ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Course: Foundations of Education (6500)

Semester: Spring, 2022
Level: M.A/M.Ed.
Registration No. 0000274658

Assignment 2
Q1 Define “Reconstructionism”. Explain its main factors as an emerging movement in
philosophy.
The Reconstructionist education movement is a continuation of the progressivism movement. It is one
of the last emerging trends. The philosophy on which the current is based is “pragmatism”. John
Dewey, Isaac Bergson, T. Brameld are representatives.

The economic crisis, social depressions and technological developments in the United States, which
have become threatening to human existence, have led to the understanding of progressivism as
aimless or unable to function, and as a reaction to it, it has prepared the formation of the re-
constructionist movement.

According to Reconstructionism, in order to keep up with the constantly existing developments and
changes, a new one should be built instead of the old and destroyed values by making a choice in
the struggle for existence. Although the common goal of all thoughts is the happiness of humanity,
there is a conflict between these thoughts on the ways to be followed and adhered to in reaching
the goal. Especially in the philosophy of the state and society, the theological and political ideas that
are very different from each other and working on what kind of administration and who should
govern the state available.
institution that transmit cultural heritage, but also an institution that produces solutions to
political and social problem.
Q.2 Analyse the role of family, religion, school and teacher in the social development of
an individual.
The concept of social development lies in the concept of socialization. It involves learning the values,
knowledge, and skills that enable children to relate to others effectively and to contribute in positive
ways to family, school and the community. To understand that, we have to understand socialization
at the time of his birth, a child is very selfish. Social scientific notions of the disappearance or
vestigialization of religion and family are deeply rooted in our theoretical conceptions of the social
processes that created the modern world and that now are transforming that modernity into post-
industrial, postmodern society. Theories of modernization envision social change as entailing the
rationalization of all spheres of existence. In a statement characterizing the classic modernization
approach, Moore (1963, p. 79) says, “A major feature of the modern world . . . is that the rational
orientation is pervasive and a major basis for deliberate change in virtually every aspect of man’s
concerns.” There is little room for the seemingly irrational and unscientific impulses of religion,
primary emotions, and familial concerns.

With this approach, the secularization of religion is a given. Moore (1963, p. 80) states, “Even with
regard to the role of religion in human affairs, the ‘rational spirit’ takes the form of secularization,
the substitution of nonreligious beliefs and practices for religious ones.” Though religion survives, it
addresses “personal misfortune and bereavement” above all else in modern society (Moore 1963, p.
104).
Q.3 What are the psychological consideration for the teacher and the taught in the
education system?

Importance of Educational Psychology for Teachers:

Teacher is like a philosopher who guides his student. He is responsible to be aware about growth
and development of the students. It is educational psychology which enables the teacher to use
various techniques. The importance of educational psychology and teachers has the following
points:

 Educational Psychology helps teacher to know that how learning takes place.
 It enables a teacher that how learning process should be initiated, how to motivate, how to
memorize or learn.
 It helps teachers to guide the students in right direction in order to canalized student’s
abilities in right direction.
 It informs a teacher, about the nature of the learners and his potentialities.
 It helps a teacher to develop a student personality because the whole educational process is
for student’s personality development.
 It helps a teacher to adjust his methodologies of learning to the nature / demand of the
learner.
 It enables a teacher to know the problems of individual differences and treat every student
on his / her merit.
Q.4 Discuss the concept of economics of education. What are the model of financial
decision making and how financing is done is education?
In the 1999 through 2000 school year, spending for all levels of education amounted to $646.8 billion.
According to the National Centre for Education Statistics, of this total, $389 billion was spent for K–
12 education and the remaining $257.8 billion was expended by postsecondary institutions. Despite
the substantial financial commitment to education, the impact of economics on the way educational
institutions allocate and use their resources has been remarkably limited. Economics is concerned
with obtaining the best possible outcome from a limited budget, and thus seems an ideal approach for
dealing with how to allocate resources within school. Although economists are beginning to analyze
educational problems increasing numbers, they have yet to make major inroads in improving
educational productivity. This article describes ways in which economic analysis could be used to
improve decision-making in educational institutions, and to inform the allocation and use of
educational resources.
Q5 Elaborate the procedure of scientific method, the steps involved and its limitations.

Scientists follow the scientific method exactly? No. Some areas of science can be more easily tested
than others. For example, scientists studying how stars change as they age or how dinosaurs digested
their food cannot fast-forward a star’s life by a million years or run medical exams on feeding
dinosaurs to test their hypotheses. When direct experimentation is not possible, scientists modify the
scientific method. But even when modified, the goal (and many of the steps) remains the same: to
discover cause and effect relationships by asking questions, carefully gathering and examining the
evidence, and seeing if all the available information can be combined into a logical answer. New
information or thinking might also cause a scientist to back up and repeat steps at any point during the
process. Understanding the steps of the scientific method will help you focus your scientific question
and work through your observations and data to answer the question as well as possible.