PHY4003 Modern Optics (Class 22)

Joon I. Jang
Department of Physics, Sogang University
Spring Semester 2022
Attendance record SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Grade = homework (30+) + midterm (30) + final (30) + attendance (10)

Typically,

1. 10 points for perfect attendance

2. 8 points for one absence
3. 6 points for two absences
4. 4 points for three absences
5. 2 points for four absences

10 points can make F to D or higher. -10 points can make A to B or lower.

If you think there is any error in bookkeeping, let me know and I will check.
Stokes parameters SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Polarization in terms of not E field but intensity that can be measured

Transmittance by 4 filters: Unique determination of the polarization state of light

1. ND (neutral density) filter (isotropic filter): I0

2. Linear polarizer (transmission axis 0o): I1
3. Linear polarizer (transmission axis 45o): I2
4. Circular polarizer (ℛ-state): I3

Measure
Intensity

Intensity

ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
ൡ polarization state ቐ 45𝑜 𝑜𝑟 − 45𝑜
𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
Stokes parameters: HW10 proof SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Unpolarized beam: (1,0,0,0)

horizontal beam: (1,1,0,0) & vertical beam: (1,-1,0,0)

45o beam: (1,0,1,0) & -45o beam: (1,0,-1,0)

ℛ-state beam: (1,0,0,1) & ℒ-state beam: (1,0,0,-1)

Stokes parameters SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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(1,-1,0,0)+(2,0,0,-2) = (3,-1,0,-2)

V = 5/3

Complete polarization:

Degree of polarization:
Jones vectors SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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For only polarized light
Jones and Muller matrices SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Example 4 SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Cross polarization
1 0 0 0 0 0
=
0 0 0 1 0 0

1 −1 1 1 0 0
=
−1 1 1 1 0 0

1 𝑖 1 −𝑖 0 0
=
−𝑖 1 𝑖 1 0 0

Half WP = 2 quarter WP
Example 5 SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Example 6 SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝜃 0 1 0 0 0
0 𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝜃 0 1 0 0
One problem disclosed for YOU! SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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CH. 9 Interference SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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It is all about the OPD  phase difference

Phase shift upon reflection

CH. 9 Interference SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Interferometers: Most precision measurement

LIGO+VIRGO: Detection of gravitational wave

Conditions for interference SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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1) Orthogonal lights cannot interfere: ℒ-state vs. ℛ-state

2) (Too much) different colors cannot interfere: IR vs. UV
3) Incoherent lights cannot interfere & OPD < coherence length

→
Special case: I1=I2
Two types of interference SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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To observe interference clearly, it is suggested to use a single source:

Beam splitting is required:

Wavefront splitting Amplitude splitting

Wavefront splitting: Young’s exp. SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Location for bright & dark fringes

Wavefront splitting: Young’s exp. SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Regularly spaced fringes

Constructive IF:

Diffraction
Coherence length & coloration SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Particle interference: Quantum mechanics SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Electron beam interference

Young’s exp. with dim light: a few photons

Similar stuffs SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Fresnel double mirror Lloyd mirror

Lloyd mirror: 1) 180 degree shift by reflection  pattern change

2) Only half space
Amplitude splitting: Haidinger fringes SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Haidinger type: caused by difference in angle

Wait! 𝑟 = −𝑟′

There is an upper limit in the mode number.