Accepted Manuscript

Buckling of symmetrical circular sandwich plates with variable mechanical

properties of the core in the radial direction

E. Magnucka-Blandzi, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko, M.J. Smyczyński

PII: S0263-8223(18)30674-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.07.020
Reference: COST 9937

To appear in: Composite Structures

Received Date: 15 February 2018

Revised Date: 1 July 2018
Accepted Date: 3 July 2018

Please cite this article as: Magnucka-Blandzi, E., Wiśniewska-Mleczko, K., Smyczyński, M.J., Buckling of
symmetrical circular sandwich plates with variable mechanical properties of the core in the radial direction,
Composite Structures (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.07.020

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Buckling of symmetrical circular sandwich plates with variable mechanical
properties of the core in the radial direction
E. Magnucka-Blandzi1, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko2,3*, M.J. Smyczyński3
1
Institute of Mathematics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3A Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
2
State University of Applied Sciences in Konin, Przyjaźni 1 Street, 62-510 Konin, Poland
3
Institute of Applied Mechanics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24 Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
*
e-mail address: karolina.sta.wisniewska@doctorate.put.poznan.pl

ABSTRACT
The study is devoted to thin-walled clamped symmetrical three-layer circular plate. The sandwich
plate consists of two facings, and a metal foam core. The mechanical properties of the core plate vary
along its radius, remaining constant in the facings. The main goal of the study is to elaborate a
mathematical model of the compressed circular plate in its middle plane, analytical description and
solution of the global buckling problem. The nonlinear hypothesis of deformation of the normal to the
middle plane of the plate is formulated. The equations of equilibrium are derived based on the
principle of stationary total potential energy. The proposed mathematical model of the displacements
considers the shear effect. The analytical model is verified numerically with the use of Finite Element
Analysis.

Keywords: mathematical modeling; sandwich circular plate; global buckling, critical loads

1. Introduction
Sandwich structures are widely applied since the mid of 20th century, for example in aerospace,
automotive, rail and shipbuilding industry. During the last few decades the properties of sandwich
structures composed of a light core and two thin facings have been extensively studied. These
structures are characterized by high stiffness with regard to their mass. Ashby et al. [1] described the
mechanical properties of metal foams. Gupta and Talha [2] presented an extensive review related to
the structural response of the functionally graded materials and structures. Sayyad and Ghugal [3]
presented a critical review of literature on bending, buckling and free vibration analysis of shear
deformable isotropic, laminated composite and sandwich beams based on equivalent single layer
theories, layer-wise theories, zig-zag theories and exact elasticity solution. Abrate and Di Sciuva [4]
describes a review of one type of plate theories called equivalent single layer theories that are
characterized by a single approximation of the displacements through the thickness. Carrera [5]
formulated the zig-zag hypotheses for multilayered plates. Alipour and Shariyat [6, 7] investigated
transient and forced dynamic responses and bending analysis of annular sandwich plates with
functionally graded face sheets or cores by an analytical zigzag elasticity approach. In the paper [8]
they determined distributions of lateral deflections and in-plane normal and transverse shear stresses
of circular sandwich plates with orthotropic composite face sheets and auxetic cores with the use of
zigzag theory with the three dimensional elasticity corrections. Zhang and Zhou [9] analysed a
nonlinear bending of FGM circular plates based on physical neutral surface and higher-order shear
deformation theory. Wang and Shi [10] presented a simply and accurate sandwich plate theory
accounting for the transverse normal strain and interfacial stress continuity. Thomsen and Rits [11]
developed and adapted a high-order theory for bending of sandwich plates with inserts. Gupta et al.
[12] studied the vibration characteristics of shear deformable FGM plates with various boundary
constraints based on higher-order shear deformation theory. Thai et al. [13] developed a new inverse
tangent shear deformation theory for the static, free vibration and buckling analysis of laminated
E. Magnucka-Blandzi, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko, M.J. Smyczyński

composite and sandwich plates. Heydari et al. [14] presented a numerical scheme for buckling analysis
of functionally graded circular plate subjected to uniform radial compression including shear
deformation rested on Pasternak elastic foundation. Kazanci [15] studied numerically the dynamic
response of orthotropic sandwich composite plates impacted by time-dependent external blast pulses.
Pawlus [16-18] presented the solution to the dynamic stability problem of the three-layered, annular
plate with wavy, asymmetric forms of buckling. Magnucka-Blandzi [19-21] carried out a theoretical
study on dynamic stability of a metal foam circular plate. Wang and Wu [22] presented study focused
on performing a free vibration analysis of a functionally graded porous cylindrical shell subjected to
different sets of immovable boundary conditions using a sinusoidal shear deformation theory.
Mohammadi et al. [23] studied low velocity impact response on sandwich plates with functionally
graded face sheets. Smyczynski et al. [24] analysed buckling behaviour of three layer rectangular
polyethylene plate under magnetic field. Lal and Rani [25] presented the free axisymmetric vibrations
of circular sandwich plates with relatively stiff core of parabolically varying thickness on the basis of
first order shear deformation theory. Magnucki et al. [26] studied theoretically and experimentally a
bending of a sandwich circular plate. Pai and Palazotto [27] performed an extended layer-wise higher-
order shear deformation theory to model a sandwich plate impacting with an elastic foundation at a
low velocity. Smyczynski and Magnucka-Blandzi [28-30] analysed analytically and numerically
strength and stability of five layer sandwich structures with a metal foam core. Nguyen-Xuan et al.
[31] presented a simple and effective formulation based on a fifth-order shear deformation theory in
combination with isogeometric finite element analysis for composite sandwich plates. Wu and Liu
[32] presented an overview of various semi-analytical numerical methods for quasi three-dimensional
analyses of laminated composite and multi-layered functionally graded elastic plates and shells with
combinations of edge conditions. Jalali and Heshmati [33] investigated the buckling behaviour of
circular sandwich plates with tapered cores and functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced
composite face sheets under uniform radial compression based on the first order shear deformation
plate theory. Mao et al. [34] used the ‘equal area method’ to investigate the load carrying capacity of
circular sandwich plates with metal foam core subjected to transverse quasi-static point central
loading.
The present paper is devoted to stability analysis of a clamped sandwich circular plate, which
consists of three layers: two thin facings of thickness tf , one core tc. The plate has the radius R. The
plate carries a compressive intensity load NR (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Scheme of a clamped three-layered circular plate under compression.

This circular plate can be a flat baffle plate of a cylindrical tank. For example, another flat baffle, i.e.
the sandwich ribbed flat baffle plate with two ribs of a tank was presented in [35]. Novelty of the
paper is the variable mechanical properties of the plate core in the radial direction. In previous

2
E. Magnucka-Blandzi, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko, M.J. Smyczyński

research, variable mechanical properties in the thickness direction were considered, and the results of
buckling studies were published in [36].

2. Analytical studies of the circular plate

2.1. Mechanical properties of the plate

The mechanical properties of the core change along the radius (in r direction, Fig. 2), while the
properties of the facings are constant. The middle surface of the plate is its symmetry plane. The
Young’s modulus in the core Ec changes in accordance with the following function:

Ec (r )  E0  E1  E0 
r
(1)
R
where: E0 – Young's modulus in the center of the plate, E1 – Young's modulus on the outer edge of the
plate. In the special case:

 if r = R then Ec (r )  E1 ,
 if r = 0 then Ec (r )  E0 .

If E0 = E1 the plate core has constant mechanical properties (Fig. 2a). If E0 ≠ E1 then the core has
varying mechanical properties (Fig. 2b: E0 > E1, Fig. 2c: E0 < E1).

Fig. 2. Variable mechanical properties of the plate core.

The Young’s modulus in facings Ef is constant. Poisson’s ratios in facings and in the core are constant
too.

2.2. Field of displacement

The field of displacement for the normal to the middle plane of the three-layer circular plate is
presented in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. The field of displacement – a nonlinear hypothesis.

Assuming the nonlinear hypothesis (according to the Fig. 3) the shear effect is taken into account.
Then the longitudinal displacements are formulated as follows:

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E. Magnucka-Blandzi, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko, M.J. Smyczyński

t t 
 for the upper facing:   c  t f  z   c 
2 2

 dw t 
u r, z  =  z  + c  0 r  (2)
 dr z 
tc t
 for the core:  z c
2 2

 dw  2 z  2  
 
u r, z  =  z   2 0 (r )     1 1 r  (3)
 dr  c 
t  
 
tc t
 for the lower facing:  z  c tf
2 2

 dw tc 
u r, z  =  z    0 r  (4)
 dr z 
u f (r )
where:  0 (r )  .
tc

If  1  0 then the proposed nonlinear hypothesis becomes the broken line hypothesis. If  0  0 and
 1  0 then the proposed nonlinear hypothesis becomes Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis. So the assumed
hypothesis is a generalization of the classical one.

2.3. Strains and stresses

Strains of the layers of the three-layer plate are defined by the following geometric relations:

u u u w
r  ,    ,  rz   (5)
r r z r
so the shear strains are as follows:

  rz  0 in facings,

 t  2 
  rz  2 0   c   3z 2  1 in the core.
 2  

Stresses, according to the Hooke’s law are:

 in facings  r 
Ef
 
 f   ,   
Ef
   ,  rz  0 ,
1  f 1  f
2 r 2 f r

Ec r  Ec r 
 in the core  r   r  c ,      c r ,  rz  Gc r  rz .
1  c 1  c
2 2

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 E. Magnucka-Blandzi, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko, M.J. Smyczyński

3. Equilibrium equation
The field of displacements includes three unknown functions (w – deflection, ψ0, ψ1 –
dimensionless functions determine deformations of the normal to the middle plane of the plate – shear
functions). So, three equations are necessary to complete a description of the buckling problem. Based
on the principle of the total potential energy

 W  U    0 (6)
the system of equilibrium equations has been obtained, where

 work of the load

2
 dw 
R
W  N R    rdr , (7)
0
dr 
 the elastic strain energy

U  U( fu )  U(c)  U( fl ) , (8)

U ( fu ) – the elastic strain energy of the upper facing

tc


        rdzdr ,
2
R
U ( fu )    r r
0
tc
( t f )
2

U (c ) – the elastic strain energy of the core

tc

          rz  rz rdzdr ,
2
R
U ( c )    r r
0
tc
2

U ( fl ) – the elastic strain energy of the lower facing

tc
t f

        rdzdr .
2
R
U ( fl )    r r
0
tc
2

Then the system of equilibrium equations is as follows:

E f t c3    4 w  3 w 1  2 w 1 w  ~   4 w 3w 1  c  2w  r   3 0  2 0 1  0 1  ~   3 0  2 0 1   c  0 r
 A1  r 4  2 3   2   A1  r 4 3    A2  r 2   2  0   A2  r 4   
1   f   r r r r 
r r   2   r r r R
 r r r r  R  r r  r r 2
2 2 4 3 2 3
r  r 
  3 1  2 1 1  1  ~   3 1  2 1 1   c  1  r    
   2 pr  N R  w  r  w 
2
1
 B1  r 2   2  1   B1  r 4  R  r 2 
 r 3
 r 2
r r r   r 3
 r 2
r r     r 

tc2    3 w  2 w 1 w  ~   3 w  2 w 1  c w  r   2 0  0 1  ~   2 0  1  c  r (9)
A r 3  2 
2  2
  A2  r 3  2 2    A3  r    0   A3  r 2 0   0  
1  f   r r r r   r r r r  R  r
2
r r   r
2
r r R
  2  1  ~   2  1  c  r   ~ r
 B2  r 21  1   1   B2  r 21  2 1   1     A4  A4 r 0  0
  r r r   r r r  R  R

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 E. Magnucka-Blandzi, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko, M.J. Smyczyński

t c2    3 w  2 w 1 w  ~   3 w  2 w 1   c w  r   2 0  0 1  ~   2 0  0 1   c r
 B1  r 3  2    B1  r 3  2 2    B2  r   
1     r r 
r r   
r r  R  r 2  r  r  0   B2  r r 2  2 r  r  0  R 
 r r
2
f    
   1  1 1  ~    1
2 2
 1  c r  ~ r
 B3  r    1   B3  r 2 1   1     B4  B4 r 1  0
  r 2
r r    r 2
r r R
   R

The following constants were adopted:

1  2f
 
tf
x1 1  x1  x1 
1 1
1  1  3  6 x1  4 x12 x1 2 
1  2
c 12 2 tc

1 E ~ 1 E  E0 1 E ~ 1 E  E0
A1  41  1 0 A1  1 1 B1  1 0 B1  1 1
6 Ef 6 Ef 15 E f 15 Ef
1 E ~ 1 E  E0 2 E ~ 2 E  E0
A2  4 2  1 0 A2  1 1 B2  1 0 B2  1 1
3 Ef 3 Ef 15 E f 15 Ef
2 E ~ 2 E  E0 4 E ~ 4 E  E0
A3  4 x1  1 0 A3  1 1 B3  1 0 B3  1 1
3 Ef 3 Ef 105 E f 105 Ef
4 E0 ~ 4 E1  E0 4 1 E0 ~ 4 1 E1  E0
A4  A4  B4  B4 
1  c E f 1  c E f 5 1  c E f 5 1  c E f

4. Analytical solutions
The system (8) has three unknown functions (w – deflection, ψ0, ψ1 – dimensionless functions
determine deformations of the normal to the middle plane of the plate). To solve the problem of global
buckling (first buckling mode) of the clamped plate on its outer edge, formulas of these unknown
functions identically satisfying the adequate boundary conditions were assumed. Then, the following
formulas for these functions are as follows:

 r
2
r 
3

w(r )  wa 1  3   2  
 R  R  
(10)
 r 1  r 2   r 1  r 2 
 0 (r )   a 0      ,  1 (r )   a1     
 R 2  R    R 2  R  
where wa is the amplitude of deflection and ψa 0, ψa 1 are parameters of dimensionless functions,
respectively. These functions (9) identically satisfy the following boundary conditions (the plate is
clamped on the outer edge):

dw
w( R)  0 0
dr r R
(11)
d 0 d 1
0 0
dr r R dr r R

and the condition (in the center of the plate):

dw
0,
dr r 0 (12)
 0 (0)  0,  1 (0)  0.
Substituting the functions (9) to the system (8), and using Bubnov-Galerkin method the system (8)
takes the form:

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E. Magnucka-Blandzi, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko, M.J. Smyczyński

 E f t c  t  2  ~w  ~  ~  8 w
 c  12 A1  5  c A1  a   A2  5  7 c A2  a 0   B1  5  7 c B1  a1   N R a
8 1 1

1  f  R   R    15   5
2
5 15 R
 2
 1  t c   ~ w  ~  ~  4
  12 A2  17  3 c A2  a   A3  9  11 c A3  a 0   B2  9  11 c B2  a1   A4 a 0  A4 a 0  0
1 1 1 11 ~
 (13)
1  f         
2
R 12 R 24 24 15 60
 1 t  2
~  4
 c  ~w  ~ 
  12B1  17  3 c B1  a   B2  9  11 c B2  a 0   B3  9  11 c B3  a1   B4 a 0  B4 a 0  0
 1 1 1 11 ~
1  f  R  
2
12 R  24   24   15 60

The functions ψa0 and ψa1 are obtained from the second and third equations of the system (12):

wa wa
 a 0  ~a 0  a1  ~a1 (14)
R R
where:

c12c23  c13c22 ~ c c c c
~a 0   a1  13 12 11 223 . (15)
c11c22  c12 c11c22  c12
2

and

1 2
11 ~  1 ~ 
c12   B2  9  11 c B2 
1

c11   A3  9  11 c A3  1   2f
1 ~
 tR  2
 A4  A4 
2 48 
 ~
c23  6 B1  17  3 c B2 
1
 2 48  c   15 120 
  24 

1 11 ~  17  3 c A~2 
2
1
~

c22   B3  9  11 c B3  1   2f
1
 tR  2
 B4  B4   c13  6 A2 
 24 
 2 48  c   15 120 

After substituting the expressions (13) into the first equation of the system (12) the intensity of critical
load is obtained:
2
5 E f t c  t c   ~  ~ ~  ~ ~ 
12A1  5   c A1    A2  5  7 c A2  a 0   B1  5  7 c B1  a1 
8 1 1
N cr    (16)
8 1   f  R  
2
5   15   15  
The above intensity of critical load is related to the proposed nonlinear hypothesis.

5. Numerical solutions
The finite element model of the three-layer circular plate has been elaborated with the use of
SolidWorks system. The plate is clamped at the outer edge and loaded according to Fig. 1. A quarter
of the circular plate is modeled because of its symmetry (Fig. 4a).

Fig. 4. a) A quarter of the circular plate divided into 9 rings, and its support, b) finite elements mesh.

The core is divided into 9 rings (in radial direction, Fig. 4b) with the same width and different
mechanical properties, according to the expression (1), this means each ring has a different average

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E. Magnucka-Blandzi, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko, M.J. Smyczyński

value of Young’s modulus. The integrated with the system component for analyzing of composites has
been used in calculations. In consequence, all the layers have been modelled as shell elements and the
tie conditions between the layers have been imposed automatically (bonded connections). Basing on
the analysis of the convergence of a mesh, the maximal size of finite elements have been established
on 20 mm. The number of elements and nodes in the numerical plate models (for different radius R of
plates) are given in Table 1.

Table 1. The number of elements and nodes

R 900 1350 1800 2250
number of nodes 6636 14819 25891 40538
number of elements 3237 7284 12784 20063

For example, the results of analysis of the convergence of mesh have been presented below in
Fig. 5. for the plate radius equal to 900.

Fig. 5. The convergence analysis of a mesh

The plate has been elaborated in such a way as to obtain the boundary conditions corresponding to
those assumed in the analytical study (all displacements are blocked with except for the radial
direction). The first mode (the global buckling mode) of the quarter of buckled plate is presented in
Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. The first mode – the global buckling mode

The example of numerical calculations for the sandwich circular plate is presented below. The plate
made of aluminum alloy is considered. The parameters of the plate are: thickness of the facings
tf = 1 mm, of the core tc = 18 mm, the radius R  [900; 2250], Young's modulus of the facings
Ef = 65600 MPa, Young's modulus of the plate core E0 = 500 MPa, and Poisson’s ratios  f =  c = 0.3.

Two dimensionless parameters e10 and λ were introduced, where λ = R / tc is a relative radius (radius-
to-thickness ratio) of the plate, while e10 = E1 / E0 characterizing the variable mechanical properties of

8
E. Magnucka-Blandzi, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko, M.J. Smyczyński

the core (Fig. 2). Three cases are considered: e10 < 1 (Fig. 2b), e10 =1 (Fig. 2a), e10 > 1 (Fig. 2c). The
values of intensity of critical loads obtained analytically and numerically for different values of
parameter e10, and for λ = 50 are shown in Table 2. The values marked in bold in Tables 2–5
correspond to plates with a core with constant mechanical properties (parameter e10 =1).

Table 2. Critical loads for λ = 50

e10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
(NON)
Ncr [Nmm] 235.26 237.78 239.60 241.04 242.26 243.34 244.32 245.23 246.09 246.91
Ncr (FEM) [Nmm] 236.08 236.98 237.87 238.75 239.63 240.52 241.4 242.27 243.15 244.02
RD % 0.35 0.34 0.73 0.95 1.10 1.17 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.18

The relative difference (RD) between the values obtained analytically and numerically is also
indicated in the Tables (in percent), according to the following formula:

N cr NON   N cr FEM 

RD 

min N cr NON  , N cr FEM  .
The values of the intensity of critical loads obtained with both methods for λ = 75 and the relative
difference between these results are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Critical loads for λ = 75
e10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
(NON)
Ncr [Nmm] 106.60 107.26 107.78 108.22 108.62 108.99 109.33 109.67 109.99 110.31
(FEM)
Ncr [Nmm] 105.24 105.64 106.03 106.43 106.82 107.21 107.6 107.99 108.38 108.77
RD % 1.29 1.53 1.65 1.68 1.69 1.66 1.61 1.56 1.49 1.42

The results obtained by the analytical method are slightly larger than the results obtained numerically,
the differences do not exceed 1.7% for the parameter λ = 75. However, the smallest differences
between the compared data are for λ = 50 and they are less than 1.25%.

λ=50 λ=75

Fig. 8. A comparison of the analytical and FEM results for λ = 50 and λ = 75.

The intensity of critical load obtained analytically is a continuous line presented in Fig. 8, whereas the
values obtained numerically (given in Table 2, Table 3) are marked by dots. It can be observed that if
parameter e10 increases, then the intensity of the critical load also increases. With the increase of the λ
parameter (radius-to-thickness ratio), the intensity of the critical load decreases. The values of the
intensity of critical loads obtained with both methods for λ = 100 and the relative difference between
these results are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Critical loads for λ = 100
e10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

9
E. Magnucka-Blandzi, K. Wiśniewska-Mleczko, M.J. Smyczyński

Ncr (NON) [Nmm] 60.37 60,65 60.89 61.09 61.29 61.47 61.65 61.82 61.99 62.16
Ncr (FEM) [Nmm] 59.26 59.48 59.70 59.92 60.14 60.36 60.58 60.80 61.02 61.24
RD % 1.87 1.97 1.99 1.95 1.91 1.84 1.77 1.68 1.59 1.50

Table 5. Critical loads for λ = 125

e10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
(NON)
Ncr [Nmm] 38.76 38.91 39.04 39.17 39.28 39.39 39.50 39.61 39.71 39.82
(FEM)
Ncr [Nmm] 37.94 38.08 38.23 38.37 38.51 38.65 38.79 38.93 39.07 39.21
RD % 2.16 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.64 1.56

The biggest difference between the intensity of critical loads given by analytical and FEM calculations
is about 2.2%, occurs for e10 = 0.4 and λ = 125.

6. Conclusion
The paper is devoted to the stability analysis of a clamped symmetrical three-layer circular plate
subjected to compression. A nonlinear hypothesis has been assumed to describe the field of
displacements of the plate. The influence of mechanical properties and changes in the relative radius
of the plate (λ parameter) on the intensity of the critical load has been study. The global buckling
problem has been analytically solved. The analytical results were compared to the numerical ones
(FEM – with the use of SolidWorks system).

Based on the analysis it can be observed that:

 if the parameter e10 increases, then the intensity of the critical load also increases,

 with the increase of the λ parameter the intensity of the critical load decreases,

 there are small discrepancies between the analytical and numerical results (FEM),

 the biggest differences between the results obtained numerically and analytically are about
2.18%.
Acknowledgment

The research was carried out within the statutory activities of The Ministry of Science and Higher
Education.
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