CONTROL SYSTEMS

Unit 1
Text book
Norman Nise – Control System Engg.

Reference books
1. Smarajit Ghosh, “ Control Systems (Theory And
Applications)”, Pearson Education,2005
2. Benjamin C Kuo. “Automatic Control System.” 8th
Edition, John Wiley &Sons,2003.
3. R.C. Dorf And R.H. Bishop, “Modern Control Systems
(Examples And Design Problems)”, Pearson Education, 2004
4. M. Gopal, “Control Systems-Principles And Design”,
Tata McGrawhill – 3nd Edn. 2002.
5. K. Ogata, “Modern Control Engineering”, Pearson
Edition.
System?
Collection of components or elements to perform the
specified task.

Types of System?
• Electrical system
• Mechanical system
• Electromechanical system
• Hydraulic system
• Pneumatic system
• Thermal system
Control System (or) Controlled System?
The output quantity of the system is controlled by
varying the input quantity.
Types of Control System?
• Open loop control system
• Closed loop control system
Open loop control system
An open-loop control system is one in which the control action
is independent of the output.

Disturbance Disturbance

+ +
+ Process or Plant +
Controller to be
Input controlled Output
or or
Reference Controlled
or Variable
Set value
Practical Examples of Open Loop Control System

 Electric Hand Drier – Hot air (output) comes out as long as you
keep your hand under the machine, irrespective of how much your
hand is dried.

 Automatic Washing Machine – This machine runs according to the

pre-set time irrespective of washing is completed or not.

 Bread Toaster - This machine runs as per adjusted time irrespective

of toasting is completed or not.

 Automatic Tea/Coffee Maker – These machines also function for

pre adjusted time only.

 Light Switch – lamps glow whenever light switch is on irrespective of

light is required or not.
 Closed loop control system or Automatic Control System

A closed-loop control system is one in which the control

action is somehow dependent on the output.

Desired Disturbance Disturbance

Correction
output element + Output
+ Process or
+
+ + Plant
or
Controller Actuator
to be
Input Controlled
controlled
or - Variable
Reference
or
Set value Actual
output Feedback element
(Transducer
or sensor)
Practical Examples of Closed
Loop Control System
Automatic Electric Iron – Heating
elements are controlled by output
temperature of the iron.

Servo Voltage Stabilizer – Voltage

controller operates depending upon
output voltage of the system.
Water Level Controller– Input
water is controlled by water level of
the reservoir.
An Air Conditioner – An air
conditioner functions depending upon
the temperature of the room.
Cooling System in Car – It
operates depending upon the
temperature which it controls.
Open loop control system Closed loop control system
Advantages Advantage
Always a stable system Accurate output
Economic system Reliable output
Disadvantages Disadvantages
Inaccurate output Costlier
Unreliable output Designing a stable CL system
is tedious
 Classifications of Control
System
Continuous Time Feedback
System
If the signals in all parts of a control system are continuous
functions of time, the system is classified as continuous time
feedback control system.
 Classifications of Control
System
Discrete Data Feedback Control
Systems
Discrete data control systems are those systems in which at one
or more pans of the feedback control system, the signal is in the
form of pulses. Usually, the error in such system is sampled at
uniform rate and the resulting pulses are fed to the control
system.
 Classifications of Control
System
Linear Control Systems
An element is said to be linear if it obeys the principle of super
position and homogeneity.
 Classifications of Control
System
Non-Linear Control Systems
Any system which does not obey superposition principle is said to
be a non-linear system. Physical systems are in general non-linear
and analysis of such systems is very complicated. Hence these
systems are usually linearised.
 Classifications of Control
System
Time Invariant Systems
When the input to a system is delayed by T seconds, if the output
is also delayed by the same time T, the system is said to be a
time invariant system.
 Mathematical Modeling
if a system is composed of linear, lumped and time invariant
elements, its behaviour can be modelled by either linear algebraic
equations or linear differential equations with constant
coefficients.
If the input output relations are algebraic, the system is said to be
a static system.
if the relations are described by differential equations (the most
used) , the system is said to be a dynamic system.
Another most useful and common mathematical model is the
Transfer function' of the system.
 Transfer Function
It is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of the output to the
Laplace transform of the input. It is assumed that all initial
condition in the system are zero
 Electrical Systems
Obtain the relation between the applied voltage and the current in
the form of (a) Differential equation (b) Transfer function