Reading and Writing Skills

Lesson
1
Post Writing Strategies

Revision- the act of editing/revising

Donald Murray, a renowned writing teacher once said that "All writing is rewriting".

Revision
- is the general process of going back through your whole draft, from start to end, and
improving on or clarifying your writing subject's meaning.

Editing, sometimes known as proofreading

- is the more meticulous process of clarifying meaning by revising each word and line of
your draft.

(Note that while revision focuses on the bigger picture of your draft, editing focuses on
its finer details, making sure every single word contributes precise meaning to your
writing subject..)

TWO STEPS IN REVISING YOUR DRAFT

STEP 1: Take a bird's eye view of your draft, to reread it as a whole.

STEP 2: Reviewing your draft portion by portion and adding in, filtering, and re-
organizing content according to form and flow.

STEPS IN EDITING YOUR DRAFT

- Once you have revised all the content of your draft to your liking, you can now process
to the final stage of the writing process:

Editing
- Remember that editing (or proofreading) is revising your draft line by line, word per
word according to proper grammar, spelling capitalization, and punctuation.
 Reading and Writing Skills

Lesson
2
The Research Paper

1. Planning your Research

A. Work with a familiar subject

-it would be very convenient for you as a researcher. You know what your sources are
and where to find them. You already have your own insights and assumptions before
you even starts research.

B. Try something new that piques your interest (relate the topic to yourself)
-If you want to try researching on something beyond your comfort zone, go for what
your curiosity leads to you.

C. Browse through available research materials

-What is the easiest and most convenient source you can reach given the amount of
time you to work on your paper? Exhaust every possible means of getting sources as all
these might eventually add more insights and depth to your final research paper.

2. Finding Primary Sources

-Primary Sources are very useful materials from which you can acquire first-hand
information. (interview/observation)

3. Finding sources in the library

-Secondary sources are those whose information offers second-hand data to you.
(library)

4. Making a working bibliography

-A working bibliography is a list of all the sources you have come across as you are
doing your research.

PLAGIARISM
-Plagiarism is both consciously and unconsciously copying someone's works and
claiming the copy as your own without due to citation.
The Common Types of Plagiarism

A. Direct Plagiarism
-copying of any part of your source material to your own research paper.

B. Self-plagiarism
-using your own previous work, or a combination of the words you used in your previous
work, and passing it to your instructor as a new submission.

C. Mosaic Plagiarism
-also called "patch writing".
-this means that the author attempts to paraphrase a source into his/her own paper but
maintains the original syntax or sentence structure.

D. Accidental Plagiarism
-is done unintentionally. While there is an attempt to paraphrase, summarize, and
quote, in text citation and bibliography are still mainly forgotten usually due to
carelessness.

The APA Citation Guide

The APA or the American Psychological Association, is the citation guid commonly
used in disciplines under the social sciences like Anthropology Archaeology, History
and Sociology. The title given to the bibliography page using the APA style is
"Reference".

A. Basic format for books

Murray, D.M (2005).Write to Learn. 8th Edition, Boston, Massachussets: Thompson

Wadsworth

Paraphrasing, Summarizing, Quoting

Paraphrasing
-is taking one whole paragraph into consideration and "rewriting all of it using your own
words". While paraphrasing entails rewriting an entire paragraph,

Summarizing,
- on the other hand, "only calls for the gist of your resource material". A summary is a
"great shorter than the original body of the text you are trying to cite."

Quoting
- "It is the acknowledgement of any idea" taken from another source by placing selected
passages inside quotation marks ("...."). and to provide a bibliographic entry at the end
of the paper
 Reading and Writing Skills

Lesson
3
Project Proposal
-are documents that are written for problem solving, service provision, event planning or
equipment selling.
-Generally, proposals are used in order to convince the reader to do what the proposal
suggests, like buying goods or services, funding a project, or implementing a program.
-A proposal stands out depending on its ability to clearly answer questions about what is
being proposed, how the plan will be carried out, when it will be implemented and how
much money will be needed or spent.
-In other words, proposal are persuasive documents that need to do the following:
highlight reader benefits, prove your credibility in carrying out the project, and allow the
reader to respond easily

Formatting the Project Proposal

Proposals are primarily categorized according to their length. An informal proposal is

about two to four pages long. A formal proposal, meanwhile, has five or more pages.
Regardless of their purpose and audience, they have standard parts.

These are follows:

1. Introduction
- this part "provides the background necessary for understanding the project". This is
done by discussing the following:

Rationale
- this "identifies the problem" to be addressed and shows the need to solve it.

Objectives
- these reveals what the project intends to achieve in terms of results. It also gives the
reader an idea of the intended solution. (states the goals and the solution)

Benefits
- this shows the benefits that the reader or the target audience can gain from the
proposal. (the benefits the audience can gain from the proposal)

2. Project Description
- this section gives specific information about the project itself. It indicates how the
project will address the identified problem. (overview of why you're doing a project) It
does this through the following:
Methodology
- this "details the different activities the project will take on", including the manpower (i.e
the people involved and their duties) and resources to be utilized, and the expected
output. (bridge the gap between the objectives)

Schedule
- this discusses the "task duration and expected start and end dates" of each activity in
the project.

Budget
- this presents an "analysis of all costs" anticipated in the project.

The following section provides some guidelines in writing the proposal:

1. Gathering Data.
-One of the characteristics of an "effective proposal is being well-researched."

2. Organizing Data.
-A proposal becomes more "effective if the information on it is clearly organized."
 Reading and Writing Skills

Lesson
4
Writing for College and Employment Applications

Planning Your Career

1. Determining your interests

-The first step in the job search is to "reflect on what you like and dislike".

2. Assessing your qualifications

-"evaluate your skills and experiences".
-be honest and realistic about your abilities, because potential schools and employers
will require evidence of your qualifications.

3. "Selecting an academic track and searching for a college course or a vocational

school"
- Look for degree programs that are in line with your interests.
-Think about the "subjects that you like in school and your extra-curricular activities".
-Consider the jobs of your family members and ask them for advice.
-Talk to your other friends and find out how they get their career ideas.
-Research on the careers that are most in demand or the new jobs that have many
opportunities.

4. Searching for a job

-You may also decide to start working immediately after high school, or while you are
studying.
-It will be helpful to start researching on jobs that suit your qualifications and interests.

The following are some ways to perform a job search:

-Use the internet. "There are many job search websites that provide many resources on
career planning".
-Apply for a part-time role, summer job, or internship in the career field you are
interested in.
-Read the classified ads in the newspaper on the internet.

Writing Your Resume

-you use resume particularly for applying jobs

-A resume is a "document that contains a brief account of person's education, skills,

work experience, and other qualifications". "It allows school admission officers or hiring
officers to assess your experience and determine how you will contribute to their
organization."
1. Formatting your resume
-The most typical format of a resume is the chronological resume.
-it describes your work experience role by role, beginning with the most recent job. This
type of resume is the most popular because your education and work history is
immediately revealed.

The following section details the categories that normally appear in a

chronological resume:

Heading
-This includes your "identifying information, such as full name, address, home phone
number, and e-mail".

Objective
-This informs the reader of "the specific purpose of your resume" *such as application
for a job or a degree program. Take care to make it specific, focused on the audience's
needs and concise.

Education
-"This lists the high schools you have attended." *You may include your class rank,
average or honors/advanced courses you may have taken, if these are noteworthy.

Honors and awards

-"This lists any academic and extra-curricular recognition you may have received." *It
gives the reader a short description of the award and tells the reader when you won it

School activities
- "This enumerates your experience in school" * including clubs, class projects, sports,
etc. You ought to be descriptive in this section to give the reader a good grasp of your
experience.

Work experience
- "This reveals any relevant work experience you may have had (paid or voluntary)." *
Include your job title, the name of the organization, the dates of your employment, and
your specific duties and accomplishments. Show tasks that reveal your technical,
communication, leadership, and interpersonal skills. You may also include experience
outside school, such as community involvement. List the most recent employment role
first and from there, work backward.

-Worked with my classmates on a project

-Led a group of 20 students in designing the set for our Florante at Laura play The
second statement gives the reader a better idea of your role. Be sure to place these
details in a bulleted list and write them in phrases for easier reading
Enrichment activities
-"This details any other projects, skills, programs, relevant hobbies, or experiences that
strengthen your application." Make sure to provide a short description of each and the
month and year that it occurred. These show that you are well-rounded person.

Polishing your resume.

1.Revising
-involves validating information you lace in your resume, especially the data concerning
your education and employment. make sure your informations are valid

2.Updating
-be sure to continously upate your resume as you change jobs.

3.Proofreading
-reread your resume several times to make sure that you do not have any errors in
content.