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EDUCATIONL STATISTICS (8614)

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

ASSIGNMENT#1

Submitted By A.R Saghar

Roll No CA651432

Course Title Educational Statistics

Course Code 8614

Level B.ed( 1.5 years)

Semester Spring 2021

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EDUCATIONL STATISTICS (8614)

ASSIGNMENT No. 1

(Unit: 1-5)

Question No#1 What do you understand by statistics? What are the characteristics

of statistics? Explain in detail.

Answer:

Statistics Definition

Statistics is a branch that deals with each element of the statistics. Statistical understanding

enables to pick out the right technique of amassing the statistics, and rent the ones samples in the

appropriate analysis procedure, for you to efficiently produce the effects. In short, statistics is a

crucial procedure, which facilitates to make the decision based at the statistics. Data concerns the

gathering of statistics, organization, interpretation, evaluation and Statistics presentation. The

primary purpose of using data is to plan the gathered Statistics in terms of the experimental

designs and statistical surveys. Data is taken into consideration as a mathematical technological

know-how that works with the numerical data.

Statistics is a vast situation with packages in full-size sort of fields. The word “statistics” is

derived from the Latin phrase “status”, which means a political kingdom. Statistics is a branch of

know-how that offers with statistics and figures. The time period Statistics refers to a fixed of

strategies and regulations for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting Statistics. It's far a

manner of getting statistics from statistic

Functions of Statistics

Functions of Statistics are summarized beneath following headings.

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1. To present facts in a definite form

Day by day we encounter hundreds of thousands of portions of statistics which are frequently

indistinct, indefinite and unclear. Whilst such pieces of Statistics undergo positive statistical

strategies and are represented within the shape of tables or figures, they constitute things in a

attitude which is easy to realize.

2. To simplify unmanageable and complicated data

In our everyday life and in studies additionally, we regularly get big amount of Statistics. To get

a clear picture, Statistics enables us both via simplifying such Statistics through taking few

figures to serve as a representative sample or by way of taking common to present a chook’s eye

view of the big masses. Complex statistics may be simplified by way of offering them in the

shape of a tables, graphs or diagrams, or representing it via a median and many others.

3. To use techniques for making comparisons

Frequently in studies matters grow to be extra clean and big whilst they're in comparison with

others of the identical kind. The assessment between two extraordinary agencies is courtesy of

positive statistical strategies, such as average, coefficients, charges, ratios, and so on.

4. To expand individual experience

As a man or woman our knowledge is restricted to what we can have a look at and see; and that

is a very small a part of the ocean of knowledge. Statistics extends our know-how and

experiences by means of presenting numerous conclusions and results, primarily based on

numerical investigations. As an example, we daily pay attention and also have trendy affect that

the price of dwelling has expanded.

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However to realize to what numbers the boom has happened, and the way a long way the upward

thrust in prices have affected special earnings organizations, it might be important to have a

comparison of the upward thrust in charges of articles consumed.

5. To provide guidance in the formulation of policies

Statistics permits us to make correct choices, whether or not they're taken with the aid of a

businessman or government. In fact statistics is a high-quality servant of enterprise in control,

government. Statistical methods are employed in industry in tackling the trouble of

standardization of merchandise. Huge industries preserve a separate branch for statistical

intelligence or statistical bureau, the work of which is to collect, examine and coordinate figures

for formulating destiny rules of the firm regarding production and income.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STATISTICS

Following are the traits of statistics.

 Statistics includes aggregate facts

The statistics which can be studied on the subject of time, place or frequency may be referred to

as Statistics. A single isolated and unconnected fact or determine isn't Statistics due to the fact

we cannot examine it in relation to different statistics and figures. Only aggregate of facts e.g.

educational achievement of the scholars, I.Q. of a group of students, weight of college students

in a category, profit of a firm and many others are called data.

 Multiple causes affect statistics

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Phenomena may be stricken by such a lot of factors. We cannot examine the effects of 1 thing on

the phenomena simplest with the aid of ignoring others. To have a real picture we ought to

examine the consequences of all factors on the phenomena separately as well as collectively,

because effects of the factors can alternate with change of region, time or state of affairs.

 Data have to be numerically expressed, enumerated of estimated

Statistics to be known as statistics ought to be numerically expressed in order that counting or

measurement of statistics can be made feasible. It way that the Statistics or the fact ought to be in

quantitative shape as success rankings 60, 50, eighty five, 78, and 91 out of 100. If it isn't in

quantitative form it needs to be quantified.

 Statistics are enumerated or envisioned consistent with affordable preferred of

accuracy

For a clear photo of the phenomena under investigation, it ought to be researched the usage of

affordable preferred of accuracy depending upon the character and reason of collection of

statistics. Statistics collection should be loose from non-public prejudices and biases. Biased and

personally prejudiced Statistics ends in misguided end.

 Statistics are collected in a systematic way

As a way to have affordable general of accuracy statistics/statistics have to be amassed in a

completely systematic way. Any rough and haphazard method of series will now not be ideal for

that may cause mistaken and wrong end.

 Statistics for a pre-decided purpose

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Before collection of statistics, investigator/researcher should have a motive and then have to

accumulate statistics therefore. Data gathered without any cause is of no use. While not having a

clear idea about the reason we can not be in a function to distinguish among important statistics

and needless statistics or applicable statistics and inappropriate Statistics.

 Statistics are capable of being placed in relation to each other

Statistics is a technique for the cause of contrast and so on. It should be able to being as

compared; in any other case, it will lose tons of its significance. Comparison may be made best if

the statistics are homogeneous. It's far with the use of comparison most effective that we are able

to illustrate changes which might also relate to time, location, frequency or some other man or

woman, and statistical gadgets are used for this reason

IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF STATISTICS

Statistics is crucial in our daily life. We stay within the statistics global and lots of this statistics

is decided mathematically with the assist of statistics. It manner data keeps us knowledgeable

approximately every day going on. Significance of statistics in our each day life is mentioned

below following headings.

I. Each day we watch climate forecasting. It's miles viable because of some pc models based on

statistical principles. Those fashions examine prior weather with the modern-day weather and

predict future weather.

II. Statistics is often used by the researchers. They use statistical strategies to gather applicable

Statistics. In any other case there can be loss of cash, time and different assets.

III. In enterprise market statistics play a greater position. Statistical techniques are the key of

ways buyers and businessmen invest and make money. Additionally, in industry, those
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equipment are used in nice testing. Manufacturing managers are constantly fascinated to

discover whether or not the product is confirming the specification or not. He uses statistical

gear like inspection plan, manipulate chart and so forth.

IV. Statistics additionally has a massive function inside the clinical area. Earlier than any pills

prescribed, pharmacists show statistically legitimate fee of effectiveness. In addition statistics

is at the back of all different scientific studies. Docs are expecting illnesses on the bases of

statistical standards.

V. Print and electronic media use statistical equipment to make predictions of winner of

elections and coming authorities.

VI. Statistics has widely been used in psychology and training to decide the reliability and

validity to a test, thing analysis and so forth.

VII. Apart from above statistics has a wide software in advertising, manufacturing, finance,

banking, funding, purchase, accounting and control manipulate.

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Question No#2 What do you understand by the term “data”? Write in detail the

types of data.

Answer:

Definition of Data
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The term “data” refers back to the type of information a researcher obtains to reap goals of his

research. All studies strategies begin with series of data, which performs a substantial position

within the statistical evaluation. This term is used in distinctive contexts. In popular, it suggests

Statistics or figures from which conclusions can be drawn. Or it is a raw fabric from which

information is acquired. Data are the real portions of statistics which you acquire through your

take a look at. In different words data may be defined as collection of facts and info like text,

figures, observations, symbols, or definitely description of things, event or entity accrued with a

view of drawing inferences. It's far an uncooked fact which must be processed to get

information.

TYPES OF DATA

In research, distinct strategies are used to acquire statistics, all of which fall into classes, i.e.

Primary data and secondary data. It's far a common classification primarily based upon who

accumulated the data.

Primary Data

Because the call shows, is one which is gathered for the first time by means of the researcher

himself. Number one statistics is originated with the aid of the researcher for the primary time

for addressing his studies hassle. It is also referred to as first hand uncooked statistics. The

statistics can be accrued the use of diverse strategies like survey, observations, bodily trying out,

mailed questionnaire, questionnaire stuffed and despatched via enumerators, private interviews,

telephonic interviews, awareness businesses discussion, case research, and so forth.

Secondary Data
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Factor in the direction of the second one hand data already amassed and recorded through some

other person with a cause no longer relating to contemporary studies trouble. It's far without

difficulty to be had form of data and saves time and forged of the researcher. But because the

data is collected for the motive apart from the trouble underneath investigation, so the usefulness

of the data may be limited in a number of ways like relevance and accuracy. Also, the targets and

techniques followed to accumulate data may not be appropriate to the cutting-edge scenario.

Consequently, the researcher must be careful when using secondary data. Examples of secondary

data are censuses data, guides, internal statistics of the groups, reviews, books, journal articles,

web sites and many others

KEY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA

 Primary data refers to the data originated by the researcher for the primary time. Secondary

data is already current Data, accrued by other researchers, companies, and organizations.

 Primary Data is actual-time Data whereas secondary data is one that relates to the past.

 Primary data is collected to address the problem in hand while the cause at the back of series

of secondary data isn't the same as the problem in hand.

 Series of primary Data is an onerous system. Then again series of secondary data is easy and

fast.

 Assets of primary Data are survey, observations, physical testing, mailed questionnaire,

questionnaire filled and dispatched by enumerators, private interviews, telephonic interviews,

Awareness Corporation’s dialogue, case research, etc. Then again resources of secondary are

censuses data, guides, internal data of the agencies, reports, books, magazine articles,

websites and so forth.

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 Series of primary data calls for a big numbers of sources like time, cost, and human sources.

Then again series of secondary data is costly and effortlessly available.

 Primary data is unique to the researcher’s desires. He can control the first-rate of research.

However, secondary data is neither precise to researcher desires nor has he manipulate over

the satisfactory of data.

 Primary data is to be had in the uncooked shape even as secondary data has undergone a few

statistical tactics and is delicate from primary data.

 Data gathered from number one resources are greater reliable and correct than the secondary

sources

Other Types of Data

Data can be described as a scientific file of a specific numbers. It's far the extraordinary values of

that numbers represented collectively in a set. It's miles a group of data and figures to be used for

a specific motive such as a survey or evaluation. While organized in an organized shape, may be

referred to as data.

Different varieties of data on the basis of data it contained are:

Data may be qualitative or quantitative. Once you recognize the distinction among them, you

could recognise the way to use them.

 Qualitative Data: they constitute some characteristics or attributes. They depict descriptions

that may be discovered but cannot be computed or calculated. As an instance, data on

attributes consisting of intelligence, honesty, knowledge, cleanliness, and creativity amassed

the usage of the students of your magnificence a sample could be classified as qualitative.

They're greater exploratory than conclusive in nature.

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 Quantitative Data: these may be measured and no longer clearly determined. They may be

numerically represented and calculations can be finished on them. For example, data at the

numbers of students playing unique sports activities out of your elegance gives an estimate of

ways the various overall students play which sport. This data is numerical and may be

classified as quantitative.

 Cross-sectional data

 Cross-sectional data is a type of data amassed by means of gazing many subjects (along with

people, corporations, countries, or regions) at the equal point of time, or without regard to

variations in time.

 It’s far the Data for a unmarried time point or single area factor.

 This kind of data is constrained in that it can't describe adjustments over the years or cause

and effect relationships in which one variable impacts the opposite.

 Categorical data

 Express variables constitute forms of data which may be divided into agencies. Examples of

categorical variables are race, intercourse, age organization, and educational stage.

 The data, which cannot be measured numerically, is referred to as the categorical Data.

Specific data is qualitative in nature.

 The specific data is also referred to as attributes.

 A Data set inclusive of statement on a unmarried function is a uni variate Data set. A uni

variate data set is categorical if the person observations are specific responses.

Example of express data: intelligence, splendor, literacy, unemployment

 Time-series data
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 Time collection data takes place wherever the identical measurements are recorded on a

ordinary foundation.

 Quantities that represent or trace the values taken with the aid of a variable over a period

together with a month, sector, or year.

 The values of various phenomenons together with temperature, weight, population, and so

on. May be recorded over a exclusive period of time.

 The values of the variable remain growing or decreasing or regular.

 The data in keeping with time intervals is known as time-collection data. e.g Population in a

distinctive time period.

 Spatial data

 Also referred to as geospatial data or geographic data it is the data or data that identifies the

geographic place of functions and barriers on the planet, inclusive of natural or built

functions, oceans, and more.

 Spatial data is usually saved as coordinates and topology and is data that can be mapped.

 Spatial data is used in geographical data structures and other geolocation or positioning

offerings.

 Spatial data includes points, strains, polygons and different geographic and geometric data

primitives, which can be mapped by location, stored with an object as metadata or utilized by

a communication gadget to find cease-user devices.

 Spatial data may be categorised as scalar or vector data. Each presents wonderful data

pertaining to geographical or spatial places.

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Question No#3 What types of characteristics a pictogram should have to successfully

convey the meaning? Write down the advantages and drawbacks of using pictograms.

Answer:

Definition of Pictograms

A pictogram is a graphical symbol that conveys it’s that means via its pictorial resemblance to a

physical item. A pictogram might also encompass a symbol plus graphic elements which include

border, lower back sample, or colour this is meant to convey unique data. We can also say that a

pictogram is a kind of graph that makes use of pictures as opposed to bars to represent data

beneath evaluation.

A pictogram is likewise called “pictograph”, or sincerely “picto”. A pictogram or pictograph

represents the frequency of data as images of symbols. Every photograph or symbols may

additionally represent one or more devices of Statistics. Pictograms shape a part of our each day

lives. They are utilized in delivery, medication, training, computer systems and many others.

They indicate, in iconic shape, locations, directions, moves or constraints on moves in both the

real global (a road, a city, and so forth) or in virtual global.

A pictogram is a stylized figurative drawing that is used to bring data of an analogical or

figurative nature at once to suggest an item or to specific an idea. Pictograms can satisfy many

functions. They are used to replace written indications and commands expressing regulatory,

mandatory, caution and prohibitory Statistics, while that data have to be processed fast (e.g.

Road site visitors signs and symptoms), whilst users speak unique languages (i.e. Non-natives),

have constrained linguistic capacity (e.g. Human beings with low levels of literacy or little

schooling), or have visual troubles (e.g. Older human beings), and mainly while there's a felony
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obligation to tell, and for the user to conform with statistics, specifically for safety functions (e.g.

Use of dangerous materials at paintings).

A pictograms desires to seize customers' interest (users need to see the pictogram), to improve

users' comprehension of warnings (users want to take care of it), and it additionally needs to

increase their cognizance of risk, typically by serving as an "instantaneous memorandum" of a

danger.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PICTOGRAM

To successfully bring the means, a pictogram:

1. Has to be self-explanatory.

2. Have to be recognizable by means of anybody.

3. Must represent a fashionable concept.

4. Have to be clean concise and interesting.

5. Have to be identifiable as a fixed, thru uniform remedy of scale, fashion and situation.

6. Need to be especially visible, smooth to reproduce in any scale and in effective or terrible

form.

7. Need to no longer be based upon a border and need to paintings equally properly in

tremendous or bad form.

8. Must keep away from stylistic fads or a business look and ought to mean to extensive target

audience that has a complicated, innovative subculture.

9. Need to be appealing while used with their layout, elements and typestyles

When to use a pictogram

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Pictograms can are available quite regularly while visualizing data in data portraits, reports,

displays, or even resumes. We are able to use a pictogram every time you want to make simple

Data more visually thrilling, extra memorable, or extra attractive.

Whether or not you want to reveal the magnitude of an essential stat or visualize a fraction or

percentage, you may use pictograms to add visible impact to simple Statistics.

ADVANTAGES OF PICTOGRAMS

Following are the advantages of pictograms:

 Pictograms could make warnings greater pleasing.

 They could function an “instant reminder” of a hazard or a longtime message.

 They will enhance warning comprehension for people with visual or literacy difficulties.

 They have got the ability to be interpreted greater as it should be and greater quickly than

words.

 They can be recognized and recalled some distance higher than phrases.

 They are able to improve the legibility of warnings.

 They may be better when challenge acquainted habitual obligations.

DISADVANTAGES OF PICTOGRAM

There are a number of disadvantages of relying on pictograms.

 Only a few pictograms are universally understood.

 Even nicely understood pictograms will now not be interpreted similarly through all

organizations of peoples and across all cultures, and it takes years for any pictogram to attain

most effectiveness.
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 They have got the ability for deciphering the alternative or frequently undesired that means

which can create extra confusion.

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Question No#4 Define normal curve. Write down the properties of normal curve.

Answer:

NORMAL CURVE

One way of offering out how data are dispensed is to devise them in a graph. If the data is lightly

dispensed, our graph will come upon a curve. In data this curve is known as a normal curve and

in social sciences, it is called the bell curve. Normal or bell curved is distribution of data may

additionally evidently occur in numerous possible approaches, with some of opportunities for

trendy deviation (which may be from 1 to infinity). A well-known normal curve has an average

of 0 and preferred of 1. The larger the usual deviation, the flatter the curve will be and vice versa.

A fashionable normal distribution is given beneath

The empirical rule tells you what percentage of your data falls within a sure wide variety of

trendy deviations from the mean:

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• 68% of the data falls within one well-known deviation of the mean.

• 95% of the data falls inside two popular deviations of the mean.

• 99.7% of the data falls within three popular deviations of the mean.

SHAPE OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

A normal distribution is symmetric from the height of the curve, wherein the mean is. Because of

this most of the located data is clustered near the mean, while the data come to be less frequent

while farther far from the mean. The ensuing graph appears as bell-fashioned wherein the mean,

median, and mode are of the same values and appear at the peak of the curve.

The graph is a great symmetry, such that, if you fold it at the center, you will get two equal

halves when you consider that one-half of the observable data points fall on every facet of the

graph.

PARAMETERS OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

The two most important parameters of a normal distribution are the mean and standard deviation.

The parameters determine the form and possibilities of the distribution. The form of the

distribution adjustments as the parameter values trade.

1. Mean

The mean is utilized by researchers as a degree of central tendency. It could be used to describe

the distribution of variables measured as ratios or periods. In a normal distribution graph, the

mean defines the region of the peak, and maximum of the data factors are clustered around the
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mean. Any changes made to the cost of the mean move the curve either to the left or proper

alongside the x-axis.

2. Standard deviation

The standard deviation measures the dispersion of the data factors relative to the mean. It

determines how a ways far from the mean the data factors are placed and represents the space

between the mean and the observations.

On the graph, the same old deviation determines the width of the curve, and it tightens or

expands the width of the distribution along the x-axis. Usually, a small widespread deviation

relative to the mean produces a steep curve, even as a large standard deviation relative to the

mean produces a flatter curve.

Properties

All forms of (normal) distribution share the following traits:

1. It is symmetric

A normal distribution comes with a perfectly symmetrical shape. Which means that the

distribution curve can be divided in the middle to produce two equal halves. The symmetric

shape takes place whilst one-half of the observations fall on each facet of the curve.

2. The mean, median, and mode are identical

The center factor of a normal distribution is the point with the most frequency, which means that

it possesses the maximum observations of the variable. The midpoint is likewise the factor where

those three measures fall. The measures are usually equal in a superbly (normal) distribution.
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3. Empirical rule

In commonly dispensed Statistics, there may be a constant share of distance mendacity below the

curve among the mean and unique variety of standard deviations from the mean. As an instance,

68.25% of all instances fall within +/- one widespread deviation from the mean. 95% of all

instances fall inside +/- standard deviations from the mean, while 99% of all instances fall inside

+/- three standard deviations from the mean.

4. Skewness and kurtosis

Skewness and kurtosis are coefficients that degree how extraordinary a distribution is from a

normal distribution. Skewness measures the symmetry of a normal distribution at the same time

as kurtosis measures the thickness of the tail ends relative to the tails of a normal distribution.

A normal curve has following properties:

 The mean, median or modes are identical.

 The curve is symmetric on the middle (i.e. across the mean).

 exactly half of the values are to the left of the middle and half to the right

 The entire area under the curve is 1.

Acknowledged traits of the normal curve make it feasible to estimate the possibility of

prevalence of any price of a usually dispensed variable. Think that the total vicinity below the

curve is described to be 1. You could multiply that wide variety through a hundred and say there

may be a one hundred percent danger that any cost you could name can be someplace within the

distribution. Similarly, because half the place of the curve is underneath the suggest and half is
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above it, you may say that there's a 50 percent chance that a randomly chosen value will be

above the mean and the identical risk that it'll be beneath it.

It makes sense that the location under the normal curve is equal to the possibility of randomly

drawing a value in that variety. The region is best within the center, wherein the “hump” is, and

thins out toward the tails. That is consistent with the reality that there are more values near the

mean in a normal distribution than far from it.

While the region of the same old ordinary curve is split into sections through preferred

deviations above and underneath the mean, the vicinity in each phase is a recognized amount. As

explained in advance, the vicinity sections of the curve above and below the mean can be

delivered collectively to discover the chance of acquiring a value within (plus or minus) a given

numbers of standard deviations of the mean in every phase is the same as the opportunity of

randomly drawing a fee in that range.

In order to use the area of normal curve to decide the probability of incidence of a given fee, the

cost need to first be standardized, or transformed to a z‐score. To convert a value to a z ‐score is

to express it in terms of how many widespread deviations it's miles above or below the mean.

After the z‐rating is acquired, you can appearance up its corresponding possibility in a table. The

components to compute a z‐score is

Where x is the fee to be converted, μ is the population way, and σ is the population standard

deviation.

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Question No#5 Explain procedures for determining median, with one example each at

least, if:

i. The number of scores is even

ii. The number of scores is odd.

Median

Median is the center price of rank order Data. It divides the distribution in two halves (i.e. 50%

of rankings or observations on both aspects of median value). It means that this value separates

higher half of the data from the lower half. The purpose of the median is to determine the perfect

midpoint of the distribution. Median is suitable for describing ordinal Data.

 The median is the center variety in a sorted, ascending or descending, listing of numbers and

may be greater descriptive of that data set than the average.

 The median is now and again used as opposed to the mean while there are outliers within the

collection that could skew the average of the values.

 If there's a bizarre numbers of numbers, the median value is the range that is in the middle,

with the same amount of numbers under and above.

 if there's an even numbers of numbers in the list, the center pair should be decided, added

together, and divided with the aid of two to locate the median fee.

METHOD FOR DETERMINING MEDIAN

While the wide variety of scores is atypical, truly arrange the ratings in order (from lower to

higher or from higher to lower). The median could be the center rating in the list. Take into

account the set of rankings 2, 5, 7, 10, 12. The score “7”lies in the middle of the rankings, so it's
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far median. While there's a fair numbers of scores in the distribution, arrange the ratings in order

(from decrease to higher or from higher to lower). The median might be the common of the

center two score inside the listing. Consider the set of scores 4, 6, 9, 14 16, 20. The common of

the middle two scores 11.5 (i.e. 9+14/2 = 23/2 = 11.5) is the median of the distribution. Median

is less stricken by outliers and skewed Data and is usually desired degree of relevant tendency

when the distribution is not symmetrical. The median cannot be determined for express or

nominal data.

FINDING THE MEDIAN

Another way of describing the data is by looking at the middle number.  When there are an odd

number of values, we can just find the value so that there is the same number of values above as

there are below this middle value.  When there is an even number of values, there is an issue in

there is not one number that acts as a middle value.  Instead, the two middle numbers such that

there is the same number of values above as below these two middle numbers.  As a

compromise, we take the average of these two middle numbers.  We call this result the median of

the data.  It might help to summarize this in a 3-step process.

Step by Step Process for Finding the Median

Step 1:  Put the numbers in numerical order from smallest to largest.

Step 2:  If there is an odd number of numbers, locate the middle number so that there is an equal

number of values to the left and to the right.  If there is an even number of numbers locate the

two middle numbers so that there is an equal number of values to the left and to the right of these

two numbers.
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Step 3:  If there is an odd number of numbers, this middle number is the median.  If there is an

even number of numbers add the two middles and divide by 2.  The result will be the median.

EXAMPLE: When the numbers are odd

1. Rosa measured the weight in pounds of seven packages bags of oranges that were purchased

at her fruit stand.  The weights are shown below.

   18, 10, 13, 10, 17, 11, 9

Find the median weight

Solution

Step 1: First, put the numbers in numerical order from smallest to largest.

            9, 10, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18

Step 2: Notice that there are 7 numbers.  This is an odd number of values, so we locate the

middle number.  The middle number is 11.  Notice that there are an equal number (3) of numbers

to the left of 11 and to the right of 11.

            9, 10, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18

Step 3: We are in the case that there are an odd number of values, so the median is this middle

number.  That is, the median is 11.

Example 2: The Jameson family drove through 7 states on their summer vacation. Gasoline

prices varied from state to state. What is the median gasoline price?

$1.79, $1.61, $1.96, $2.09, $1.84, $1. 75, $2.11
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Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get:

$1.61,  $1.75,  $1.79,  $1.84,  $1.96,  $2.09,  $2.11

Answer: The median gasoline price is $1.84.

Example 3: During the first marking period, Nicole's math quiz scores were 90, 92, 93, 88, 95,

88, 97, 87, and 98. What was the median quiz score?

Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get:

87,  88,  88,  90,  92,  93,  95,  96,  98

Answer: The median quiz score was 92.

EXAMPLE: When the numbers are even

There are six brothers and sisters in Lupe's family.  Their ages are shown below

Find the median age of the 22, 18, 11, 14, 20, 11 brothers and sisters in Lupe's

family.

 Solution

Step 1: First, put the numbers in numerical order from smallest to largest.

            11, 11, 14, 18, 20, 22

Step 2: Notice that there are 6 numbers.  This is an even number of values, so we locate the two

middle numbers.  The two middle numbers are 14 and 18.  Notice that there are an equal number

(2) of values to the left and to the right of these two middles.
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            11, 11, 14, 18, 20, 22

Step 3: We are in the case that there are an even number of values, so the median is this average

of the two middle numbers.  Add these two middle numbers and divide by 2.

        14 + 18/ 2 =  16

So the median age of the brothers and sisters in Lupe's family is 16.

Example 2: A marathon race was completed by 4 participants. What was the median race time?

2.7 hr,  8.3 hr,  3.5 hr,  5.1 hr

Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get:

2.7,  3.5,  5.1,  8.3

Since there is an even number of items in the data set, we compute the median by taking

the mean of the two middlemost numbers.

3.5 + 5.1 = 8.6

8.6/2=4.3

Answer: The median race time was 4.3 hr.

MERITS OF MEDIAN

1. It’s far rigidly defined.

2. It is simple to recognize and calculate.

3. It isn't tormented by intense values.

4. Despite the fact that the extreme values are not recognized median may be calculated.
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5. It may be located just with the aid of inspection in lots of cases.

6. It can be placed graphically.

7. It isn't a great deal laid low with sampling fluctuations.

8. It may be calculated by using Data based totally on ordinal scale.

9. It is suitable for skewed distribution.

10. It is easily located in man or woman and discrete instructions.

DEMERITS OF MEDIAN

 It isn't always based on all values of the given data.

 For large data length the preparations of the Data in the growing order is truly hard manner.

 It isn't always successful for in addition mathematical remedy.

 It isn't sensitive to a few exchanges inside the data fee.

 It cannot be used for in addition mathematical processing.

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