PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND

PRINCIPLES OF
HYDROSTATICS
FLUIDS

 Fluids are substances that are capable of flowing and conform to the
shape of containing vessels
 (a) liquids are practically incompressible
 (b) liquids occupy definite volumes and have free surfaces
MASS DENSITY - mass per unit of volume
SPECIFIC WEIGHT (UNIT WEIGHT /
WEIGHT DENSITY ) - is the weight per
unit of volume
SPECIFIC VOLUME - is the volume per
unit of weight
SPECIFIC GRAVITY - is the ratio of specific
weight of liquid in question to that of water
Example no. 01 A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1200
c)kg and a volume of 0.952 m3 .
a) Weight
Given:
b) Unit Weight
m = 1200 kg
c) Mass Density
V = 0.952 m3
d) Specific Gravity

𝑚
a) W = mg ; 𝑔 = 9.81 c) 𝑝 =
𝑚
𝑠2
𝑉
𝑚
= (1200 kg)(9.81 𝑠2) 1200 𝑘𝑔
= 0.952 m3
= 11772 N 𝑘𝑔
𝑝 = 1260.50 𝑚3
𝑎𝑤 = 11.77 𝑘𝑁

γ 𝑘𝑁
𝑊 d) 𝑆𝐿 = γ 𝐿 ; γ𝐻𝑠 𝑜 = 9.81 𝑚3
b) γ𝐿 = 𝐻2 𝑜
𝑉
𝑘𝑁
11772 𝑁 12.36
= 𝑚3
0.952 𝑚3 = 𝑘𝑁
9.81 3
𝑚
𝑁
= 12365.55 𝑚3
𝑆𝐿 = 1.26
𝑘𝑁
γ𝐿 = 12.36 𝑚3
Example no. 02 A 5.6 m3 of oil weighs 46800 N. c)
Given:
a) Unit Weight
b) Mass Density
V = 5.6 m3

c) Specific Gravity W = 46800 N

𝑊
a) γ𝐿 = 𝑉
γ 𝑁
=
46800 𝑁 c) 𝑆𝐿 = γ 𝐿 ; γ𝐻𝑠 𝑜 = 9.81𝑥103 𝑚3
5.6 𝑚3 𝐻2 𝑜

𝑁 𝑁
γ𝐿 = 8357.14 𝑚3 8357.14
𝑚3
= 𝑁
9.81 𝑥 103 3
𝑚

𝑊 46800 𝑆𝐿 = 0.85
b)𝑚 = = = 4770.64 kg
𝑔 9.81
𝑚
𝑝= 𝑉
4770.64 𝑘𝑔
= 5.6 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑝 = 851.9 𝑚3
Example no. 03 A gas having a volume of 40 liters has ac)
pressure of 0.24 MPa at 24 degree Celsius. If the gas
𝑚∙𝑁
constant R is equal to 212 , compute; Given:
𝑘𝑔∙𝐾

a) density of gas V = 40 L = 0.04 m3

b) mass of the gas 𝑁 𝑘𝑔
P = 0.24 MPa = 1.24 x 106 𝑠2 = 1.24 x 106 𝑚∙𝑠2
c) weight of the gas
T = 24℃ = 297 K
𝑚∙𝑁
𝑃 R = 212 𝑘𝑔∙𝐾
a) 𝑝 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑘𝑔
1.24x106
𝑚∙𝑠2
= 𝑚∙𝑁
(212 )(297 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔∙𝐾 𝑚
c) W = mg ; 𝑔 = 9.81
𝑘𝑔 𝑠2
𝑝 = 3.81 𝑚3 𝑚
= (0.1524 kg)(9.81 )
𝑠2

W = 1.49 N
b) m = pV
𝑘𝑔
= (3.81 )(0.04 m3 )
𝑚3

m = 0.1524 kg
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICTY - is the
incremental change in volume when the
pressure is changed by an incremental
amount
Example no. 04 A liquid is compressed in a cylinder if it has
c) a volume of 1000 cu.cm (1liter) at 2 MPa and
has a volume of 990 cu.cm at 2.5 MPa.
a) Bulk Modulus of Elasticity Given:

b) Percentage of Volume Decrease ∆𝑃 = 2.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 − 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎

c) Coefficient of Compressibility ∆𝑉 = 990 𝑐𝑚3 − 1000 𝑐𝑚3 = −10 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉0 = 1000 𝑐𝑚3
∆𝑃
a) 𝐸𝐵 = − ∆𝑉 1
𝑉0 c) 𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵
0.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 1
=− −10 𝑐𝑚3 = 50
1000 𝑐𝑚3

𝐸𝐵 = 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎 B = 0.02

∆𝑉
b) %𝑉 = 𝑉0

10 𝑐𝑚3
= 1000 𝑐𝑚3

= 0.01
%V = 1%
VISCOSITY - is the property of fluid which determines
its resistance to shearing stress.
It is sometimes called coefficient of viscosity, or
dynamic viscosity.
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (P = QR) - is the ratio of the
dynamic viscosity to that of
density
 Examples

• Example no. 04
 Examples

• Example no. 04
ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS
ADIABATIC OR ISENTROPIC
CONDITIONS
Other properties

 VAPOR PRESSURE- the pressure exerted by vapor in a closed space

 SURFACE ENERGY - is the energy per unit area caused by relative forces of
cohesion and adhesion