achieving

quality education despite the pandemic.

Future Researchers. They will be able to use this study as a basis or guideline

for improvement for their future research of concerning the parental stress of parents

on using printed modules and its influence on the academic performance of the learners.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This present study will focus on uncovering the lived experiences of parents on

the use printed module during the pandemic.

The researcher will concentrate with the parents of the learners in one of the

district at Region III as respondent of this study.

The source of data of this study will be from the responses only of the parents

in the locale of the researcher.

20
Definition of Terms

To provide common, accurate, and clear, understanding of the terms used in the

study, the following terms are operationally and conceptually defined based on how

they are used in the study.

Academic Performance is the measurement of student achievement across

various academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure

achievement using classroom performance, graduation rates and results from

standardized tests.

The learners use the printed modules as alternative modality in blended

learning. The reference of academic performance of children today are the result of

printed modules, summative tests and other performance tasks.

COVID 19 Pandemic. A disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. 'CO'

stands for corona, 'VI' for virus, and 'D' for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred

to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.' an epidemic occurring worldwide, or

over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large

number of people.

The COVID19 pandemic resulted for the education system to apply the blended

learning and printed modular learning is one of the modalities that parents selected

during the survey the survey on the early part of school opening in the Philippines.

21
 Lived experience, as it is explored and understood in qualitative research, is a

representation and understanding of a researcher or research subject's human

experiences, choices, and options made.

The subject of this study are the parents and it would like to fill the gap of

knowledge in the research locale the lived experiences of parents in using printed

modules of their children.

Parents Participation. Use the learning guide and supervise their child’s

interaction with the materials and communication with the teacher can be done. For the

other students they accomplish the module activities, complete the individual learning

pan, connect with the teacher for feedback through text, messenger or any form of

communication.

Printed Modular Learning Delivery. A modality, the teachers prepare the

learning materials, weekly study guides and other resources for the modular distance

learning and these materials shall be accompanied by quality assured instructional

packets wherein the parent/guardians or para-teachers shall meet with the teacher and

receive instructions and the learning materials to be accomplished by the learner for the

week.

Printed Module. Delivered to the homes of learners or picked up by their

parents or guardians at designated places within coordinated schedules. Printed

module refer to learning packets (work sheets, activity sheets, self-learning materials).

22
 Chapter 2

METHODS AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the research method and design of the study, the

respondents and setting, sample of the study, the research instruments, the data

collection procedure, and the data processing and statistical treatment.

Research Method and Design

This study will utilize Qualitative Research Design on uncovering the lived

experiences of parents on the use printed module during the pandemic.

Research Rundown (n.d) explained, “Qualitative researchers are concerned

with making inference based on perspective, so it is extremely important to get as much

data as possible for later analysis. Researchers spend a considerable amount of time

designing interview questions. Interviews are designed to generate participant

perspectives about ideas, opinions, and experiences.

What types of documents do qualitative researchers analyze? Virtually anything

that supports the question asked. Print media has long been a staple data source for

qualitative researchers, but electronic media (email, blogs, user Web pages, and even

social network profiles) have extended the data qualitative researchers can collect and

analyze. The greatest challenge offered by document analysis can be sifting through all

of the data to make general observations.

23
 The researcher may use a variety of methods for observing, including taking

general notes, using checklists, or time-and-motion logs. The considerable time it takes

for even a short observation deters many researchers from using this method. Also, the

researcher risks his or her interpretation when taking notes, which is accepted by

qualitative researchers, but meets resistance from post-positivists. Observations are

designed to generate data on activities and behaviors, and are generally more focused

on setting than other methods.”

The researcher will not use any manipulation on uncovering the lived

experiences of parents on the use printed module during the pandemic

Figure 3. The Qualitative Research Design of the Present Study

24
Respondents and Setting of the Study

The respondents of this study are the parents in one of the district at Region III,

which is composed of fifteen (15) public elementary schools. The parents will provide

the data to uncover their lived experiences on the use printed module of their children

during the pandemic. It will fill the gap of knowledge as the research locale of this

present study reflects the rural learning environment unlike from those previous studies

from big cities and urban areas.

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

Public Schools in Number of Grade 1

District One Parent/ Guardian
1. Primary School A1 58
2. Primary School B1 12
3. Primary School C1 107
4. Primary School D1 160
5. Primary School E1 74
6. Primary School F1 36
7. Primary School G1 20
8. Primary School H1 16
9. Primary School I1 91
10. Primary School J1 63
11. Primary School K1 30
12. Primary School L1 52
13. Primary School M1 69
14. Primary School N1 134
15. Primary School O1 21
Total 943

25
 The researcher will use Random Sampling to identify the respondents of this

present study after the use of Slovin’s formula is administered to determine the number

of respondents.

Thomas (2020) explained, “A simple random sample is a randomly selected

subset of a population. In this sampling method, each member of the population has an

exactly equal chance of being selected. This method is the most straightforward of all

the probability sampling methods, since it only involves a single random selection and

requires little advance knowledge about the population. Because it uses randomization,

any research performed on this sample should have high internal and external validity.”

The researcher will administer random sampling application called Research

Randomizer for all the respondents have equal opportunity to participate in this study.

Figure 4. Random Sampling Application Generator

26
Instrumentation and Validation

The researcher will develop survey questionnaires with close-ended questions,

which is applicable in the Qualitative Research Design for the analysis and

interpretation on uncover the parents’ lived experiences on the use printed module of

their children during the pandemic.

The instruments to be used in this study are subject for validation before the

researcher formally conducts the survey.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher wrote a letter of intent requesting the Deans’ Office of the

Graduate School Program in ??? to conduct this study entitled “Uncovering the Lived

Experiences of Parents on the Use Printed Module during the Pandemic”

The content is subject for the validation, improvement, and grammar.

The survey questionnaires will be explained to the respondents to achieve

reliability of data wherein it will be verified, tabulated, and recorded to be analyzed

and interpreted.

Google Form will be used to gather the data from the respondents as part of the

health protocol amid to COVID19 Pandemic.

The researcher assured the confidentiality of the respondents and that all the

information gathered are for educational purposes only.

27
Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools will be used to analyze the data of the study.

Statement of the Problem number 1 and 2 will use Weighted Mean and Likert scale.

European Commission explained, “Weighted mean is a procedure for

combining the means of two or more groups of different sizes; it takes the sizes of the

groups into account when computing the overall or grand mean. A Likert Scale is a

widely used scaling method developed by Rensis Likert. Likert scale refers to the use

of an ordinal 4- or 5- point rating scale with each point anchored or labelled;”

Table 2. Reference on Verbal Interpretation

Likert Scale Verbal Description

5 = 4.50 – 5.00 Highly Observed

4 = 3.50 – 4.49 Often Observed

3 = 2.50 – 3.49 Sometimes Observed

2 = 1.50 – 2.49 Rarely Observed

1 = 1.00 – 1.49 Not Observed

Weighted Mean and Likert Scale will describe the perceived lived experiences

of the parent on the use of printed module including the gains and challenges from the

quantitative gathered data to qualitative data.

28
 Statement of the Problem number 3 and 4 will use Mean and Standard Deviation

to describe the average and dispersion of to be gathered data on the lived experiences

of parent on coping the challenges and the probable proposal this study will find.

European Commission further explained, “The mean (average) is the most

popular measure of location or central tendency; has the desirable mathematical

property of minimizing the variance. To get the mean, you add up the values for each

case and divide that sum by the total number of cases. Standard deviation shows the

spread, variability or dispersion of scores in a distribution of scores. It is a measure of

the average amount the scores in a distribution deviate from the mean. The more widely

the scores are spread out, the larger the standard deviation.

29
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