CHAPTER ONE - Properties of Fluids

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. If a certain gasoline weighs 7 KN/m3 , what are the values of its density,
specific volume, and specific gravity relative to water at 150C?
w 1 w
a.) p = b.) v= c.) s =
𝑔 ρ ws

=7 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3(1000) = 1
= 7 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3
9.81 𝑚/𝑠2 713.56 𝐾𝑔/𝑚 3 9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3

p = 713.56 Kg/m3 v = 0.0014 m3/Kg s = 0.714

2. A certain gas weighs 16N/m3 at a certain temperature and pressure. What are
the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to air
weighing 12N/m3?
w 1 w
a.) p = b.) v = c.) s =
𝑔 ρ ws

= 16 𝑁/𝑚 3 v= 1
s = 16 𝑁/𝑚 3
9.81 𝑚/𝑠2 1.63 𝐾𝑔/𝑚 3 12 𝑁/𝑚 3

p = 1.63 Kg/m3 v = 0.613 m3/Kg s = 1.33

3. If 5.30m3 of a certain oils weighs 43,860 N, calculate the specific weight,

density and specific gravity of this oil.
W W w
a.) w = b.) p = c.) s =
𝑔 𝑔𝑉 ws

43.860 𝐾𝑁
43860 𝑘 .𝑚/𝑠2
= = 9.81𝑚
= 8.28 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3
5.30 𝑚 3 ( )(5.30 𝑚 3) 9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3
𝑠2

w = 8.28 KN/m3 p = 843.58 kg/m3 s = 0.844

1
4. The density of alcohol is 790 Kg/m3 . Calculate its specific weight,
specific gravity and specific volume.
w 1
a.) w = pg b.) s = c.) v =
ws ρ

7.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
= (790 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2) =
3 = 1
9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 790 𝑘𝑔 /𝑚 3
3

w = 7.75 KN/m3 s = 0.79 v = 0.00127 m3/kg

5. A cubic meter of air at 101.3 KPa and 150C weighs 12 N. What is its
specific volume?

ρ
w = 12 N/m3 s=
a
ρs
1 1
s= 12 𝑁/𝑚 3 ρ = (1.29 kg/m3)(0.94)
a
v= =
12.7 𝑁/𝑚 3 ρ 1.21 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3

s = 0.94 ρa = (1.21 kg/m3) v = 0.82 m3/kg

6. At a depth of 8 km in the ocean the pressure is 82.26 MPa. Assume the

specific weight on the surface to be 10.10 KN/m3 and that the average bulk
modulus is 2344 MPa for that pressure range. (a) What will be the change in
specific volume between at the surface and at the depth? (b) What will be the
specific volume at that depth? (c) What will be the specific weight at that
depth?

w 10.10(1000) 1 1
a.) p = = p = wh = 10.10(1000)(8000) b.) v = =
𝑔 9.81 ρ 1043 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3

p = 1029.6 kg/m3 p = 80.80 MPa = 9.5 x 10-4

m3/kg

Δv = 3.3 x 10-5 m3/kg

𝑝 82.26 𝑥 106
c.) w = = 8000
ℎ

w = 10282. 5 N/m3
or 10.28 kN/ m3

2
7. To two significant figures what is the bulk modulus of water in KN/m2 at
500C under a pressure of 30 MN/m2?

𝛥𝑝
W = 9.689 KN/m3 Ev = -v1𝛥𝑣

w 9.689
p= = 30,000,000
-3
𝑔 9.81 = -( 1 x 10 )(1 x 10−3−1.012x10−3 )

p = 987.67 kg/ m3 = 2,500,000 Pa

1 1 6
v= = Bv = 2.5 x 10 Pa
ρ 987.67

v = 1.012 x 10-3 m3/kg

8. If the dynamic viscosity of water at 20 degree C is 1x10-3 N.s/m2, what is the

kinematic viscosity in the English units?

µ
1𝑥10−3 𝑘 .𝑚 .𝑠/𝑚 2𝑠2
v= =
𝑝 1000 𝑘𝑔 /𝑚 3

-6 2 3.28 𝑓𝑡 2
v = 1x10 m /s )
1
(

v = 1.08 x 10-5 ft2/s

9. The kinematic viscosity of 1 ft2/sec is equivalent to how many stokes? (1

stoke= 1cm2/sec).

1 inch = 2.54 cm
2 (12 𝑖 )2 (2.54 𝑐 )2
1 ft /s ( ) ) = 929 stokes
1 𝑓𝑡 2 1 𝑖𝑛 2
(

10. A volume of 450 liters of a certain fluids weighs 3.50 KN. Compute the mass
density. (1 m3= 1000 liters).

1𝑚 3 3
450 liters ( )= 0.45 m
1000
W 3.5(1000)
p= = = 792.85 kg/m3
𝑔𝑉 9.81(0.45)

3
11. Compute the number of watts which equivalent to one horsepower. (1 HP =
550 ft-lb/sec; 1 W = 107 dyne-cm/sec; 1 lb = 444,8000 dynes).
𝑓𝑡 −𝑙𝑏 12 𝑖𝑛
2.54 𝑐𝑚 444,800 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
1 Hp = ( ) )( )
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑡 1𝑖 1 𝑙𝑏
500 (

𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 −𝑐𝑚
7456627200
𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 Hp 100000000 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 −𝑐𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
=

1 Hp = 745.66 W

12. A city of 6000 population has an average total consumption per person per day
of 100 gallons. Compute the daily total consumption of the city in cibic meter
per second. (1 ft3 = 7.48 gallons).
1 𝑓𝑡 3 1𝑚3 3
(7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙 ) (3.28 𝑓𝑡3 ) 100 Gallon = 0.379 m

P = 6000 (0.379 m3)

P = 2274 m3

𝑝 2274 𝑚 3
D.C. = ( ) = ( )
𝑑 60𝑥60𝑥24

D.C. = 0.026 m3/s

13. Compute the conversion factor for reducing pounds to newtons.

𝑓𝑡 0.3048 𝑚
1
𝑘𝑔 1𝑁
32.18 ( )( )( )
𝑠2 1 𝑓𝑡 2.205 𝑚 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 2

= 4.448 N

4
CHAPTER TWO – Principles of Hydrostatics

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. If the pressure 3 m below the free surface of the liquid is 140 KPa,
calculate its specific weight and specific gravity.

Solution:

a.) P=wh b.)

W=p/n S=W/ws
=140kPa/3m =46.67/9.81
W=46.67KN/m3 S=4.76

2. If the pressure at the point in the ocean is 1400 KPa, what is the pressure 30 m
below this point? The specific gravity of salt water is 1.03.

Solution:

P=1400kPa+whs

=1400kPa+9.81(30)(1.03)

P=1,703kPa

3. An open vessel contains carbon tetrachloride (s = 1.50) to a depth of 2 m and

water above this liquid to a depth of 1.30 m. What is the pressure at the bottom?

Solution:

Ht=1.50(2) P=wh

=3m =9.81(4.3)

P=42.18kPa

5
4. How many meters of water are equivalent to a pressure of 100 KPa? How
many cm. of mercury?

Solution:

a.) P=wh
b.)h=P/w=100kPa/9.81(13.6)
h=P/w=100kPa/9.81 h=0.75m
h=10.20m of water h=75cm of Hg

5. What is the equivalent pressure in KPa corresponding to one meter of air at

15®C under standard atmospheric condition?

Solution:

P=wh
=(12N/m3)(1m) P=12Pa

6. At sea level a mercury barometer reads 750 mm and at the same time on the
top of the mountain another mercury barometer reads 745 mm. The
temperature of air is assumed constant at 15®C and its specific weight
assumed uniform at 12 N/m3. Determine the height of the mountain.

Solution:

P1=wsh1 ; P2=wsh2 wsh1+wh=wsh2

w(13.6)(0.745)+12h=w(13.6)(0.750)

h=(13.6)[0.75-0.745](9810)/12

h=55.60m

6
7. At ground level the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 KPa at 15®C. Calculate the
pressure at point 6500 m above the ground, assuming (a) no density variation,
(b)an isothermal variation of density with pressure.

Solution:

a.)P2=P1+wh b.)P1=P2e-gh/RT
=101.3-12(6500) =(101.3)e-9.81(6500)(287/239)
P1=23.3kPa P1=47kPa
8. If the barometer reads 755 cm of mercury, what absolute pressure
corresponds to a gage pressure of 130 KPa?

Solution:

Patm=wsh

=9.81(13.6)(0.775)

Patm=100.72kPa

Pabs=Patm=Pgage

=100.72+130

Pabs=230.72 kPa

9. Determine the absolute pressure corresponding to a vacuum of 30 cm of

mercury when the barometer reads 750 mm of mercury.

Solution:

Pv=-whs Patm=whs

=-9.81(0.30)(13.6) =9.81(0.75)(13.6)

Pv=-40.02kPa Patm=100.06kPa Pabs=Patm-Pv

=100.06-40.02

Pabs=60kPa

7
10. Fig. shows two closed compartments filled with air. Gage (1) reads 210 KPa,
gage (2) reds – 25 cm of mercury. What is the reading of gage (3)? Barometric
pressure is 100 KPa.

(1) (2)

11. If the pressure in a gas tank is 2.50 atmospheres, find the pressure in KPa
and the pressure head in meter of water.

Solution:

a.)P=2.5(101.3kPa) b.)P=wh

P=253.25kPa h=P/w=253.25/9.81

H=25.81m

12. The gage at the sunction side of a pump shows a vacuum of 25 cm of

mercury. Compute (a) Pressure head in meter of water, (b) pressure in KPa,
(c) absolute pressure in KPa if the barometer read 755 cm of mercury.

Solution:

a.)h=P/w=33.35/9.81 b.)Pv=-whs

h=3.40m =-0.25(9.81)(13.6)

Pv=-33.35kPa

c.)Pabs=Patm+Pv

=9.81(13.6)(0.775)-33.35

Pabs=67.38kPa

8
13. Oil of specific gravity 0.80 is being pumped. A pressure gage located
downstream of the pump reads 280 KPa. What is the pressure head in meter
of oil?

Solution:

H=P/ws

=280/9.81(0.80)

H=35.70m

14. The pressure of air inside a tank containing air and water is 20 KPa absolute.
Determine the gage pressure at point 1.5 m below the water surface. Assume
standard atmospheric pressure.

Solution:

Pabs=20+1.5(9.81)

=34.72kPa

Pabs=Patm+pg

34.72=101.3=pg

Pg=-66.60kPa

15. A piece of 3 m long and having a 30 cm by 30 cm is placed in a body of water

in a vertical position. If the timber weights 6.5 12 KN/m3what vertical force is
required to hold it to its upper end flush with the water surface?

Solution:

W=wV F=Wa-Ww

=(9.81)(0.3x3x0.3) =2.65kN-1.756kN

W=2.65kN F=0.894kN

VWw=6.5(0.3x0.3x3) Ww=wV

Vw=1.755/9.81 =0.179(9.81) Ww=1.756kN

Vw=0.179m3

9
 16. A glass tube 1.60 m long and having a diameter of 2.5 cm is inserted
vertically into a tank of oil (sg = 0.80) with the open end down and the close
end uppermost. If the open end is submerged 1.30 m from the oil surface,
determine the height from which the oil will rise from the tube. Assume
barometric pressure is 100 KPa and neglect vapor pressure.
Ans: 13.5 cm

17. A gas holder at sea level contains illuminating gas under a pressure equivalent
under a 5 cm of water. What pressure in cm of water is expected in a
distributing pipe at a point of 160 m above sea level? Consider standard
atmospheric pressure at sea level and assume the unit weighs of air and gas to
be constant at all elevations with values of 12 N/m3and 6 N/m3respectively.
Ans: 14.8 cm of water

18. If the barometric pressure is 758 mm of mercury, calculate the value h of figure.

Gage reads – 25 cm Hg

sunction

mercury h

Solution:

P = (13.6)(9.81)(7.08) p =wh

P = 1,011.29 kpa h = p/w

h = 1,011.29/9.81

h = 103.08 m

10
 19. The manometer of figure is tapped to a pipeline carrying oil (sg = 0.85).
Determine the pressure at the center of the pipe.

mercury

75 cm

oil

150 cm

Solution:

P = wsh + wsh

P = (9.81) (13.6) (0.75) + (9.81) (0.85) (1.5) P =

112.6 kpa

20. Determine the gage reading of the manometer system of figur e.

air

water 20cm

Gage 3m

Mercury

11
Solution:

P = -wsh Pg = wsh - wsh

P = - (9.81) (0.2) (13.6) Pg = 9.81 (3) – (9.81) (13.6) (0.2)

P = -26.68 kpa Pg = 2.75 kpa

21. In fig. calculate the pressure at point m.

Liquid (s= 1.60)

water

55 cm

30 cm

. Solution:

Pm = wsh – wsh

Pm = (9.81) (1.60) (0.55) – (9.81) (3)

Pm = 5.70 kpa

22. In fig. find the pressure and pressure at point m ; Fluid A is oil (s= 0.90), Fluid
B is carbon tetrachloride (s= 1.50) and fluid C is air.

C
60 cm

A 45 cm

12
Solution:

a) Pb = -wsh Pm = -8.829 + 0

Pb = - (9.81) (1.5) (0.6) Pm = -8.829 kpa b) h = p/w

Pb = - 8.829 kpa ; -1m(oil) h = -8.82/9.81

23. Compute the gage and absolute pressure at point m at the fig. ; Fluids A and C
is air, Fluid B is mercury.

m 2 cm

B 6 cm

Solution:

Pg = - wsh Pabs = Patm + Pg

Pg = - (9.81) (13.6) (0.06) Pabs = 101.3 – 10.67

Pg = - 10.67 kpa Pabs = 90.63 kpa

24. The pressure at point m is increased from 70 KPa to 105 KPa. This causes the
top level of mercury to move 20 cm in the sloping tube. What is the inclination
θ?

Water mercury

13
. Solution:

P = wsh 10.5 – 26.68sin = 0

P = (9.81) (13.6) (0.20) 26.68sin = 10.5

P = 26.68 kpa = 22.6 °

25. In fig. determine the elevation of the liquid surface in each piezometer.

EL. 7 m

(s= 0.75)

EL. 4.5 m

(s= 1.00)
EL. 4.35 m

EL. 2.15 m

EL. 2 m

(s= 1.50)

Ans: Piezometer 1 = EL. 7 m (connected to the upper liquid)

Piezometer 2 = EL. 6.375 m (connected to the middle liquid)
Piezometer 3 = EL. 6.375 m (ditto)
Piezometer 4 = EL. 4.92 m (connected to the lower liquid)
26. In fig. fluid A is water, fluid B is oil(s= 0.85). Determine the pressure
difference between points m and n.

Solution:

1.02 = y – x

68 – x = z Pm/w – y – 0.68 (0.85) + x = Pn/w

170 – y = 68 – Pm – Pn = [ ( y – x ) + ( 0.65 ) (0.85) ] 9.81 Pm

x
– Pn = ( 1.02 + 0.578) (9.81)

Pm – Pn = 15.67 kpa
14
 27. In fig. determine𝑝𝑚 − 𝑝 .

water

90 cm

52 cm

105 cm 65 cm 45 cm

Mercury

Solution:

Pm/w + 1.05 – (13.6) (0.65) + 0.45 – (13.6) (0.52) – 0.38 = Pn/w

Pm – Pn = [ (13.6) (0.65) – (1.05) – 1.05 - 0.45 + 0.52 (13.6) + 0.38] 9.81

Pm – Pn = 149 kpa

28. In fig. Fluid A is has a specific gravity of 0.90 and fluid B has a specific
gravity of 3.00. Determine the pressure at point m.

12 mm. D

3 mm. D 36 cm

12 cm, D 40 cm

Solution:

Pm = w sh + wsh
15
A
Pm = (9.81) (0.4) (3) + (0.4) (9.81) (0.9)
29. If the pressure at m obtained from prob 28 is increased by 7 Kpa, how many
cm will fluid B rise in the 12 mm tube?
Ans: 24 cm

30.In fig M. fluid A is gasoline (s = 0.70), fluid B is mercury. Find the pressure
head difference between points m and n.
Ans:

31.In fig. N, x = 25cm initially. If the pressure at m is increased by 35 kpa while

maintaining the pressure at n constant, calculate the new value of x
Ans: 53 cm

32. The diameters of the cylinders of the hydraulic jack of fig. 0 are 7.5 cm and
60 cm, respectively. What force F is required to maintain equilibrium if the
load weighs 35 kn?
Ans: 48.30 n

33.A 5 cm pipe is connected with the end of a cylinder having a diameter of 50

cm. there is a piston in the pipe and a piston (s=0.80). The larger piston is
connected by a rod with a 5 cm piston in a third pipe, the two pipes and
cylinder having their axes horizontal and collinear. A force of 100 N is applied
to the piston in the first pipe. What pressure is effected in the third pipe?
Ans: 5.09 MPa

34.Assuming normal barometric pressure, how deep is the ocean at a point

where an air bubble, upon reaching the surface, has six times the volume that
it had at the bottom? Specific gravity of sea water is 1.03
Ans: 50 cm

35.A bottle consisting of a cylinder 30 cm in diameter and 30 cm high, has a neck

5 cm in diameter and 30 cm long. If the bottle, filled with air under normal
atmospheric condition, is inverted and submerged in water until the neck is
just filled with water, find the depth to which the open end is submerged.
Neglect vapor pressure.
Ans: 60 cm

16
CHAPTER THREE – Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. A rectangular plate 4m by 3m is emmersed vertically with one of the longer

sides along the water surface. How must a dividing line be drawn parallel to
the surface so as to divide the plate into two areas,the total forces upon which
shall be equal?

Solution:

F1 = F2
Awh1 = Awh2
(12.0)(1.50) = h(4.0)( h/2 ) 2h2
=18.0
2h = √18
h = 4.24/2
h = 2.12 m below w.s

2. A triangle of height H and base B is vertically submerged in a liquid. The base

B coincides with the liquid surface.Derive the relation that will give the
location of the center of pressure.
Ans: h/2 (from the L.S)

3. The composite area shown in Fig. A is submerged in a liquid with specific

gravity 0.85. Determine the magnitude and location of the total hydrostatic
force on one face of the area.

Solution:

𝐼g 𝑏ℎ 2

e= =
12
h p = ℎ̅ + 𝑒 F1 = wAℎ̅
𝐴𝑦̅ 𝑏ℎ𝑦̅
ℎ2
3.52
12 12
e= = hp = 3.25 + 0.31 F1 = 9.81(3.5)(1.5)(3.25)(0.85)
𝑦̅ 3.25

e = 0.31 m hp = 3.56 m F1 = 142.28 KN

17
 𝑏ℎ 2
𝐼g
e=
12
= 𝑏ℎ𝑦̅ h p = ℎ̅ + 𝑒 F1 = wAℎ̅
𝐴𝑦̅
ℎ2 1.52
12 12
e= = hp = 4.25 + 0.04 F1 = 9.81(1.5)(1.5)(4.25)(0.85)
𝑦̅ 4.25

e = 0.04 m hp = 4.29 m F1 =79.74 KN

Ft = F1 + F2 Pt = P1 + P2

Ft = 142. 28 + 79.74 Pt h = F1 h + F2h

222.02ℎ 142.28(3.56)+ 79.76(4.29)

Ft = 222.02 KN =
222.02 222.02

h = 3.83 m , below w.s, 1.20 m from longer vertical

side

18
 4. The gate in fig. B is subjrcted to water pressure on one side and to air pressure
on the other side. Determine the value of X for which the gate will rotate
counterclockwis if the gate is (a) rectangular, 1.5m by 1.0m (b) triangular, 1.5m
base and 1.0m high.

Solution:
𝐼
F = PA a.) F = wℎ̅ A e=
𝐴𝑦̅

1
F = 30(1.0)(1.5) F = (9.81)(x+0.5)(1.5)(1.0) e=
12𝑥+6
F = 45 KN F = 14.72x + 7.36

∑𝑀𝑃1 = 0
1
14.42x + 7.36(0.5 + ) = 45(0.5)
12𝑥+6

86.5x2 – 168.16x – 105.56 = 0

−(−168.16)±√(−168.16)2 −4(86.5)(105.56)
𝑥= 2(86.5)

(a) 𝑥 = 2.40 𝑚
(b) 2.60 m

5. A vertical circular gate 1m in diameter is subjected to pressure of liquid of

specific gravity 1.40 on one side. Thefree surface of the liquid is 2.60m above
the uppermost part of the gate. Calculate the total force on the gate and the
location of the center of pressure.
𝜋 (𝑟 4)2
𝐼g
Solution:F = wℎ̅ A e= 4
𝜋 𝑟 2𝑦̅
=
𝐴𝑦̅

(0.52)
F =9.81(1.4)(3.1)(𝜋)(0.52) e
4(3.1)
=
19
F = 33.44 KN e = 0.02m (below the center)

20
 6. A horizontal tunnel having a diameter of 3m is closed by a vertical gate. When
the tunnel is (a) ½ full (b) ¾ full of wter, determine the magnitude and
location of the total force.

Solution:

a.) ½ full

4𝑟
ℎ̅ = 3𝜋 F = wℎ̅ A

4(1.5)
ℎ̅ (1.52)
= F = (9.81)( )(0.64)
3𝜋 (2)

ℎ̅ = 0.64 m F = 22.15

1.5+0.64
b.) ℎ̅ = 2 F=
ℎ̅ wℎ̅ A
3(1.52)
= 1.08 m F = (9.81)( )(1.08)
(4)
F = 56.25 KN

𝐼g
𝑒 = 𝐴 𝑦̅ h p = ℎ̅ + 𝑒
4
0.1098(1.5)
𝑒= hp = 0.64 + 0.25
3.53(0.64)

e = 0.25 m hp = 0.89 m (below center)

7. In Fig. C is a parabolic segment submerged vertically in water. Determine

the magnitude and location of the total force on one face of the area.

Solution:

F = wℎ̅ A
2 8(3)(3)2
F = 9.81(1.8)( )(3)(3) g 175 ℎ = ℎ̅ + 𝑒
3 𝑒 = = ( )( ) 𝑃
𝐴𝑦 2 3 3
3 (1.8)
F = 105.95 KN,
2.14 m (below
W.S)
21
𝑒 = 0.34 𝑚 ℎ𝑃 = 1.8 + 0.34

22
8. A sliding gate 3m wide by 1.60m high is in a vertical position. The
coefficient of friction between the gate and guides is 0.20. If the gate weighs
18KN and its upper edge is 10m below the water surface, what vertical force
is required to lift it? Neglect the thickness of the gate.

Solution:

𝐹 = 𝐴 w ℎ̅ 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁

𝐹 = 9.81(1.6)(10.8) 𝐹𝑓 = 0.2(508.55)

𝐹 = 508.55 𝐾𝑁 𝐹𝑓 = 101.71 𝐾𝑁

F = 508.55 KN

∑𝐹𝑣=0

𝐹 = w + 𝐹𝑓

𝐹 = 18.0 + 101.71

𝐹 = 119.71 𝐾𝑁

9. The upper edge of a vertical rapezoidal gate is 1.60m long and flush with the
water surface. The two edges are vertical and measure 2m and 3m, respectively.
Calculate the force and location of the center of pressure on one side of the gate.
Ans: 48.70 kN; 1.70 (below W.s)

10. How far below the water surface is it necessary to immerse a vertical plane
surface, 1m square, two edges of which are horizontal, so that the center of
pressure will be located 2.50cm below the center of gravity?

Solution:

2
ℎ
12
𝑒=
ℎ̅
12
0.025 = 12
− 0.5
ℎ
̅

ℎ̅ = 2.83 m

23
 11. The gate shown in fig. D is hinged at B and rest on a smooth surface at
A. If the gate is 1.60m wide perpendicular to the paper, find BH and BH

Solution:

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(3) 𝐹 = 𝐴 w ℎ̅
2

= 56.31° 𝐹 = 9.81(3.61)(1.6)(2.8)

𝐹 = 158.66 𝐾𝑁

𝐵𝑉 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵ℎ = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛

𝐵𝑉 = 158.66𝑠𝑖𝑛56.31° 𝐵ℎ = 158.66𝑠𝑖𝑛56.31°

𝐵𝑉 = 132.01 𝐾𝑁 𝐵𝑉 = 80.70 𝐾𝑁

24
 12. In fig. E gate AB is 2m wide perpendicular to the paper. Determine FH to hold
the gate in equilibrium.

Solution:
g
𝐴 = 3.2(2) = 6.4 𝑒=𝐴
𝑦̅
2
ℎ
𝐹 = 𝐴 w ℎ̅ 𝑒 = 12
𝑦̅ Ans: 24.50 kN
𝐹 = 9.81(1.21)(6.4) 𝑒= 3.20
12(1.26)

𝐹 = 77.85 𝐾𝑁 𝑒 = 0.22 𝑚

3.2−0.48
𝑥= − 0.53 ∑𝑀𝑣 = 0
2

𝑥 = 1.38 𝑚 3.20𝐹ℎ − 1.38(77.85) = 0

𝐹ℎ =

25
 13. Calculate the resultant of the hydrostatix forces on the gate of fig F. What vertical
force P is necessary to lift the gate at point A? Width of gate is 1.60m.

Ans: 66.40 kN

14. The width of the gate of fig G. normal to the paper is 3m. What vertical force must
be applied at “a” to prevent collapse when h=6m? Neglect weight of the gate. What
is the stress in strut bC?

Ans: No need of a vertical force at “a” since the center of pressure will fall below “b”.
Compressive force on bc = 645.60 kN.

15. The gate of fig H is hinged at A and rest on a smooth surface at B. the gate is
circular having a diameter of 3m. Determine the value of the vertical force P that
will open the gate B.
Ans: 80.10 kN

26
 16. A triangular gate having a horizontal base of 1.30m and an altitude of 2m is
inclined 45o from the vertical with the vertex pointing upward. The base of the
gate is 2.60m below the surface of oil (s=0.80). What normal force must be
applied at the vertex of the gate to open it?
Ans: 6.50 kN

17. What depth of water will cause the rectangular gate of Fig. I to fall?
Neglect weight of the gate.

Solution:

ℎ̅ = 0.5ℎ g
𝑠𝑖𝑛60° 𝑒𝑞. 1 𝑒=𝐴
𝑦̅
2
𝑒= ℎ
1 2 𝑦̅
𝐹=
ℎ
𝐴 w ℎ̅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
ℎ 0.5ℎ 𝑒=
0.5ℎ
12( )
𝐹 = 9.81 ( ) (2.6)( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
𝑠𝑖𝑛60° 𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
𝑒 = 0.19ℎ 𝑒𝑞. 3

∑𝑀𝑣 = 0

ℎ 0.5ℎ 0.19ℎ
𝐹 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + ) = 22.5(5.0)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 60
60
5.95ℎ3 = 112.5(5.0)

ℎ = √18.91

ℎ = 2.66 𝑚

27
 18. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the total force on the
gate of Fig. J. The width of the gate normal to the paper is 2m.

Solution:

A1 = AAOBC A2 = ( 1)(6)(6)(c0s30°)
2

𝐴1 𝐻(6)2 2
=
60° A2 = 15.59 𝑚
360°

A1 = 18.85 𝑚2

𝐹 = 𝐴 w ℎ̅

A = A1 – A2 Fh = 9.81(6)(3)(2) FV = 9.81(3.26)(2)

A = 18.85 – 15.59 Fh = 353.16 KN FV = 63.96 KN

A = 3.26 𝑚2

28
 19. The corner of floating body has a quarter cylinder AB having a length normal
to the paper of 3m. Calculate the magnitude and location of each of the
components of the force on AB. Fig. K.

Solution:

𝐹ℎ = 𝐴w ℎ̅ 𝐹𝑣 = 𝐹ℎ 𝑐0𝑠𝜃

𝐹ℎ = 9.81(1.5)(3)(1.03) 𝐹𝑣 = 147.48 𝑐𝑜𝑠30°

𝐹ℎ = 147.78 𝐾𝑁 𝐹𝑣 = 128.56 𝐾𝑁

20. The cylindrical gate of Fig. L is 3m long. Find the total force on the gate. What
is the minimum weight of the gate to maintain equilibrium of the system?

29
 21. The gate if Fig. O is 3m long. Find the magnitude and location of the
horizontal and vertical components of the force on the gate AB.

Solution:

𝐹ℎ = 𝐴w ℎ̅

𝐹ℎ = 9.81(1.06)(3)(2.12)

𝐹ℎ = 66.14 𝐾𝑁

( )( )
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 0.88 + 3 2.12
2

𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 4.11 𝑚2

𝜋𝑟2𝜃 (3)2(45°)
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
360° 360°

𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 3.58 𝑚2

22. A pyramidal object having a square base (2m on a side) and 1.50m high weighs
18KN. The base covers a square hole (2m on a side) at the bottom of a tank. If
water stands 1.50m in the tank, what force is necessary to lift the object off the
bottom? Assume that atmospheric pressure acts on the water surface and
underneath the bottom of the tank.

30
 23. The hemesphirical dome of Fig. P surmounts a closed tank containing a liquid
of specific gravity 0.75. The gage indicates 60KPa. Determine the tension
holding the bolts in place.

Solution:

𝑃 = w𝑠 ℎ̅ 𝑇 = w𝑉𝑠

60 = 9.81(0.75)ℎ 𝑇 = 9.81(39.23)(0.75)

ℎ = 8.15 𝑚 𝑇 = 288.63 𝐾𝑁

4𝜋𝑟3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟2ℎ −
6

4(1.5)3
𝑉 = (1.5)2 (8.15) −
6

𝑉 = 39.23𝑚3

24. Fig. Q shows semi-conical buttress. Calculate the components of the total
force acting on the surface of this semi-conical buttress.

Solution:

𝜋𝑟2ℎ
𝐴= 3
𝐹 ℎ = w ℎ̅ 𝐴

(0.15)2 (3) 𝐹ℎ = 9.81(1.463)(7.07)

𝐴= 3

𝐴 = 7.07 𝑚2 𝐹ℎ = 101.47 𝐾𝑁

ℎ̅ = 𝜋(1.5)4 = w𝑉
𝑦 +( ) 𝐹
𝑝 4 𝑉

ℎ̅ = 1.3 + 0.163 𝐹
1.3 𝜋(1.5)2 (3)
𝑉 = 3
(1.3)(1.5) + 3

ℎ̅ = 1.463 𝑚 𝐹𝑉 = 0.12(9.81)

𝐹𝑉 = 7.8 𝐾𝑁
31
 25. In Fig. R a circular opening is closed by a sphere. If the pressure at B is
350KPa absolute, what horizontal force is exerted by the sphere on the
opening?

Solution:

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟2 𝐹ℎ = w ℎ̅ 𝐴

𝐴 = (0.125)2 𝐹ℎ = (9.81)(178.39)(0.099)(0.71)

𝐴 = 0.099 𝑚2 𝐹ℎ = 7.8 𝐾𝑁

𝑃 = w ℎ̅ 𝐴

350 = 9.81(0.20)

𝐴 = 178.39 𝑚2

26. Calculate the force required to hold the cone of Fig. S in position.

Solution:

𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + w𝑠ℎ W = 𝜋𝑟2𝑃

𝑃2 = 3.5 − 9.81(0.8)(1.5) W = 𝜋(0.375)2(0.8)(9.81)(2.5)

𝑃2 = −8.26 𝐾𝑝𝑎 W = 8.66 𝐾𝑁

𝐹1 = 𝐴𝑃 𝑇2 = wℎ 1 𝜋𝑟2
3

𝐹1 = 𝜋𝑟2𝑃 𝑇2 = 9.81(0.8) 1 (0.375)2

3

𝐹1 = (0.375)2(8.26) 𝑇2 = 1.16 𝐾𝑁

𝐹1 = 3.65 𝐾𝑁

∑𝐹𝑉 = 0

𝐹 + 𝑃2 + 𝐹1 = W
𝐹 = 8.66 − 3.65 − 1.16

𝐹 = 3.85 𝐾𝑁

32
27. A steel pipe having a diameter of 15cm and wall thickness of 9,50mm has an
allowable stress of 140,000KPa. What is the maximum allowable internal
pressure in the pipe?

Sol’n:

Sa = T/t FB = PiD
T = Sat = 14,000(0.0095) Pi = FB/D = 2T/D =
(2(1330)/1000)/0.15
T = 1330 kN/m Pi = 17.73 Mpa

28. A pipe carrying steam at a pressure of 7,000KPa has an inside diameter of

20cm. If the pipe is made of steel with an allowable stress of 400,000Kpa, what
is the factor safety if the wall thickness is 6.25mm?

Sol’n:

S = PD′ /2t f
𝐷′ 0.714 𝑚
c = =
𝐷 0.2

D’ =
2𝑠𝑡
=
2(400,000)(0.00625 ) fc = 3.60
𝑃 7000
D’ = 0.714 m

29. A 60 cm cast iron main leads from a reservoir whose water surface is at EL.
1590m. In the heart of the city the main is at EL. 1415m. What is the stress in
the pipe wall if the the thickness of the wall is 12.5mm and the external soil
pressure is 520Kpa? Assume static condition.

Sol’n:

𝑑 − 𝑃𝑠 1716 .75−320
∆EL = 𝐸𝐿1 - 𝐸𝐿2 S= 2𝑡 = 2(0.0125 )
= 1590 – 1415 S = 28,709 kPa
= 175 m = 28.7 MPa

P = wh
= 9.81 (175m) P
= 1716.75 kPa

33
30. Compute the stress in a 90cm pipe with wall thickness of 9.50mm if water
fills under a head of 70m.
Sol’n:

FB = PiD T = FB/2 = 618.03/2 = 309.01 kN/m

= whD Sa = T/t = 309.01/0.0095
= 9.81(70)(0.9) Sa = 32,527 kPa
FB = 618.03 kN/m

31. A wood stave pipe, 120cm in inside diameter, is to resist a maximum water
pressure of 1,200KPa. If the staves are bound by steel flat bands (10cm by
2.50cm), find the spacing of the bands if its allowable stress is 105MPa.
Sol’n:

FB = PiD T = FB/2
= 1200kPa(1.2) = 1440/2
= 1440 kN/m T = 720 kN/m

S = SaAH/T = (105(2.5))/0.72 S
= 36.46 cm

32. A continuous wood stave pipe is 3m in diameter and is in service under a

pressure head of 30m of water. The staves are secured by metal hoops 2.50cm in
diameter. How far apart should the hoops be spaced in order that the allowable
stress in the metal hoop of 105MPa be not exceeded? Assume that there is an
initial tension in the hoops of 4.50KN due to cinching.

33. A vertical cylindrical container, 1.60m diameter and 4m high, is hel together by
means of hoops,one at the top and the other at the bottom. A liquid of specific
gravity 1.40 stands 3m in the container. Calculate the tension in each hoop.
Sol’n:
F = wAh ∑MCD = 0 ∑Mab = 0
= 9081(1.4)(3)(1.6)(1.5) 4(2TU) = 1F 4(2TL) = 3F
F = 98.9 kN TU = 12.40 kN TL= 37.09 kN

e = h^2/12h = 3^2/(12(1.5)) = 0.5 h_p = 1.5 + 0.5 = 2m

34
34. A masonry dam has trapezoidal section: one face is vertical, width at the top is
60cm and at the bottom is 3m. The dam is 7m high with the vertical face
subjected to water pressure. If the depth of water is 5m, where will the resultant
force intersect the base? Determine the distribution of pressure along the base,
(a) assuming there is no uplift pressure; (b) assuming that the uplift pressure
varies uniformly from full hydrostatic at the heel to zero at the toe. Specific
weight of masonry is 23.54KN/m3. Sol’n:
a.)G_1 = wVs ∑R.M = G_1 + G_2 = 266.95 + 316.38
= 23.54(0.6)(7(1) = 583.33 kN.m
= 98.87 kN ∑O.M = F_1 = 204.38 kN.m
G_2 = 23.54(0.5)(7)(2.4)(1)
= 197.74 kN x = (∑R.M-EO.M)/RV = (583.33-204.38)/296.61
F1 = 1/2wh^2 x = 1.28 m (from toe)
= 0.5(9.81)(5^2) e = b/2 – x = 3/2 – 1.28
= 122.63 kN e = 0.22
Moment Forces:
G_1 = 2.7(98.87) = 266.95 kN.m
Smax = Rv/b (1 + 6e/b) = 296.61/3(1 + (6(0.22))/3) G_2
= 1.6(197.74) = 316.38 kN.m
Smax = 142.38 kPa
F_1 = 1/3 (5)(122.63) = 204.38 kN.m
Smin = 296.61/3(1 - (6(0.22))/3)
∑FV = G_1 + G_2 Smin = 55.38 kPa
= 98.87 + 197.74
RV = 296.61 kN
∑FH = F_1 = 122.63 kN
b.)U_1 = 1/2 whb x = (583.33-351.54)/223.03 = 1.04 m (from toe)
= (1/2)(9.81)(5)(3)(1) e = 3/2 – 1.04
U_1 = 73.58 kN e = 0.46

Moment forces: Smax = 223.03/3 (1 + 6x0.46/3)

U_1 = 2/3 (3)(73.58) = 147.16 kN Smax = 142.74 kPa RV
= G_1 + G_2 - U_1
= 98.87 + 197.74 – 73.58 Smin = 223.03/3 (1 - 6x0.46/3)
RV = 223.03 kN Smin = 5.95 kPa

∑R.M = 583.33 kN.m

∑O.M = 204.38 + 147.16
= 351.54 kN.m

35
35. The masonry dam of Problem 40 has its inclined face subjected to pressure due
to a depth of 5m of water. If there is no uplift pressure , where will the resultant
intersect the base? Specific weight to concrete is 23.54KN/m3
Soln:

a/5 = 2.4/7 ∑R.M = W_1 + W_2+ W_3

a = 1.71 m = 23.91 + 316.38 + 266.95
= 607.24 kN.m

W_1 = wV ∑O.M = 204.38 kN.m

= 9.81(0.5)(5)(1.71)(1)
= 41.94 kN x = (607.24-204.38)/338.55
W_2 = 1/2 (2.4)(1)(7)(23.54) x = 1.19 m
=197.74 kN
W_3 = 0.6(7)(1)(23.54)
= 98.87

F = 1/2 (9.81)(5^2)
= 122.63 kN

Moment Forces:
W_1= 0.57(41.94) = 23.91 kN.m
W_2 = 1.6(197.74) = 316.38 kN.m
W_3 = 2.7(98.87) = 266.95 kN.m F_1 =
1/3 (5)(122.63) = 204.38 kN.m

RV = W_1+W_2+W_3
= 41.94 + 197.74 + 98.87
RV = 338.55 kN

RH = F = 122.63 kN

36
36. A masonry dam of trapezoidal cross section, with one face vertical has
thickness pf 60cm at the top, 3.70m at the base, and has height of 7.40m. what
is the depth of water on the vertical face if the resultant intersect the base at the
downstream edge of the middle third? Assume that the uplift pressure varies
uniformly from full hydrostatic at the heel to zero at the toe.
Soln:

G_1 = 104.52 kN ∑R.M = G_1+G_2-U

G_2 = 270 kN = 355.37 + 558.9 – 44.77h

F = 1/2 (9.81)h^2 ∑O.M = 1.635h^3

= 4.905h^2

U = 1/2wh(3.7) x = (∑R.M- ∑O.M)/Rv

= 1/2 (9.81)h(3.7) 1.23 = ((355.37+558.9-44.77h)- U =
18.15h1.635h^3)/(374.52-18.15h)
h = 5.83 m

Moment Forces:
G_1 = 3.4 (104.52) = 355.37 kN.m
G_2 = 2.07(270) = 558.9 kN.m
F = 1/3 h(4.905h^2) = 1.635h^3 kN.m U
= 2/3 (3.7)(18.15h) = 44.77h kN.m

∑Fv = G_1+G_2-U
= 104.52 + 270 – 18.15h Rv
= 374.52 – 18.15h

37
37. A concrete dam is triangular in cross section and 30 m high from the horizontal
base. If water reaches a depth of 27 m on the vertical face, what
is the minimum length of the base of the dam such that the resultant will
intersect the base within the middle third? What minimum coefficient of friction
is required to prevent sliding? Determine the pressure distribution along the
base.
Soln:

a.)
G = wV RVx = ∑R.M - ∑O.M
= 23.54(1/2)(30)(1)B 353.1B(B/3) = 235.4B^2 – 32181.75 G
= 353.1B (235.4 – 117.7)B^2 = 32181.75
B = 16.54m

F = 1/2 (9.81)(¢27¢^2) F
= 3575.75 kN

Moment Force:
G = 2/3 B(253.1B)
G = 235.4B^2

F = 1/3 (27)(3575.75)
= 32181.75 kN.m

b.)
G = 235.4B^2 µ = RH/RV
= 235.4(¢16.54¢^2) = 3575.75/5840.27
G = 64398.76 kN.m µ = 0.61

RV = 353.1B
= 353.1(16.54)
RV = 5840.27 kN

c.)
x = 1/3 (16.54) = 5.51 S = 5840.27/16.54 (1+6x2.76/16.54)
S = 706.20 kPa
e = 16.54/2-5.51 e
= 2.76

38
44. The section of masonry dam is shown in Fig. U. If the uplift pressure varies
uniformly from full hydrostatic at the heel to full hydrostatic at the toe, but acts only
2/3 of the area of the base, find: (a) the location of the resultant, (b) factor safety
against overturning, (c) factor of safety against sliding if the coefficient of friction
between base andfoundation is 0.60.

Soln:

a.)
𝐺1 = 5(8)(1)w ∑Fv = 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + 𝐺3 + 𝐺4 + 𝐺5 +
𝐺6 − 𝑈1 − 𝑈2
= 40w = (40+25+60+252+176.4+4.18-
73.67-56.67)w
1
𝐺
2 = (5)(10)(1)w Rv = 427.24w
2
= 25w
1
𝐺3 = (5)(10)(1)(2.4)w ∑Fh = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
2
= 60w = (162-12.5)w
𝐺4 = 5(21)(1)(2.4)w Rh = 149.5w
= 252w
1
𝐺
5 = (7)(21)(1)(2.4)w Moment Forces:
2
= 176.4w 𝐺1 = 14.5(40w) = 580w
1
𝐺 6 = (1.67)(5)(1)w 𝐺2 = 15.33(25w) = 383.25w
2
= 4.18w 𝐺3 = 13.67(60w) = 820.2w
1 2
𝐹1 = (18 )w 𝐺4 = 9.5(252w) = 2394w
2
= 162w 𝐺5 = 4.67(176.4w) = 823.79w
1
𝐹2 = (5 2 )w 𝐺6 = 0.56(4.18w) = 2.34w
2
= 12.5w 𝑈1 = 11.33(73.67w) = 834.67w
1 2
𝑈 1 = (17)[3 (176.58 – 49.05)] 𝑈2 = 8.5(56.67w) = 481.70w
2
= 73.67w 𝐹1 = 6(162w) = 972w
2
𝑈2 = (17)(49.05) 𝐹2 = 1.67 (12.5w) = 20.88w
3
= 56.67w

∑R.M = (580+383.28+820.2+2394+823.79+2.34+20.88)w
= 5024.46w
∑O.M = 𝐹1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑈2
= (972+834.68+481.7)w
= 2288.38w

39
 ∑𝑅.𝑀− ∑𝑂.𝑀 (5024 .46−2288 .38)w
x= 𝑅𝑣 = 427.24w
x = 6.40 m (from toe)

b.)
∑𝑅.𝑀 2024 .46w
F.S. vs. Overturning = = = 2.20
∑𝑂.𝑀 2288 .38w

c.)
µ𝑅𝑣 0.6(427.24)w
F.S vs. Sliding = = = 1.70
𝑅ℎ 149.5w

45. Shown in Fig. V is an overflow dam. If there is no uplift pressure, determine the
location of the resultant.

40
Soln:

G_1 = 2(3)(1)(9.81) Moment Force:

= 58.86kN G_1 = 6.5(58.86) = 382.59 kN.m
G_2 = 1/2 (3)(6)(1)(9.81) G_2 = 7(88.29) = 618.03 kN.m
= 88.29 kN G_3 = 6(211.86) = 1271.16
kN.m
G_3 = 1/2 (3)(6)(1)(23.54) G_4 = 4(38.24) = 156.96 kN.m
= 211.86 kN G_5 = 4(282.48) = 1129.92
kN.m
G_4 = 2(2)(1)(9.81) G_6 = 2(211.86) = 423.72 kN.m
= 39.24 kN G_7 = 0.67(39.24) = 26.29 kN.m
G_5 = 2(6)(1)(23.54) F_1 = 2.4(294.3) = 706.32 kN.m
= 282.48 kN F_2 = 1.33(78.48) = 104.38
kN.m
G_6 = 1/2 (3)(6)(23.54)
= 211.36 kN
G_7 = 1/2 (2)(4)(1)(9.81)
= 39.24 kN

∑R.M = 382.59+618.03+1271.16+156.96+1129.92
+423.72+26.29+104.38
F_1 = Awh = 4113.05 kN.m
= 6(1)(9.81)(5)
= 294.3 kN ∑O.M = F_1 = 706.32 kN.m
F_2 = 1/2 (9.81)(4^2)
= 78.48 kN

∑Fv = G_1+G_2+G_3+G_4+G_5+G_6+G_7
= 58.86+88.29+211.86+39.24+282.48+211.86+39.24
Rv = 931.83 kN

∑Fh = F_1-F_2 x = (∑R.M- ∑O.M)/Rv = (4113.05-

706.32)/931.83
= 294.3 – 78.48 x = 3.66 m (from the toe)
Rh = 215.82 kN

41
 46. The base of a solid metal cone (Sp. Gr. 6.95) is 25 cm in diameter. The altitude
of the cone is 30 cm. If placed in a basin containing mercury (Sp. Gr. 13.60)
with the apex of the cone down, how deep will the cone float?

∑Fy=0] Given :

𝐹𝑏 =W d=25cm.

(wV)displaced mercury = (wV)cone r=12.5cm=0.125

(9.81)(13.60)Vm = 9.81(6.95)Vcone Vcone=4.9087x10−3

2
6.95𝜋𝑟 ℎ
13.60Vm =
3

6.95(0.1252 )(0.30)
Vm = 3(13.60)
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 0.30 3
Vm = 2.50x10 𝑚 −3 3 𝑉𝑚 =( 𝑥 )

3 (0.30)3 𝑉𝑚
𝑥 = 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒

3 (0.30) 3 (2.50𝑥10 −3)

x =√ 4.91 𝑥 10−3

x = 0.24m

x =11,120
47. If a metal sphere 60 cm in diameter weighs 24cm N in the air, what
would be its weight when submerged in (a) water? (b) mercury?
Sol’n:

a.) b.)

FB = 9.81 (4/3 πr^3)W_hy = 11,120 – 9.81(13.6)(4/3)(π)(¢0.3¢^2)

= 9.81(4/3)(¢0.3¢^2) = -3976 N

FB = 1.11 kN

W = 11.12 – 1110

= 10.01 N

42
 48. A rectangular solid piece of wood 30 cm square and 5 cm thick floats in water
to depth of 3.25 cm. How heavy an object must be placed on the wood (Sp.
Gr. 0.50) in such a way that it will just be submerged?

Given: dept=3.25cm Req.

F=?

30cm

W 5cm Fb=w

w.s . wv'=wsv

s=v’/v

Fb s= (30) (30) (3.25)

w.s. 4500

S= 0.65// ans.
W

F=Fb-W

F=wv(1-s)

Fb F=wv-wsv F= (9.81)(4500)(1-0.65)
49. A hollow vessel in the shape of paraboloid of revoluti on F=15.45
floats in fresh
N
water with its axis vertical and vertex down. Find the d epth to which it
must be filled with a liquid (Sp. Gr. 1.20) so that its ver tex will be
submerged at 45 cm from the water surface.
Solution:

𝐹𝑏=W
By Similar Solids:
9.81Vd = 9.81(1.20)Vp
𝑉𝑝 𝑎
=( 3
Vd = 1.20Vp 𝑉𝑑 0.45 )
𝑉𝑝 𝑎3
= 0.453
1.20𝑉𝑑
1 𝑎3
= = 0.453
1.20

a = 0.42m
39
a = 42cm
 50. A barge is 16 m long by 7 m wide 120 cm deep, outside dimensions. The sides
and bottom of the barge are made of timber having thickness of 30 cm. The
timber weighs 7860 N/cu.m. If there is to be freeboard of 20 cm in fresh water
how many cubic meters of sand weighing 15700 N/cu.m may be loaded
uniformly into the barge?

Sol’n:

V_t=V_o-V_i F_b-W_t-W_s = 0

= (16)(7)(1.2) – (15.4)(16.4)(0.9)

9810(16)(7)(1) – 7860(45.7) – 15700

= 45.7 m^3

V_s = 0

V_s = 47.10 m^3

51. A brass sphere (Sp. Gr. 8.60) is placed in a body of mercury. If the
diameter of the sphere is 30 cm (a) what minimum force would be
required to hold it submerged in mercury? (b) what is the depth of
flotation of the sphere when it is floating freely?

hg.s. F F=Fb-W

W F=wSmVs-wSsVs

Fb F=wVs(Sm-Ss)

F=(9.81) (3/4)(3.14)(0.15)^3(13.60-8.6)

F=693.43N//ans.

Fb

40
 V=4/3(3.14)(r)^3 V=4/3(3.14)

(15)^3 V=14,137.17cm^3

Fb=w V’=3.14/3 D^2(3r-D)

wSmV’=wSsV 8939.68 =3.14/3(y^2)((3x15)-y)

V’=8.60(14137.17)

13.60 y=17.10cm

V’=8939.68cm^3

52. A spherical balloon weighs 3115 N. How many newton of helium have to be
put in the balloon to cause it to rise, (a) at sea level? (b) at an elevation of 4570
m?

Soln:

W = Fb – Fh
W = ρ_agV - ρ_hgV
[W = V(ρ_ag - ρ_hg)]1/(¢(ρ¢_a g - ρ_h g))
V = w/(g(ρ_a-ρ_h))
= 3115/(9.81(1.29-0.179))
V = 286.1 m^3

53. The Sp. Gr. of rock used as concrete aggregate is often desirable to know. If a
rock weighed 6.15 N in the air and 3.80 N when submerged in water, what
would be the specific gravity of the rock?
Soln:

W = W_a - W_w S = 6.15/(9810(2.4 x ¢10¢^(-4)))

W = 6.15 – 3.8 S.g = 2.62
(9810)V = 2.35
V = 2.4 x ¢10¢^(-4) m^3

S.W = W_a/V = (6.15 N)/(2.4 x ¢10¢^(-4) )

S.W = 25625 N/m^3

41
 54. A piece of wood weighs 17.80 N in air and piece of metal weighs 17.80 in
water. Together the two weighs 13.35 N in water. What is the specific gravity
of the wood?

Solution:

Wwo=17.80N (air)
Wwo=17.80-FB
Wm=17.80N(water) WT=Wwo+Wm
13.35N=17.80-FB+17.80
; WT=13.85N
FB=22.25N (Displaced Water)
Wwo=17.80(air) Gs=Wwo/FB

=17.80N/22.25N Gs=0.80

55. A sphere 1.0 in diameter floats half sub merged in tank of liquid (Sp. Gr.
0.80) (a) what is the weight of the sphere? (b) What is the minimum

weight of the anchor (Sp. Gr. 2.40) that will require to submerge the sphere
completely?

Given: Find:

Sa = 7.40 Sliquid = 0.80 Ws

Vs = 4/3u^3 Wa

= 4/3u(0.53)^3

= 0.52m³

A.) W=fb

=WsLVs/2 Ws=9.81Kn/m3(0.80)

(0.52m3)/2 Ws=2.05KN

B.) Wa=Fba+Fbs–W where: Va=Wa/Wsa

=WslVa+WslVs-WsVs SS=Ws/wVs

42
Wa=w[0.80xwa/w2.40]+[0.80x0.32m3]-[2.04kn/9.81kn/m3]

Wa=0.33wa+4.08kn-2.04kn

Wa-0.33wa=2.04kn-4.08kn

0.67wa/0.67=2.04/0.67

Wa= 3.50kn

56. Fig. Z shows a hemispherical shell covering a circular hole 1.30 m in diameter
at the vertical side of a tank. If the shell weighs 12,450 N, what vertical force is
necessary to lift the shell considering a friction factor of
0.30 between the wall and the shell?

57. An iceberg has a specific gravity of 0.92 and floats in salt water (Sp. Gr. 1.03).
If the volume of ice above the water surface is 700 cu.m, what is the total
volume of the iceberg?

given: find:

Si=0.92 Vt

Ssw=1.03

43
 W=WvƩfv=0] vt=v1+v2

W=WsiVt W=Fb v2=vt-v1

Fb=Wssw wsivt=wssw(vt-v1)

=Wsssv2 Sivt=wswvt-sswv1
vt=sswv1/ssw-si
sswv1=vt(ssw-si)
=1.03(700)/1.03-0.92

Vt=6554.55m3
58. A concrete cube 60 cm on each edge (Sp. Gr. 2.4 0) rests on the bottom
of a tank in which sea water stands to a depth of 5 m. The bottom edges of the
block are sealed off so that no water is admitted under the block. Find the
vertical pull required to lift the block.

Solution:

W1=23.54(0.6x7xd) ;d=1

W1=98.868

W2=197.736[1/2(24)(7)d] X=(RM-OM)/RV

W2=197.736 =(583.3692-
204.375)/296.604

F=δhA X=1.28m

=9.81(2.5)(5)

F=122.625 e=b/2-x

Rx=122.625d S=Ry/b(1±6e/b)

Ry=296.604d S=142.36992kPa

RM=98.868(3-0.3)+197.766[2/3(2.4)]

RM=583.3692kN.m OM=122.625(5/3)

OM=204.375kN.m

44
 59. A 15 cm by 15 cm by 7 m long timber weighing 6280 N/cu.m is hinged at one
end and held in horizontal position by an anchor at the other end as shown in
Fig. AA. If the anchor weighs 23450 N/cu.m, determine the minimum total
weight it must have

Solution:

Vt=(0.15)2(7) Wa=WaVa

Vt=0.1575m2 Wa=23540Va Va=Wa/23540

Wt=WtVt

=(0.1575)(62.80)

Wt=989.1

Fbt=9810(0.1575) Fba=WVa

Fbt=1545.075 Fba=9810Va

Mh= 3.5Fbt+7Fba=3.5Wt+Wa

3.5(1545.075)+7(9810)

Va=3.5(989.1)+7(23540)Va

Va=0.02m3

Wa=WaVa

=23540N/m3(0.02m3)

Wa=470.8N

45
 60. A cylinder weighing 445 N and having a diameter of 1.0 m floats in salt water
(Sp. Gr. 1.03) with its axis vertical as in Fig. BB. The anchor consist 0f 0.0280
cu.m of concrete weighing 23450 N/cu.m. What rise in the tide r will be
required to lift the anchor off the bottom?

Solution:

Wa=23540(0.280) Fba=9810(1.05)(0.280)

Wa=659102N Fba=2829.204N

Wo=445N Fbc=9810(1.03)p(0.5)2(0.3+r)

Fbc=2380.769+7935.89866

∈Fv=0

Fba+Fbc=Wa+Wc

2829.204+2380.769+7935.898r=6591.2+445

r=0.23m ; 23cm

46
 61. A timber 15 cm square and 5 m long has a specific gravity of 0.50. One end is
hinged to the wall and the other is left to float in water (Fig. CC). For a=60
cm, what is the length of the timber submerged in water?

Solution:

Wt=9.81(0.5)(5)(0.15)2

Wt=0.5518125kN

Fb=9.81(0.15)2(x) Fb=0.220725x

Mh=0

2.5cosθWt=(5-0.5x)cosθFb

2.5(0.5518125)=(5-0.5x)(0.220725x) 0.11x2-1.1x+1.375=0
1.375=1.1x-0.11x2 −𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

62. A metal block 30 cm square and 25 cm deep is Xa=llo1w.4e6dmto float on a

body of liquid which consist of 20 cm layer of water above a layer of mercury.
The block weighs 18,850 N/cu.m. What is the position of the upper level of the
block? If a downward vertical force of 1110 N is applied to the centroid of the
block, what is the new position of the upper level of the block?

Solution:

a.) Fbm=wV Fbw=9.81(0.20)(009)

=9.81(13.6)(0.09)(0.05-x) Fbw=0.17658kN

Fbm=0.600372-12.00744x

W=18.85(0.09)(0.25)

W=0.424125kN

47
 ∈Fv=0

Fbw+Fbm=W

0.17658+0.600372-12.000744x=0.424125

X=0.0294m

X=2.94cm

b.) Fbm=9.81(13.6)(0.09)(0.25-x) W=0.4241225

Fbm=3.00186-12.00744x Wv=1.11kN
Fbw=9.81(0.09)(x)
Fbw=0.8829x
∈Fv=0
0.8829x+3.00186-12.00744x=0.4241225+1.11kN
X=0.132m
H=0.20m-0.132m
H=0.068m
H=68cm

63. Two spheres, each 1.2 m diameter, weigh 4 and 12 KN, respectively. They are
connected with a short rope and placed in water. What is the tension in the
rope and what portion of the lighter sphere produces from the water? What
should be the weight of the heavier sphere so that the lighter sphere will float
halfway out of the water?
Solution:
9.81(4𝜋 )(0.603 ) 3
𝐹 = = (9.81)( 1)( 4𝜋(0.60) )
𝐹𝐵𝐻 𝐵𝐻
3 2 3

𝐹𝐵𝐻 = 8.8759 kN𝐹𝐵𝐻 = 4.4379 kN

T = W𝑆𝐻 - 𝐹𝐵𝐻 T = Wss - 𝐹𝐵

T =12 kN - 8.8759 kN T = 4 kN - 4.4379 kN

T = 3.12 kN T = 0.4379 kN

∑Fy=0]

𝐹𝐵𝑆 = W𝑆𝑆 - T

9.81Vss = 4 + 3.12 Vss

= 0.72579𝑚3
48
 W𝐻 = T + 𝐹𝐵𝐻

W𝐻 = 0.44 kN + 8.88 kN
𝜋
Vs = 3 𝐷2(3𝑟 − 𝐷)W𝑆𝐻 = 9.32 kN

0.72579 = 0.60π𝐷2 - 0.33π𝐷3

D = 0.85m --- by trial & error

X = 1.20 – D

X = 0.35m

68. If the specific gravity of a body is 0.80, what proportional part of its total
volume will be submerged below the surface of a liquid (Sp. Gr. 1.20) upon
which it floats?

Solution:

𝐹𝐵 = W𝐵

(w𝑉)𝑆𝐿 = (w𝑉)𝐵

(9.81)(1.20)𝑉𝑆𝐿 = (9.81)(0.80)𝑉𝑇

(1.20)𝑉𝑆𝐿 = (0.80)𝑇
2
𝑉𝑆𝐿 = 3 𝑉𝑇

2
of the total Volume
3

69. A vertical cylinder tank, open at the top, contains 45.50 cu.m of water. It has a
horizontal sectional area of 7.40 sq.m and its sides are 12.20 m high. Into its
lowered another similar tank, having a sectional area of 5.60 sq.m and a height
of 12.20 m. The second tank is inverted so that its open end is down, and it is
allowed to rest on the bottom of the first. Find the maximum hoop tension in the
outer tank. Neglect the thickness of the inner tank.

49
 70. A small metal pan of length of 1.0 m, width 20 cm and depth 4 cm floats in
water. When a uniform load of 15 N/m is applied as shown in Fig. DD, the pan
assumes the figure shown. Find the weight of the pan and the magnitude of the
righting moment developed.

Solution:

𝑉𝑃 = 0.04m (0.20m) (1m)

𝑉𝑃 = 8x10−3𝑚3𝑉2 = 𝑉1= 4x10−3𝑚3

0.04 𝐹
Θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 0.20 ) T=
𝑙

Θ = 11.31𝑜 𝑁 𝐹
15 𝑚 = 1𝑚
W + T = 𝐹𝐵
F = 15 𝑃
W𝑃= 𝐹𝐵- T

W𝑃 = 9810(4x10−3) – 15

W𝑃 = 39.24 - 15

W𝑃 = 24.24 N

71. A ship of 39,140 KN displacement floats in sea water with the axis of
symmetry vertical when a weight of 490 KIN is mid ship. Moving a weight
3 m toward one side of the deck cause a plumb bob, suspended at the end of a
string 4 m long, to move 24 cm. Find the metacentric height.

Given:

W=39140kn

TanΦ=0.24/4 C=Wx

Φ=3.43˚ 490(3)=39140x X=MGSinΦ

SinΦ=X/MG
490(3)=39140(MGSin3.43˚)

50
72. A rectangular scow 9.15 m wide by 15.25 m long and 3.65 m high has a draft of
2.44 m in sea water. Its center of gravity is 2.75 m above the bottom of the
scow. (a) Determine the initial metacentric height. (b) If the scow tilts until one
of the longitudinal sides is just at the point of submergence, determine the
righting couple or the overturning couple. Soln:

a.) b.)
GB_o = 2.75 – 1.22 tanθ = 1.21/4.575
= 1.53 m θ = 14.81°
MG = MB_o - GB_o MB_o = B^2/12D(1 + ¢tan¢^2θ/2)
= 2.86 – 1.53 = ¢9.15¢^2/(12(2.46))(1 + ¢tan¢
MG = 1.33 m^(2(14.81))/2)
MB_o = 2.96 m

∑Fv = 0 ; FB = W
FB = wV
= 9.15(15.25)(2.44)(9.81)(1.03)
FB = W
W = 3490.23 kN

RM = W(MGsinθ) = 3490.23(1.34sin14.81°) RM
= 1257.7 kN.m

73. A cylindrical caisson has an outside diameter of 6 m and floats in fresh water
with its axis vertical. Its lower end is submerged to a depth of 6 m below the
water surface. Find: (a) the initial metacentric height; (b) the righting couple
when the caisson is tipped through an angle of 10 degrees.

Soln:

a.) b.)
MB_o = I/V ; I=(π(6^2))/(12(4)) ; V=(π(6)(6))/4
MG = MB_o+GB_o = 0.375 + 0.5
M_o = 0.375 m MG = 0.875 m

51
74. A rectangular scow 9.15 m wide by 15.25 m long has a draft of 2.44 m in fresh
water. Its center of gravity is 4.60 m above the bottom. Determine the height of
the scow if, with one side just at the point of submergence, the scow is in
unstable position.

75. A rectangular raft 3 m wide 6 m long has a thickness of 60 cm and is made of

solid timbers (Sp. Gr. 0.60). If a man weighing 890 N steps on the edge of the
raft at the middle of one side, how much will the original water line on that side
be depressed below the water surface?

Find: RM

V’=(9.15m)(2.75m)(15.25) W=wV

=383.73m3=(9.81kn/m3)(383.73m3)

W=3764.39kn

TanΦ=1.85/4.575 V=1/2(15.25m)(1.85m)(4.573)

Φ=222.02˚ V=64.54m3

Mbo=VL/V’SinΦ Gbo=2.30-1.375m

=64.54m3(6.1)/383.73m3(Sin22.02˚) Gbo=0.925m

Mbo=2.74m

MG=Mbo-Gbo RM=w(MGSinΦ)

=2.74m-0.925m =(3764.39kn)(1.815)sinΦ22.02˚

MG=1.815m RM=1242.60kn.m

52
CHAPTER FOUR – Accelerated Liquids in Relative Equilibrium

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. A car travelling on a horizontal road has a rectangular cross section, 6m long

by 2.40m wide by 1.50m high. If the car is half full of water, what is the
maximum acceleration it can undergo without spilling any water? Neglecting
the weight of the car, what force is required to produce maximum acceleration?

Given:
d=0.75 m
L=6 m
Wide=2.4 m
H=1.5 m

Solution: W = Vw
W = (. 75)(6)(2.4)(9.81) = 105.95 kN
La W𝑎
d= 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 =
2g 𝑔

dg (105.95)(2.45)
a=2 L 𝐹= 9.81

2(0.75)(9.81)
a= 6 𝐹 = 26.46 𝑘𝑁
𝑚
𝑎 = 2.45
𝑠2

53
 2. A cylindrical bucket is accelerated upward with an acceleration of gravity. If the
bucket is 0.60m in diameter and 1.20m deep, what is the force on the bottom of
the bucket if it contains 0.90m depth of wet concrete whose specific weight is
22,000 N/m3?

Solution:

𝐹 = wℎ𝐴 ( 1 + 𝑎)
𝑔

𝜋. 602 9.81
𝐹 = (22)(1.20) ( ) (1 )
9.81
+ 4

𝐹 = 11.20 𝑘𝑁
1.20 m

Sg = 22 000 N/m3
0.90 m

54
 3. A rectangular car is 3m long by 1.5m wide and 1.5m deep. If the friction is
neglected and the car rolls down a plane with an inclination of water surface if
the car contained 0.60m depth of water when the car was horizontal?
3m
Given:
1.5 1.5

0.9

θ 1.5

0.6

Find: θ

W
W
W=mg
a
REFн
av REFн
20°
aн REFн = maн
F =masin20°
a θ
20° REFv = mav
20° =macos20°
REFv REFv

macos 20°
tanθ= mg −masin 20° F
mg
m(acos 20°)
=
m(g−asin 20°)
masin20°
acos 20°
= g−asin 20°
macos20°

Consider:
tanα =0.9 a= 9.81 tan(30.96°)
1.5
=30.96° a=5.885 m/s2
tanα =a ( ) 9.81−
g 5.885
𝑎 sin
tan(30.96°) = (5.885)cos 20° 5.53
𝑔 tan 𝜃 = =
55
7.79

= 35.35°

56
4. An open tank, 9.15m long is supported on a car moving on a level track and
uniformly accelerated from rest to 48km/hr.When at rest the tank was filled
with water to within 15cm of its top. Find the shortest time in which the
acceleration may be accomplished without spilling over the edge.
Given: 4.575 4.575

15 cm
θ
15 cm h
a

VF=48 Km/s= 13.33m/s

Find: t

Solution:
0.15
tanθ =
4.575
= 1.878°
tanθ =𝑎
𝑔

𝑎
tan(1.878°)= 9.81
a = 9.81 tan(1.878°)
a= 0.322 m/s2
𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑜
a=
𝑡
13.33
t= 0.322
=41.44 s

57
 5. A rectangular tank, 60cm long and containing 20 cm of water is given an
acceleration of a quarter of the acceleration of gravity along the length. How
deep will the water be at rear end? At the front end? What is the pressure force
at the rear end if it is 45 cm wide?

Given:
30 cm 30 cm

x
a= 1 g
x
4
F 20 cm

Find : hF, hr, F

Solution:

1
tanθ = 𝑎 = 4 𝑔= 1
g 2 4

tanθ=_x_
0.30
1 =_x_
4 0.30
x= 0.075m or 7.5 cm

hr=20+7.5
=27.5 cm
hF=20-7.5
=12.5cm

F=Awh
=(0.45)(0.275)(9.81)(0.275/2)
=0.16692 KN
=166.92 N

58
 6. Figure GG shows a container having a width of 1.50 m. Calculate the total
forces on the ends and bottom of the container when at rest and when being
accelerated vertically upward at 3m/s2?

W.S.
Given:

a=3m/s2 w=
1.3 o m
1.50m
60 0

3.0 m

Solution:
𝑎
𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = w𝑎ℎ 𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = wℎ(1 + )𝑔

3
𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 9.81(1.3)(1.5)(0.65)𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 9.81(1.3)(1.5)(0.65)(1 + )
𝑒𝑛𝑑
9.81

𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 12.43 𝑘𝑁𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 16.23 𝐾𝑁

𝑎
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = w𝑎ℎ 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = wℎ(1 + )𝑔

3
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 ℎ = 9.81(1.5)(1.5)(0.65)𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 ℎ = 9.81(1.5)(1.5)(0.65)(1 + )
𝑒𝑛𝑑
9.81
𝑒𝑛𝑑

𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 14.35 𝑘𝑁𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 18.74 𝑘𝑁

𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = w𝑎ℎ 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = wℎ(1 + 𝑎) 𝑔

3
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 9.81(1.5)(1.3)(1.3)𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 9.81(1.5)(1.3)(1.3) (1 + )
9.81
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 57.40 𝑘 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 74.95 𝑘𝑁

59
7. A closed rectangular tank 1.20m high by 2.40 m long by 1.50 m wide is filled
with water and the pressure at the top is raised to 140 Kpa. Calculate the
pressures in the corners of this tank when it is accelerated horizontally along its
length at 4.60m/s2?
Given:
y
θ
h
a=4.60m/s
P
P2 1.20 m

2.40 m

Find: P1 , P2

Solution:

h=p = 1.40 = 14.2712 m

w 9.81
tanθ = a = y_ = 4.6_
g 2.4 9.81
y= 1.125 m

P1 = wh1
= 9.81 (1.2 + 14.2712 + 1.125)
= 162.81 Kpa

P2 = wh2
= 9.81(1.2 +14.2712)
= 151.77 Kpa

60
8. A pipe 2.50 cm in diameter is 1.0 m long and filled with 0.60m water., what is
the pressure at the other end of the pipe when it is rotating at 200 RPM?
Given:
w= 200rpm
=20/3 л rad/s
h2

y2
X1=0.4 0.6
y1
x2= 1m

Find: P
Solution:
y1 = w2x12
2g
=(20/3л)2(0.4)2
2(9.81)
=3.577 m
y2== w2x22
2g
=(20/3л)2(1)2
2(9.81)
=22.357 m
h2=22.357-3.577
=18.78 m
P=wh2
=9.81(18.78)
= 184.23 Kpa

61
 9. An open vertical cylindrical tank 0.60 m in diameter and 1.20 m high is half full
of water. If it is rotated about its vertical axis so that the water just reach the top,
find the speed of rotation. What will then be the maximum pressure in the tank?
If the water were 1.0 m deep, what speed will cause the water to just reach the
top? What is the depth of the water at the center?

a.

2 2
𝑦=w 𝑥
2𝑔

w2(0.3)2
1.2 =
2(9.81)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
w = 16.17
𝑠
𝑃 = wℎ

2 2
𝑃 = 9810( w 𝑟)
2

16.172 × 0. 32
𝑃 = 9810( )
2 × 9.81

𝑃 = 11.80 𝑘𝑃𝑎

2 2
𝑦=w 𝑥
2𝑔

w2(0.3)2
0.4 =
2(9.81)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
w = 9.34
𝑠
𝐻 𝑦
𝑑= +
2 2
𝑑 = 0.6 + 0.2

𝑑 = 0.8 𝑚

62
 10. If the tank of problem 9 is half full of oil (sp. Gr. 0.75) what speed of
rotation is necessary to expose one-half of the bottom diameter? How much
oil is lost in attaining this speed?

Given:

D=0.6 m

H=1.2 m
2
𝑥2
1.2 + 𝑑 = 𝜔
2𝑔 eq.1
𝜔
2
𝑑= 2 (𝑥 )
2
2𝑔
eq.2
By equating eq 1 and eq 2
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 18.68 𝑑 = 0.40 𝑚
𝑠

11. The U-tube of figure HH is given a uniform acceleration of 1.22 m/ s2 to the

right. What is the depth in AB and the pressures at B, G and D? Given: Find:

y A H C

H3
30 cm
h2
G h1

B D
30 cm 30 cm

𝑃𝐵 = 9.81(13.6)(. 34)

Solution: 𝑃𝐵 = 45.36 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑦
=𝑎 𝑃𝑔 = wℎ2
𝑧
𝑞
𝑃𝑔 = 9.81(13.6)(. 30)
𝑦
= 1.22
0.30 𝑃𝑔 = 40.02 𝑘𝑃𝑎
9.81
𝑦 = 0.0
4𝑚 𝑃𝑑 = wℎ3

62 𝑃𝑑 = 9.81(13.6)(. 26)

𝑃𝑑 = 37.40 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝐵 = wℎ1

12. The U-tube of figure HH is rotated about an axis through HG so that the
velocity at B is 3m/s. What are the pressures at B and G?
Given: Find: PR, PG

A
H C

30 cm

D
B

30 cm 30 cm

Figure HH

Solution :
A H
C
PR= wh1
=9.81(3.6)(0.30)
=40.02 Kpa
30 cm

𝑉2 G
Y2 = 2𝑔 2
3 D
=
(2)(9.81) B
30 cm 30
=0.459 m

PG= wh2
=9.81(13.6)(0.459-0.30) Figure HH
=21.18 Kpa it is below the point
Therefore, PG = -21.18 Kpa

63
 13. The U-tube of figure HH is rotated about HG. At what angular velocity does
the pressure at G become zero gage? What angular velocity is required to
produce a cavity at G?

A C
H

D
B
30 cm 30 cm

Figure HH

w
0.30, y2

0.30,0.30
LL1

0.30 m

Y2

0.30m 0.30 m Patm/w

LL2
w1 2𝑥 12
y1 = ; in LL1
2𝑔

w= √𝑦 𝑥122𝑔

(0.30)(2)(9.81)
=√ 0.302
w1=8.09 rad/s
in LL1;
Patm 𝑦 12𝑔
√
h= y2=0.30 +0.759 w2 =
w 𝑥2
101.3
= =1.059 w2 = √(1.059)(2)(29.81)
(9.81)(13.6) (0.30)

64
 =0.759m w2 =15.19 rad/s
14. The tank of problem 9 is covered with a lid having a small hole at the center
and filled with water. If the tank is then rotated about its vertical axis at
8rad/s, what is the pressure at any point of circumference of the upper cover?
Of the lower cover?
Given:

0.30 m 0.30 m

h2

h2=1.20m

Solution:

y w22𝑔𝑥 2
= 2 2
8 0.3
=
2(9.81)
=0.294 m

PU= wh1
= 9.81(0.294)
= 2.88 Kpa

PL = wh2
= 9.81 (1.20 +0.294)
= 14.65 Kpa

65
 15. The tank of problem 9 contains 0.60 m of water covered by 0.30m of oil (sp.
Gr. 0.75). What speed of rotation will cause the oil to reach the top? What is
then the pressure at any point on the circumference of the bottom?
Given : Find: w, PB

oil

h2

1.20 m
h1
water

0.3 m 0.3 m

Solution:

y1 = w12x 12 ; in LL 1
2g
w =y2g
x2
= (0.6)(2)(9.81)
` (0.30)2
w = 11.44 rad/s

PB= woilh2 + whwh1

= 9.81(0.75)(0.3) + 9.81(0.9) PB

= 11.04 Kpa

66
 16. The tube of figure II is rotated about axis AB. What angular velocity is required
to make the pressures at B and C equal? At that speed where is the location of
the minimum pressure along BC?

Given: Y2 Find: w,z

A
x CY
1

30c
45°

B z z

Solution: Tan w
x
45°= = 0.3m
0.3

w2x2
Y= 2g

y 2g
√ √
(2)(9.81
2 )
W= == 8.08 rad
x2 0.3 s

0.30 = y3 + z ;
y3 = 0.3 – z

h = y12+2 0.3-z
w z
= +0.3-z
2�
2
8.09�𝑧 2
= +0.3 – z
(2)(9.81)
= 3.336z2 –z +0.3
P𝑑𝑃= wh
2
( ) = w(3.336z – z + 0.3) = 0
𝑑𝑥
= w (6.672z – z) = 0
Z = 0.15 m

67
 17. A vessel 30 cm in diameter and filled with water is rotated about its vertical
axis with such a speed that the water surface at a distance of 7.50cm from its
axis makes an angle of 45 degrees with the horizontal. Determine the speed
of rotation.

𝐹𝑐 W
w2𝑥
𝑔
tan 45 = =
W
w
2
tan 45 = w
𝑥
𝑔

𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛 45
w=√ 𝑥

9.81 tan 45
w=√ 0.075

w = 11.44 𝑟𝑎𝑑 /𝑠

68
 18. A cylindrical vessel, 0.30 m deep, is half filled with water. When it is rotated
about its vertical axis with the speed of 150 RPM, the water just rises to the
rim of the vessel. Find the diameter of the vessel.

Given: x Find : D

0.30

w = 150 rpm
rad
= 5π s

Solution:

Y1 = w2𝑥 2
2𝑔
2
𝑦 𝑔
X =√ w2
(0.3)(2)(9.81)
=√
(5𝜋 )2
= 0.154 m
D = 2x
= 2(0.154)
= 0.3089 m
= 30.89 cm

69
19. A conical vessel with vertical axis has an altitude of 1m and is filled with
water. Its base, 0.60m in diameter, is horizontal and uppermost. If the vessel is
rotated about its axis with a speed of 60RPM, how much water will remain in
it?

Given : 0.3 0.3 Find: Vr

y
1m

w = 60 rpm
rad
= 2π s

Solution:

y=
w2𝑥 2
2𝑔
(2𝜋 )2(0.3)2
= 2(9.81)
= 0.1811 m

Vr = Vcone – Vpar
1
= 𝜋 ( )3ℎ − 1 𝜋𝑟 2𝑦
3
1 2
= 𝜋 (0.3)3(1) − 1 𝜋 (0.3)2(0.1811)
3 2
Vr = 0.060 m3

70
20. A cylindrical bucket, 35 cm deep and 30 cm in diameter, contains water to a
depth of 30 cm. A man swings this bucket describing a circle having a diameter
of 2.15 m. what is the minimum speed of rotation that the bucket can have
without permitting water to spill?

Given: Find : w

S
R = 1.075

w
Solution:

0.30
r= R – 2
= 1.075 – 0.15
= 0.925 m

w = Fc
mg = mwr
𝑔
w =√
𝑟

9.81
= √ 0.925
𝑟𝑎𝑑
w = 3.26
�
�

71
21. If the water which just fills a hemispherical bowl of 1.0m radius be made to
rotate uniformly about the vertical axis of the bowl at the rate of 30 RPM,
determine the amount of water that will spill out?

Given:
1.0 Find : Vspill

W = 30 RPM
rad
=π
s

Solution:
w2x2
y= 2g
(π)2(1)2
= 2(9.81)
= 0.503
1
m
V = πr2y
spill
2
1
= π(1)2(0.503)
2

Vspill = 0.79 m3

72
22. The open cylindrical tank of figure JJ is rotated about its vertical axis at the
rate of 60 RPM. If the initially filled with water, how high above the top of
the tank will water rise in the attached piezometer?
Given:
1

Figure JJ

1.30

1.30

Solution:

y1 w2x12
= 2g
(2π)2(0.65)2
= 2(9.81)

= 0.850 m

w2x22
Y2 = 2g
(2π)2(1)2
= 2(9.81)
= 2.012 m

h= y2 – y1
= 2.012 – 0.850
= 1.16 m

73
23. A closed cylindrical tank with axis vertical, 2m high and 0.60m in diameter is
filled with water, the intensity of pressure at the top being 140 Kpa. The metal
making up the side is 0.25 cm thick. If the vessel is rotated about its vertical axis
at 240 RPM, compute (a) total pressure on the side wall, (b) total pressure
against the top, (c) maximum intensity of hoop tension in pascals.

Given:

Ftop Fside
2m

0.6

Solution: w = 240 rpm

rad
𝑝 140
= 8π
s
h= = = 14.271 m
w 9.81

w2x2 (8π)2(0.3)2
y= 2g = 2(9.81) = 2.897 m

a.) Fside = Awh

= 𝜋 (2)(0.6)(9.81)(14.271 + 2.897 + 1)
= 671.90 KN
b.) Ftop = Awh
=𝜋 (0.3)2(9.81)(14.27 + 2.879)
= 47.62 KN
c.) P = wh
= 9.81(2.9 +14.27 + 2)
= 188.044 Kpa FB
= PD = 2T
188.04(0.6)
T =
2
= 56.41 Kpa
𝑇
S= 𝑡
56.41
= −3
2.5𝑥 10
=22565.34 Kpa

74
24. A small pipe, 0.60m long, is filled with water and capped at both ends. If
placed in a horizontal position, how fast must it be rotated about a vertical
axis, 0.30m from one end, to produce maximum pressure of 6,900 Kpa?

Given:

p
h= Y2
w

0.3 + 0.6 = 0.9

w

Solution:

𝑝
h= w
6900
= 9.81
= 703.36 m

h = y2 – y1
w2(0.9)2 w2(0.3)2
= 2(9.81) 2- 2(9.81)
9w w2
703.3639 = -
218 218
4w2
703.3639 =
109
rad
w= 138.44
s

75
25. A vertical cylindrical tank 2m high and 1.30m in diameter, two thirds full of
water, is rotated uniformly about its axis until it is on the point of
overflowing. Compute the linear velocity at the circumference. How fast will
it have to rotate in order that 0.170 m3 of water will spill out?

Given:

1.33

0.67
h

0.67

Vspill = 0.170m3

w With spillage
Solution:
w2x2
y=
2g

y2g
w=√ x2
1.33(2)(9.81)
=√
(0.65)2
rad
= 7.869
s
V = wx
= 7.869(0.65)
m
=5.11
s
1
Vspill = πr2ℎ
2
1
0.170 = π(0.65)2h
2
h = 0.256 m

y2g
w = √ x2
(1.33+0.256)(2)(9.81)
=√
(0.65)2
rad
= 8.59
s

76
 26. A steel cylinder, closed at the top, is 3m high and 2m in diameter. It is filled
with water and rotated about its vertical axis until the water pressure is about
to burst the sides of the cylinder by hoop tension. The metal is 0.625 cm thick
and its ultimate strength is 345 Mpa. How fast must the vessel be rotated?

2𝑇 = 𝑃𝐷
𝑃2
𝑇= (1)
2

𝑇 =𝑃
𝑇 =𝑆𝑡𝐴𝑡

𝑇 = (345)(1000)(6.25 × 10−3)

𝑇 = 2156.25 𝑘𝑁

𝑇 =𝑃

𝑃 = 𝑦 (9.81) + wh

2156.25 = 𝑦 (9.81) + (9.81)

(3)

𝑦 = 216.80
𝑚 w2𝑟 2
𝑦 =
2
𝑔
w2𝑥 12

77
216.80
= 2(9.81)

w = 65.22 𝑟𝑎𝑑 /𝑠

78
27. A conical vessel with axis vertical and sides sloping at 30 degrees with the
same is rotated about another axis 0.60 m from it. What must be the speed of
rotation so that water poured into it will be entirely discharged
by the rotative effect?
w
Given:

30 ° 30 °

60°
0.6 m

Solution:
w2x2
tan θ =
2g

gtanθ
w=√ x

9.81tan(60)
=√ 0.6
rad
w = 5.32
s

79
CHAPTER Five – Principles of Hydrodynamics

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. A fluid flowing in a pipe 30cm in diameter has a uniform velocity of 4m/s. the
pressure at the center of the pipe is 40kpa and the elevation of pipes centerline above an
assumed datum is 4.5m. compute the total energy per unit weight of the flowing fluid if
(a) oil (sp.gr. 0.80) (b)gas(w=8.50N/m3)

GIVEN: a) E = V2 +P + Z b) E = V2 + P + Z
oil (sp.gr. 0.80) 2g w 2g w
gas (w=8.50N/m3) 2
= (4) + 40 + 4.5 2
= (4) + 40 + 4.5
Z = 4.5m 2(9.81) (9.81).8 2(9.81)
V = 4m/s E= 10.41 J/N E = 4.7 J/N

2. A liquid of specific gravity 1.75 flows in a 6cm pipe. The total energy at appoint in
the flowing liquid is 80 J/N. the elevation of the pipe above a fixed datum is 2.60m and
the pressure in the pipe is 75kpa. Determine the velocity of flow and the power
available at the point.

GIVEN: E = V2 +P + Z P = QwE
Sp.gr = 1.7 2g w P = AVwES
P= 75kpa V = E – P +Z
2
P= (0.06)2 (37.85)(80)(1.75) Z=
2.6m 2g w 4
V = 80 – 75
2
+26 P= 147 kW
2g (9.81)(1.75)
V = 37.85m/s

4. A city requires a flow of 1.5m3/s for its water supply. Determine the diameter of the
pipe if the velocity of flow is to be 1.80m/s.

GIVEN: Q = AV : A= Q/V
Q = 1.5m3/s 𝜋d2 = Q
V = 1.80m/s 4 V
2
d = 4Q
𝜋V
d2 = 4(1.5)

80
5. A pipe consists of three length 50cm, 40cm, and 30cm with a continuous
discharge of 300liters of oil (sp.gr. 0.75) compute the mean velocity in each pipe.
Given
Q=300 L/s V1=Q/A1 = (0.3)(4) / (3.14)(0.5)2 = 1.53 m/s
S=0.75 V2=Q/A2 =(0.3)(0.4) / (3.14)(0.4)2 =
2.39m/s
V3=Q/A3 = (0.3)(4) / (3.14)(0.3)2 = 4.84m/s

6. A 30cm pipe is connected by a reducer to a 10 pipe points 1 and 2 are along the
same elevation. The pressure at 1 is 200KPa. The flows is 30 liters and the energy lost
between 1 and 2 is equivalent to 20KPa. Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid flowing
is water.
Given: V2 +P 1 + Z1 = V22 + P 2 + Z2 + H
L
2g w 2g w
2
(0.4246) + 200 =3.82 + P2 + 20
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81)
P2 =173 kPa

7. Compute the velocity head of the jet if the larger diameter is 10cm and the smaller
diameter is 30mm. The pressure head at point 1 is 30m of the flowing water and the
head lost between points 1 and 2 is 5% of the velocity head in jet. Given

2 2
V +P1 + Z1 = V 2 + P2 + Z2 + HL
2g w 2g w
2 2 2______________________
P1 =V2 -V + 0.5V2 1
W 2g
Q=AV=A2 V2
V1= 0.333V2= 0.09V2 2
Substitute 2 in 1
V2 =28.85 J/n
2g

81
9. In fig. a 5cm pipeline leads downhill from a reservoir and discharges into air, If the
loss of head between A and B is 44 J/N, determine the discharge.

P Z Pb Zb HL
V2+ a + a = V2b +
+ +

2g w 2g w
Vb 2=Z a-H Q=AV
L
2g
=3.14(0.05)2(6.26)
V2=2(9.81)(46-44)
V=6.26m/s
Q=12.30L/s

11. In fig. shown a siphon discharging oil (sp.gr. 0.90). The siphon is composed of 8cm
pipe from A to B followed by 10cm pipe from B to C. The head losses are: 1 to 2: 0.0
J/N; 2to3: 0.20J/N and 3 to 4: 1.00 J/N.
Compute the discharge and determine the pressures at points 2 and 3.
\

2 2
V +P a + Za = V c + P c + Zc + HL
2g w2g w
2
VC = Z A- H = 1.5
L
2g
2 2
V +P a + Za = V b + P b + Zb + HL
Q2= 1.5(2)(9.81)[3.14(0.1)(.25)]2 2g w 2g w
3
Q= 0.042m /s But V2= 8.36m/s
P2 = 3-(8.36)2 -5-0.3 P2=
W 2(9.81)

13. The 60cm pipe conducts water from reservoir A to a pressure turbine which is
discharging through another 60cm pipe into tailrace B. the head losses are: A to
1:5V2/2g; 2 to B: 0.20V2/2g. if the discharge is .70m3/s what input power is being given
by the water to the turbine?
Solution:
Q=AV ; Pi = QwHt
V=Q/A Pi =0.7(9.81)(68.3755)
V=0.7/𝜋(.5)2 Pi =469.53 kW
V=2.4758m/s

V2+Pa + Za = V2b + Pb + Zb + 5V2 + .20V2

2g w 2g w 2g 2g

81
 70 =5(2.4757)2 +.20(2.4758)2
19.62 19.62
Ht = 68.37551985m

14. A fire pump delivers water through 15cm main pipe to a hydrant to which is
connected an 8cm host, terminating in a nozzle 2cm in diameter. The nozzle trained
vertically up, is 1.60m above the hydrant and 12m above the pump. the head losses are
pump to hydrant is 3J/N; Nozzele;6% velocity head inthe nozzle. If the gage pressure at
the pump is 550Kpa to what vertical height can the jet bo thrown? Neglect air friction.

Q = A,V, = A2V2
V,= 𝜋(0.01)v2 = 4V2
(0.075)2 225

2 2
V +P 1 + Z1 = V 2 + P 2 + Z2 + HL+ HL+ HL
2g w 2g w
4V /225 + 550 = V2 +12 + 3 + 2 +12 + 0.06V 2 2
2

19.62 9.81 19.62 19.62

2
V2 = 22. 3855m/s

H= V2 = 22.38552 = 25.54m
2g

15. The water from reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 90cm in diameter,
and a pressure of 200kpa is maintained at the summit where the pipe is 90m above the
reservoir. The quantity pumped is 1.40m3/s and by reason of friction there is a hed loss
of 90% efficient, determine the input power furnished to the water.

2 2
Q = Ab Vb V +Pa + Za + ha = V Pb + Zb V
b +
= 1.4/ 𝜋(0.45)2 = 2.201m/s 2g w 2g w
Po = QwHp Hp = 113.63
Po= 1.4(9,81)(113)
Po = 1560.652
Pi = Po/ n
Pi = 1734.06 kN

82
16. The turbine shown in fig. extracts 50 J/N of water from the given pipe system.
At the summit S 480kpa is maintained. Determine the flow and the pressure at the
discharge side of the turbine considering the following losses: summit to turbine :
4times the velocity head in the 20cm pipe; turbine to reservoir 3times the velocity
head in the 30cm pipe.
BEE from 1 to 2
2 2
V +P 1 -Z 1 = V 2 + P 2 + Z2 + HL
2g w 2g w
0+ 480/9.81 + 46 – 50- [8Q2/𝜋2g(0.2)2]-3[8Q2/𝜋2g(0.2)2]
48.93 + 46 +50 -206.57 Q2 = 30.60Q2 = 16
Q=0.350m3/s or 350L/s

17. A horizontal Venturi meter 45cm by 60cm is used to measure the flow of air
through a 60cm pipeline. A differential gage connected to the inlet and throat contains
water which is deflected 10cm. considering the specific weight of air as
12.60 N/m3, find the flow of air. Neglect head losses.
V2+P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 V = Q/A =4Q/𝜋D4
2g w 2g w V2 = 16Q2/ 𝜋2D4
16Q2/ 𝜋2D4 + P1 =16Q2/ 𝜋2D4+ P2
2g w 2g w
P1 – P2 = 1.38Q 2
(1)
w
sum-up pressure head from (1) – (2) in meters P1-
P2 = 81.65 (2)
W
Substitute (2) to(1)
81.65 = 1.38Q
Q = 7.5 m3/s

83
18. A venturi meter 60cm by 30cm has its axis inclined downward 30deg from the
horizontal. The distance, along the axis, from the inlet to the throat is 1.20m. the
differential manometer showns a deflection of 15cm of mercury. If the flowing is water,
find the discharge if C=0.98.

P1/w + v + x – 0.15(13.6)-y + 0.15=P2/w C =Qa/Qt

P1 - P2 = 1.89y Qa=CQt
W Qa = 0.98(444.46)
BEE for 1to 2 Qa =435.72 L/s
2 2
V +P 1 + Z1 = V 2 + P 2 + Z2 + HL
2g w 2g w
2 2
V2 -V1 =P 1-P 2 + Z 1-Z 2
2g w
=
V2 6.29m/s
V1= 0.32/(0.6)2V2 V1
= 0.25V2
Qt = V2A2
Qt = 6.9(0.3)2/4
Qt = 444.46L/s

19. A 6cm fire host water discharges through a nozzle having a diameter of
2.5cm. the head lost in the nozzle is 4% of the velocity head in the jet. If the gage
pressure at the base of the nozzle is 400kpa, find the flow and the maximum
horizontal range to which the stream can be thrown.

BEE from 1 to 2
2 2
V +P 1 + Z1 = V 2 + P 2 + Z2 + HL
2g w 2g w
0.051v + 40.77 = 0.051 v2 + 2.04x10-3v2 V=
2

4.987 m/s

Q,=Q2 ; A,v= A2v2

V 2 = 0.062/.0252v
V2 = 28.73m/s

Q2 = A2V2
Q2 =28.73(.025)2/4 Q2=
14.10L/s

84
20. Water is flowing through the pipe system of Fig. calculate the power of the
turbine, neglecting losses.

Solution:
V2 = Q/A = Q/ (0.15)2 = 14.147Q` BEE from 1 to 2
VN = Q/ 𝜋(0.05)2 =127.324Q V +P 1 + Z1 = V22 + P 2 + Z2
2

H2 = P2/w =0.2(13.6) =-2.72 2g w 2g w

2
V, = Q/A = .218/𝜋(.1) =6.941m/s (6.941) + 345 – HA = (3.084)2 – 2.72
2

BEE from to to nozzle 2(981) 9.81 2(9.81)

V +P 2 + Z2 = V2n + P n + Zn
2
HA = 39.733m
2g w 2g w
P = QwHa
2
14.147Q - 2.72 + 45 = 127.32 P = (.211)(9.81)(39.733)
2(9.81) 2(9.81) P= 82.24 kW
3
Q= 0.211 m /s

21. Calculate the minimum power of the pump which will send the jet over the wall
shown in fig. neglect losses.

2
V +P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 Q = AV
2g w 2g w Q = 𝜋(0.075)2(31.63)
V + 55 = V 2 + 60 – 76 -39
2 2
4
2g 2g Q = 0.14m3/s
V2 = 31.63m/s
HE = 101.98 -72.5
= 29.48

85
 HL = (31.63)2
2(9.81)
P = Qwe HL = 101.98m
P = 0.14(9810)(29.48) P
= 40.49 kN

22. In fig. K h1 = 20cm and h2 = 30cm. If water is flowing, calculate the power of the
pump.

P1 + 0.6 + 0.2 (13.6) = -3.32m W

BEE for 1 to 2 BEE for 3 to 4
2 2 2 2
V +P 1 + Z1 + Ha = V 2 + P 2 + Z2 V + P1 = V 2 + P2
2g w 2g w 2g w 2g w
Ha =V2 - V1 + P2 – P 1
2 2
V4 - V3 = P3 – P 4
2 2

2g w w 2g w w
2 2
Ha = 415 - (-3.32) V4 - .25V 4 = 29 P _3 P 4
9.81 w
Ha = 45.62 V4 = [2(9.81)(3.78)/1-0.25]
V4= 8.89m/s
V3 = (A4/A3)V4
V3=(0.52/0.32)V4 P=QWHa
V3= 0.25V4 P=[8.89(𝜋)(.152)/4](9.81)(45.62) P=
71. 51 Kw

86
23. A 20cm pipe contains a short section in which the diameter is gradually reduced to
7.5cm and then gradually enlarged to full size. The pressure of the water at a point
where the reduction starts is 520kpa. If the rate of flow is 35L/s, determine the pressure
at 7.5cm section. Neglect losses.
GIVEN: BEE from 1 to 2
Q1 = 20cm Q2 = A2V2 V +P 1 + Z1 = V2 2 + P2 + Z2
2

Q2 = 7.5cm V2 = 0.35 2g w 2g w
2 2
P = 520kpa (0.075) 520 +(71.78) = P2
Q = 35L/s V2 = 71.78m/s 9.81 2(9.81) (9.81)
P2 = 490.21kPa

24. The inlet in the end of a pipe is 2.50m above the discharge end. To maintain a flow
5L/s through the 15cm pipe a pressure of 250kPa at the inlet end is kept. Compute the
head loss while passing through the pipe and determine the energy per second it
represents. Consider water flowing.
E1 = E2
2
V +P 1 + Z1 V22 + P2 + Z2 + HE P = QwE
=
2g w 2g w P = 0.035(9.81)(27.98)
Therefore Q1 = Q2 ,V1 = V2 P = 9.61kW
2 2
V +250 + 2.5 = V 1 + P 2 + HE
2g 9.81 2g 9.81
HE = 27.98m

25. A water motor is supplied from a horizontal 30cm pipe and uses 220L/s.
Discharge takes place through a 60cm vertical pipe. A differential gage tapped into
pipe close to the motor shows a deflection of 1.80m of mercury. The two points where
the gage was taped are separated by vertical distance of 1m. if the motor is 80%
efficient, determine its power output.

2
BEE from 1 to 2 V +P1
2
+ Z1 = V 2 + P2 + Z2 + HE
2g w 2g w
HE = V1 - 23 + P1 – P2 + Z1- Z2
2 2

2g w
2 2
HE = (3.11) - (0.78) + 21.68+1
2(9.81)
HE = 23
V1 = Q/A ; (0.220)(4)/ 𝜋(0.3)2 Pout = QwHE
V1 = 3.11m/s Pout =23.14(9.81)(.22)(.8)
V2 = 0.70(4)/ (0.6)2 Pout = 39.95 kW

87
26 .A pump draws water from a pit through and vertical 30cm pipes w/c extends below
the water surface. It discharges into a 15cm horizontal pipe 4.0m above the water
surface. While pumping the y of flow in L/s, a pressure page on the discharge pipe
reads 165kp2 and a page on the suction pipe shows a vacuum of 35kg2. Both pages are
close to the pump and are separated by a vertical dist. Of 90cm. Compute the head lost
in the sanction pipe. Compute the charge in energy per second between the pages. What
is the power output of the pump?
Solution:
= 𝑄 = 0.06(4)
v2
𝑎 (03)2
= 0.85𝑚/𝑠

v3 = 𝑄
𝑎3 𝑚
= 𝜋 (0.15)² = 3.40 /𝑠
0.06(𝑦)

Bεε fr. 1-2

𝑣12 𝑝12 𝑉22 𝑝22

+ +
2𝑔 + 𝑍1 = 2𝑔 + 𝑍2+𝐻𝐿
−𝑉22 w w
𝑝2
H.L= − - 𝑍2
2 w

−(0.85).2
= -
2(9.81) (−35)
9.81 -3.1
𝐽
H.L=0.43 /𝑁

Bεε fr. 2-3

𝑉22 𝑝2 𝑉32 𝑝3
+ + 𝑍2+𝐻𝐴 + + 𝑍3
2𝑔 w 2𝑔 w
=
𝑣32 −𝑣22 𝑝3 −𝑝2
H.A= + + −𝑧
2𝑔 w 3 2

(3.4)2 −(0.85)2 (16.5) −(−35)

= +
+4 − 3.1
2(9.81) (9.81)

𝐽
H.A = 21.84 /𝑁

88
27. A free jet of water 5cm in diameter is discharge from a nozzle at an angle of 60°
from the horizontal. If the pressure at the 10cm base, 30cm from the tip, is the
maintained at 465kpa and cy = 0.97, what is the maximum distance that the nozzle can
be placed from a building and still jet water into a window w/c is 20m above the
nozzle?
Solution:

Bεε fr. 1-2

𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑉22 𝑝2
+ + = + +
1
2𝑔 w 2𝑔 w 𝑍 2+𝐻𝑁

465
− 0.3𝑠𝑖𝑛60
𝑣22 = 9.81
2𝑔 1
(0.97)2
− (0.25)2

465
− 0.3𝑠𝑖𝑛60
𝑣2 = √ 9.81 (2)(9.81)
1
− (0.25)2
(0.97)2

𝑣 2 = 30.41
𝑚/
𝑠
𝑣𝑦 2 = 𝑣0𝑦2 − 2𝑔ℎ

𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡
17.34
𝑡1 = = 1.77𝑠
8.81

𝑣 30.41𝑠𝑖𝑛60
𝑡2 = = = 2.68𝑠
𝑔 9.81

T=𝑡1 + 𝑡2
T=1.8 +2.68 = 4.5s

X=𝑣2𝑥 𝑡
= 30.4 cos60(4.5)
X= 68.42m

89
28. A pilot tube in a pipe in w/c air is flowing is connected to a manometer
containing water as in Fig.L .If the difference of the water level s in the
manomeer is 10cm,what is the velocity of flow in the pipe?Assume a tube
coefficient of cp=0.99.Specific weight of air is 12𝑁/𝑚3.

Solution:

V= Cp√2(𝑠′ −𝑠) d
𝑠

V= 0 . 99 (2(9.81)(1−12/9.81))(0.1)
√ 12(9.81)

V= 39.62 𝑚
𝑠

90
CHAPTER SIX – Orifices, Weirs, and Tubes

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. Oil of specific gravity of 0.72 flows through a 7.5 cm diameter orifice with Cv =
0.95, Cc = 0.65. What must be the pressure of the air on the surface so that the
jet’s available power is 6 KW? See Fig. D.

Given : Cv = 0.95 Find : P1

Cc = 0.65
Solution:
Vt
P = CA V w ; P = QwE
o t
2g
Vt
6 = (0.95)(0.65)(π)(0.0375)2V (9.81)(0.72)
t
19.62

Vt= 18.25 m/s

Vt = √2gH

18.25 = √19.62H
H = 17.0334 m

P1
H= h+
w
P1
17.0334 = 3 +
(9.81)(0.72)

P1 = 99.12 Kpa

91
 2. A cylindrical tank 1m in diameter and 3m high contains 1m of water, 1.20m of
oil (s=0.80) and air under a pressure of 16KPa. Find the theoretical velocity of
the jet through a 5cm diameter orifice 30cm above the bottom of the tank.

Given : Do = 5cm

Find : Vt

Solution:
PH2O = P1 + wOIL

PH2O = 16 + 9.81(0.8)(1.2) PH2O

= 25.417 Kpa

Vt= √2gH

Vt = √2(ℎ + 𝑃ℎ20
)
w

V = √19.62(0.7 + 25.417
)
t
9.81

Vt= 8.04 m/s

92
 3. What will be the discharge through a 2.5cm orifice (C=0.61) in the bottom of a
tank moving upward with an acceleration of 3 𝑚/𝑠2 if the water stands 2.50m
over the orifice?

Given : C = 0.61 Find : Qa

a = 3 m/s2

Solution:
𝑎 3
H = h (1 + ) = 2.5 ( 1 + )
𝑔 9.81

H = 3.2645 m

Qa = CAoVt = CAo√2𝑔𝐻

Qa = (0.61)(π)(0.0125)2√19.62(3.2645)

Qa = 2.4x10-3 m3/s
4. In Fig. A, P1 = 70KPa, P2 = 5KPa, Cc= 1.00, Cv= 0.95, Do= 6cm, h=1.80m
(liquid with s=2.5). Find the actual flow through the orifice, to double the
discharge, what must be P1 assuming P2 is unchanged?

Given : P1 = 70 Kpa Find : Qa ,

P2 = 5 Kpa
Cc = 1
Cv = 0.95
Do = 6 cm

Solution:

Qa = CAoVt ; Vt =√2𝑔𝐻
Q = CA √2(ℎ + 𝑝1
− 𝑝2)
a o
w w

93
 Qa = (0.95)(π)(0.03)2 √19.62(1.8 + 70.5
9.81(2.5)
Qa = 0.025 m3/s
2Q = CA √2(ℎ + 𝑝1
− 𝑝2)
a o
w w

{2(0.025) = (0.95)(π)(0.03)2√19.62[1.8 + 𝑝1−5 ]}2

(9.81)(2.5)
𝑝1−5
346.5 = 19.62 [1.8 + ]
(9.81)(2.5)
P1 = 393.98 Kpa

5. The horizontal orifice of Fig. B has a diameter of 10cm with Cc=0.60, Cv=
0.97. When h=2.50m. What pressure, applied on the surface, will cause the jet to
rise 20cm higher than the free surface?

Given : Cc = 0.60
Cv = 0.97
Do = 10 cm

Solution:

𝑝1
w = H o + 0.2
𝑝1
= H(1-C 2v) + 0.2
w
𝑝1 𝑝1
=( + 2.5)(1 – 0.972) + 0.2
w 𝑝1w
𝑝1
= 0.0591 + 0.4775 + 0.2
w w
𝑝1
= 0.3696
9.81
P1 = 3.63 Kpa

94
6. In Fig. C, Do= 5cm and Cc= 0.62, Cv= 0.98. the liquid is oil(s=0.80) and
stands 4m in the piezometer above the pipe’s centerline. Compute the
flow and the velocity of the jet.

Given: D = 15 cm Find: Qa , V2
𝑝1
=3m
w

Solution:

Qa = AV1 = CAoV2

[π(0.075)2V1 = 0.62(0.98)(π)(0.025)2√58.86 + V1]2

219.41 V 12 = 58.86 + V 2
1

V1 = 0.5191 m/s

Qa = (0.075)2(0.5191) Qa
= 9.17 L/s

BEE from 1 to 2

𝑉1^2 𝑃1 𝑉2^2 𝑝2
2𝑔 + w + Z1= + w+ Z 2
2𝑔
𝑉1^2 𝑉2^2
2𝑔 + 3 = 2𝑔
V2 = √58.86 + 0.5191
V2 = 7.69 m/s

95
 7. A sharp-edged orifice in a 30° plane has its vena contracta at EL 10.7m. If the
W.S. in the tank is at EL 15.25m and the top of the jet is at EL 14m, find the
velocity and the coefficient of velocity.

Given: h1 = 4.55 m Find: V1 , C

h2= 3.3 m

Solution:
V2 = V1y2 -2gh
0 = (V1cos30°) – (19.62)(3.3) V1
= 9.28 m/s

V1 = Cv√2𝑔ℎ1

.28 = Cv√19.62(4.55)
Cv = 0.98

96
8. In Fig. E is a submerged orifice. Find the theoretical velocity of the jet.

Given: P1 = 30 Kpa Find: V2

P2 = 10 Kpa

Solution:

BEE from 1 to 2

𝑉1^2 𝑃1 𝑉2^2 𝑝2
2𝑔 + w + h 1= + w+ h 2
2𝑔
30
+
𝑉2^2
4 = 19.62 +
10 + 1.6
w9.81 9.81
V2 = 11.27 m/s

9. Fig. F shows a cylinder weighing 780N and is empty at the time the orifice is
opened. Neglecting the thickness of the cylinder walls, determine the weight of
the anchor if the cylinder sinks 1m in 2minutes. The specific weight of the
anchor is 23.54 KN/m3.

Given: C = 0.60 Find:

Wan
t = 60 s
Solution:

Vt = Atha
Vt = (π)(0.3)2(1)
Vt = 0.2827 m3
𝑉𝑡
Q = CA √2𝑔ℎ; Q =
o
𝑡
𝑉𝑡
= CA √2𝑔ℎ
o
𝑡
0.2827
120 =
(0.6)(π)(0.3)2√19.62ℎ
h = 0.4651 m

FBcy = wv
FBcy =
F =0
∑ v 9810(π)(0.3)2(0.4651) FBcy
= 1290.017
WCy + Wan = FBcy + FBan 780 FBan = wv
W𝑎
FBan = 9.81( )
+ Wan = 1290.017 + 23.54
0.4167Wan Wan FBan = 0.4167 Wan
= 874.42 97
10. A cylindrical vessel 1.20m in diameter and 2m high has a rounded circular
orifice 5cm in diameter in the bottom with C= 0.95. If the vessel is full of water,
how long will it take to lower the surface 1.50m?

Given: Do = 5 cm
Find: t
C = 0.95

Solution:

2𝐴
t= 𝐶𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
(h11/2 – h21/2)
(2)(𝜋)(0.6)^2 (0.95) [(2)1/2 – (0.5)1/2]
t= (2)(𝜋 )(0.6)^2√19.62

t = 193.58 s

11. A vertical cylindrical tank has orifice for its outlet. When the water surface in
the tank is 5m above the orifice, the surface can be lowered 4m in 20minutes,
the pressure on the surface being atmospheric. What uniform air pressure must
be applied to the surface if the same volume of water is to be discharged in
10minutes?

Given: hT = 5m

h = 4m ; t1 =20min or 1200 s Find:

Pa = ?

@ t2 =10min or 600 s

98
Solution:

2𝐴 (√h -√h ) ; let K = 2𝐴/𝐶𝐴 𝑜√2𝑔

t= 𝐶𝐴𝑜√2𝑔
1 2

t1 = K (√h1 – √h2)

20 = K (√5-√1) ; K = 16.18

t2 = K [√h1 + Pa/𝜔 – √h2 + Pa/𝜔]

{10= 16.18 [√5+ Pa/𝜔 – √1+ Pa/𝜔]}2

5 + Pa/𝜔 = 0.3819 + 1.236 √1 + Pa/𝜔 + 1 + Pa/ 𝜔

[√1 + Pa/ 𝜔 = 2.9273]2

Pa/9.81 = 7.569

Pa = 74.25 kPa

12. A swimming pool with plan and section shown in Fig. G is filled with water . It
has two short tubes both with diameter 20cm and C= 0.80 located at the lowest
point. Find the time needed to empty the pool through these tubes.

Given: d1 = 20cm or 0.20m

d2 = 20cm or 0.20m C

= 0.80

Find: T =?

99
 Solution: for rectangular part

ℎ1 𝐴𝑑ℎ
t1 = ∫ = ∫3 450𝑑ℎ
ℎ2 2𝐶𝐴√2𝑔ℎ 1.8 2(0.8)(𝜋)(0.1)^2√19.62ℎ

3
t1 = 2021.125 ∫1.8 ℎ-1/2dh = 1578.135 s

for triangular part

𝑥 30 30
= →x= ℎ
ℎ 1.8 1.8
30
1.8 15 ( )(ℎ)𝑑ℎ
1.8
t 2 = ∫0 2(0.8)(𝜋)(0.1)^2√19.62ℎ

= 1122.847 ∫1.83
ℎ-1/2dh
t2 = 1807.749 s

T = t1 + t2

= 1578.135 s + 1807.749 s

= 3385.88 s

13. In Fig. H is shown a tank 1.5 by 1.5m horizontal section and 3m high with two
orifices (C=0.60) both 10cm in diameter and 60cm apart. (a) How much water
must be supplied to the tank to keep it always full? (b) If this supply is cut off,
how long

Given: AT = 2.25m; hT = 3m

Do1 = 10 cm or 0.10m

Do2 = 10 cm or 0.10m

C = 0.60

Find: QT =?

t =?

100
Solution:

a.) Q = CAo√2𝑔ℎ

Q1 = (0.6) (𝜋) (0.005)2√19.62(1.2)

= 0.0229 𝑚3/𝑠

Q2 = (0.6) ( ) (0.05)2√19.62(1.8)

Q2 = 0.028 𝑚3/𝑠

QT = Q1 + Q2 = 0.0229 + 0.028

QT = 0.051 𝑚3/𝑠
ℎ1
b.)t =
𝐴𝑑ℎ
1 ∫ℎ2 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔ℎ−Q

1.2 2.25𝑑ℎ
=∫0 (2)(0.6)(𝜋)(0.05)^2√19.6ℎ −0.051
900
= 118.0817 -
17

t1= 65.1405 s
1.8
2.25𝑑ℎ
t2 = ∫0
(2)(0.6)(𝜋)(0.05)^2√19.6ℎ −0.051
900
= 61.1236 -
17

t2 = 8.1824 s T

= t1 + t2

T = 65.1405 + 8.1824 T

= 73.32 s

101
 14. A rectangular suppressed weir 1.20m high extends across a rectangular channel
3m wide. If the measured head is 40cm, determine the discharge using the
Francis formula.

Given: h = 40 cm or 0.4m P Solution: Qa = 1.84 LH3/2

= 1.20m Qa = 1.84(3) (0.4) 3/2
L = 3m
Qa = 1.4 𝑚3/𝑠
Find: Qa =?

15. A rectangular channel 6m wide has a depth of 1m flowing with a mean velocity
of 0.75𝑚/𝑠. Determine the height of a rectangular suppressed weir that will
increase the depth of water in the channel 60 1.60m.

Given: L = 6m

D = 1m

v = 0.75 m/s

Find: p =? @ d = 1.60m

102
Solution: va = Ao vo = 1(6) (0.75) = 4.5 𝑚3/𝑠
𝑄𝑎 4.5 0.47^2 3/2
V = = = 0.47 m/s4.5 = 1.84 (6) [(H + ) – 0.47^2 3/2
a ( ) ]
𝐴 1.6(6) 19.62 19.62

H = 0.54m; p = d – H = 1.6 – 0.54

P = 1.06m

16. A rectangular suppressed weir 1m high extend across a rectangular channel

6m wide in which the flow is 2.80𝑚3/𝑠. Determine the depth of water
upstream from the weir.

Given: P = 1m

L = 6m

Q = 2.8 𝑚3/𝑠

Find: d =? , h =?

Solution: Qa = 1.84 LH3/2

2.8 = 1.84 (6) (H) 3/2

H = 0.4007m

D = p + H = 1 + 0.4007 D

= 1.4 m

17. A rectangular contracted weir 2m long discharges water under a head of 0.50m.
Compute the discharge using the Francis correction.

Given: H = 0.50m

L = 2m

Find: Q =?

103
Solution:

Qa = 1.84 LH3/2;

L’ = L – 0.20H

= 2 – 0.20(0.5)

= 1.9m

= 1.84 (1.9) (0.5) 3/2

Qa = 1.24𝑚3/𝑠

18. In a river 20m wide, having an average depth of 1m and a mean velocity of
0.35𝑚/𝑠, a contracted rectangular weir 10m long is to be constructed.
Determine the head over the weir.

Given: v = 0.35 m/s

D = 1m

Wc= 20m

L = 10m

Find: H =?

Solution: Q = 1(20) (0.35) = 7𝑚3/𝑠

Q = 1.84 L’H3/2

7 = 1.84 (10) (H) 3/2

H = 0.53m

104
 19. A rectangular contracted weir 3m long is built in the center of a rectangular
channel 6m wide. How high is the weir if the depth of water upstream is 1m
when the discharge is 1.15𝑚3/𝑠?

Given:

Q = 1.15𝑚3/𝑠

L’ = 3m

D = 1m

Find: H =? P =?

Solution: Q = 1.84 L’H3/2

1.15 = 1.84 (3) (H) 3/2

H = 0.3514m

P = d – H = 1 – 0.3514

P = 0.65m

105
20. A trapezoidal canal, 6m at the bottom and having side slopes 2:1 carries water to
a depth of 40cm and mean velocity of 0.60 𝑚/𝑠. what length of a rectangular
contracted weir 85cm high should be placed in the middle of the canal if the
depth of water upstream is to be 1.20m?

Given:

Find: L =?

Solution:

Qo = Aovo

= ½ (6 + 7.6) (0.4) (0.6)

= 1.63𝑚3/𝑠

Q = 1.84 L’H3/2

1.63 = 1.84 L’ (0.35) 3/2

L’ = 4.28 m

L = 4.28 + 0.20(0.35)

L = 4.35m

106
 21. Determine the discharge of water over 60° triangular weir if the
measured head is 19cm.

GIVEN: FIND:

𝑄𝑎 =19Cm 𝑄𝑎

SOLUTION:
8 5
𝜃
𝑄𝑎 = C´ √2𝑔 tan 𝐻 2
15 2

=0.60( 8
) (√19.62) (tan 60) (0.19)52
15 2
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑚3
0.013
𝑠

22. The discharge of water over a 45° triangular weir is 20 liters/s. What is the
head?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐿 𝑚3/ 5
8 𝜃
𝑄𝑎 = 20 /𝑠 = 0.02 𝑠 𝐻𝑄𝑎 = C´15√2g tan 2 𝐻2 𝜃 = 45°

[0.02 = 0.60 ( 8 2
5
) (√19.62) (tan 45) 𝐻2 ]
15 2

𝐻 = 0.26

107
23. Compute the discharge of water over a Cipolletti weir 1.60m long under a head
of 26cm.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

3
𝐻 = 26cm 𝑄𝑎𝑄𝑎 = 1.86 𝐿𝐻2
3
𝐿 = 1.60m = 1.86(1.60)(0.26)2
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑚3
0.39
𝑠

24. A stream 24m wide carries 1.84 𝑚3/𝑠 of water. Determine the resulting head
over a Cipolletti weir 1m high and 4m long.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

3 3
𝑄𝑎 = 1.84𝑚 / 𝐻𝑄𝑎 = 1.86L𝐻
𝑠 2

3 2
𝐿 = 4m [1.84 = 1.86(4)2 ]
𝐻 = 0.39m

25. What length of Cipolletti weir should be constructed if the measured head
will not exceed 50cm when the discharge is 3.40 𝑚3/𝑠?

108
 GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:
3 3
𝑄𝑎 = 3.40𝑚 / 𝐿𝑄𝑎 = 1.86L𝐻
𝑠 2

3
𝐻 = 50cm 340 = 1.86L(0.5)2
𝐿 = 5.17m

26. A rectangular suppressed weir under a constant head of 10cm feeds a tank
containing a 7.5cm diameter orifice. The weir is 60cm long. The head lost in the
orifice is 0.60J/N and Cc = 0.65. Determine the head to which the water will rise
above the orifice. Also find the value of Cv.

27. A rectangular suppressed weir 80cm high is built across a rectangular flume
10m wide. The measured head is 40cm of water. Some distance upstream is
another rectangular weir having a height of 1.10m. The measured head on the
second weir is 50cm. Find the length of the second weir.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

3 3
𝑃2 = 80𝑐𝑚𝐿𝑄2 =1.84𝐿𝐻22 = 1.84(10)0.42
𝐿2 = 10𝑚𝑄 𝑚3/
2 = 4.654872716 𝑠
3
𝐻1 = 50cm 𝑄1 = 1.84𝐿𝐻 (1 − 𝑆 22
)0.385
0.1 1.5 0.385
3
=
2
40cm 4.655 = 𝑄 1 = 1.84𝐿 1(0.5) [1 − ( 2 ) ]
0.5
h = 0.1m 𝐿1 = 7.42𝑚

28. During a test on a 245cm long rectangular suppressed weir which was 100cm
high, the head was maintained constant at 30cm. In 38sec, 28.80𝑚3 of water
were collected. Find the correction factor C’ .

109
 GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:
𝑚3
𝐿 = 245cm 𝐶’ 𝑄𝑎 = 𝑉 = 28.8
= 0.757894768
𝑡 38 𝑠
3 2 3
𝑃 = 100cm 𝑄𝑎 = CL𝐻 = C’ √2𝑔𝐿𝐻2
2
3
2 3
𝐻 = 30cm 0.758 = C’( ) ( √19.62)(2.45)(0.3)2
3
𝑡 = 38s 𝐶’ = 0.64

29. The flow in a rectangular channel 3m wide is constant. A depth of 2m is

maintained by a rectangular weir 1m long by 1.60m high. This weir is to be
replaced by a rectangular suppressed weir which will maintain the same depth.
What height of weir is required assuming C \ 0.62 for both weirs?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

2 3

𝐻1 = 0.4ℎ2𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶′ √2𝑔𝐿1𝐻12
3
2 3
ℎ1 = 1.60𝑚 = 0.62( ) (√19.62)(1)(0.4)2
3

𝐿1 𝑚3
= 1𝑚𝑄𝑎 = 0.4631694636
𝑠
2
2 3
𝐿2 = 3𝑚 [ 0.463 = 0.62 ) (√19.62)(3)𝐻 2 2 ]
( 3
𝑑 = 2𝑚𝐻2 = 0.1923𝑚
𝐶 = 0.62ℎ2 = 𝑑 − 0.1923
′

ℎ2 = 1.81𝑚

110
30. A concrete spillway with permanent cress elevation at 100m controls a reservoir
4.65 hectares in area. Determine the length of the spillway if, by removing
flashboards, water can be lowered from EL 102m to EL 101m in 30minutes. Use
C = 1.94.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐻2 (𝑣𝑜𝑙 ) 𝐻2
𝐴 = 4.65ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 L 𝑡 =∫ = ∫ 𝐴𝑑𝐻
𝐻1 3
𝑄𝑎 𝐻1
1.94𝐿𝐻2
2
46500𝑑𝐻
𝑡 = 30𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1800𝑠1800 = ∫ 3
1 1.94𝐿𝐻2
−1
2 −3 2𝐻2
0.07509677 = ∫ 1 𝐻
2 𝑑𝐻 = 1 −1
∫ 2
−1/ −1/
2 2 1 2
= −1 − −1
2 2
𝐿 = 7.8𝑚

31. A 90° V-notch weir is located at one end of a tank having a square section 10m
by 10m. If the initial head on the weir is 1.20m, how long will it take to
discharge 100𝑚3 of water over the weir?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

111
 𝑉 100
𝜃 = 90°𝑡𝐻 = = 1𝑚 =
𝐴 100
𝑉 = 100𝑚3𝐻1 = 1.2 − 1 = 0.20𝑚

𝐴 = 100𝑚3 𝐻
𝐴𝑑𝐻
𝐻2
100 𝐻−2.5𝑑𝐻
𝑡 =∫ 2
1.40𝐻2.5 = ∫ 1.40
𝐻 𝐻1
𝐻12 𝐻−1.5
𝐻 = 1.20𝑚 = 71.4286 ∫
−1.5 −1.5
𝐻1 −1.5
= 71.4286 [ (1.2)
− (0.2)
]

𝑡 = 496.17s −1.5 −1.5

32. A reservoir having a constant horizontal sectional area of 1860 m 2 discharges

water over a Cipolletti weir, the initial head being 40cm. How long is the crest if
1800sec are required to lower the water level in the reservoir by 35cm?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐻2 𝐴𝑑 𝐻2 1860 𝑑𝐻
A = 1860𝑚2𝐿𝑡 = ∫ =∫
𝐻1 3 3
𝐻
1.86𝐿𝐻2 1.86𝐿𝐻2
1 𝐻2 1860 𝐻 −3
2 𝑑𝐻
𝐻 = 35𝑐𝑚 1800 = ∫
1 𝐻 1.86𝐿
−1 1
−1/
0.4 𝐻 2 (0.40) 2
𝐻2 = 40𝑐𝑚1.8L = ∫0.05 −1 = −1 − (0.05−1
−1
) /2
𝑡 = 1800𝑠𝐿 = 3.21
2 2 2

112
33. Determine the probable capacity of a concrete pipe culvert 1.20m in diameter
and 12m long discharging under a head of 1.60m. The entrance is
square=cornered.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐷 = 1.20𝑚𝑄 Use = 0.74

ℎ = 1.60𝑚𝑄 = CA√2𝑔ℎ
𝐿 = 12𝑚 = 0.74(0.6)2√19.62(1.6)
3
` 𝑄 = 4.69𝑚 /𝑠

34. What diameter of a concrete pipe culvert 16m long with beveled-lip entrance
should be installed to carry 14𝑚3/𝑠 of water if the difference in water surface
elevations at the two ends of the culvert is 2.5m?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐿 = 16𝑚𝐷 0.65 ≤ 𝐶 ≤ 0.89
3
𝑄 = 14 𝑚 /𝑠 Use 𝐶 = 0.88

ℎ = 2.5𝑚𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔ℎ
14 = 0.88 𝜋 𝐷4√19.62(2.5)
4

𝐷 = 1.7𝑚

113
35. An overflow masonry dam is to be constructed across a stream. The stream is
estimated to have a maximum flood discharge of 850𝑚3/𝑠 when the elevation
of the water surface is 345m at the dam site. Six sluice gates each 2.5m high and
2m wide are to be constructed in the dam with their sills at elevation 342m. The
main overflow weir for which C = 1.45 will be 60m long with a crest elevation
at 360m. An auxillary weir 180m long with a crest elevation at 361m will
operate during floods. For this weir C = 1.88. With all the sluice gates open,
what will be the surface elevation upstream of the dam when the discharge is
850 𝑚3/𝑠?

GIVEN:
3
𝑇= 850 𝑚 / 𝑠

ℎ1 = 2.5𝑚
𝐿2 = 60𝑚
𝐿3 = 180𝑚
𝐶 = 1.88
𝐶 = 1.45

SOLUTION:
3

𝑄1 = 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔ℎ = 0.6(2)(2.5)√19.62(ℎ + 17.75)(6) = 79.73004453(0.88)2

3 3 3
𝑄2 = 𝐶𝐿2𝐻22 = 1.45(60)(ℎ + 1)2 = 87(ℎ + 1)2
3 3 3
𝑄3 = 𝐶𝐿3𝐻 32 = 1.88(180)(ℎ) = 338.4ℎ
2 2
1 3 3
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 850 = 79.73(ℎ + 17.75)2 + 87(ℎ + 1)2 + 338.4ℎ2
Let h = 0.89
1 3 3
850= 79.73(0.89 + 17.75)2 + 87(0.89 + 1)2 + 338.4(0.89)2
850< 854.4097694
114
 Let h = 0.88
1 3 3
850= 79.73(0.88 + 17.75)2 + 87(0.88 + 1)2 + 338.4(0.88)2
850>847.7505061
0.88< ℎ < 0.89
∴ ℎ = 0.89𝑚
361 + 0.89 = 361.8

CHAPTER SEVEN – Fluid Flow in Pipes

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. For laminar flow conditions, what minimum size of pipe will deliver 6
liters/s of medium oil having a kinematic viscosity of 6.10𝑥10−6𝑚2/ ?
GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:
−3
𝑄 = 6 𝐿/ D 𝑉= 𝑄
= 6 × 10
𝑆 𝐴 𝜋 2
4𝐷

115
 −3
)D
v = 6.1 × 10−6𝑚2/𝑠 𝑅𝑒 = VD ; 2000 = (6 ×10

𝜋 2(
v
4 𝐷 6.1 × 10−6 )

D = 0.63 m

2. Oil with dynamic viscosity of 0.10 Pa∙s and specific gravity of 0.85 flows
through 3000m of 30cm cast-iron pipe at the rate of 44 liters/s. Find the head
lost due to friction.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

128 𝑄µ𝐿 128 (0.044)(0.10)(3000 )
µ = 0.10 Pa.s hf ℎ𝑓 = =
S = 0.85 𝜋w 𝐷4 (9810)(0.85)(0.3) 4

L = 3000m hf = 7.96m
Q = 44 L/S

3. Determine the type of flow occurring in a 30cm diameter pipe when:

(a) Water at 60°F ( = 1.13𝑥10−6𝑚2/ 𝑠 ) flows at a velocity of 1 𝑚/𝑠.
(b) Heavy oil at 60℉(𝑣 = 2.05𝑥10−4𝑚2/𝑠 ) flows at a velocity of 1 𝑚/𝑠.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

D=30 cm Re 𝑎. ) 𝑅𝑒 = v𝐷 = 1(0.3)
v 1.13×10−6
2
v = 1.13 × 10−6 𝑚 /𝑠

V= 1 𝑚/𝑠Re= 265, 487 (turbulent) Re ≥ 3000

1 (0.3)
𝑏. ) 𝑅𝑒 =
2.05×10 −4

116
 Re = 1463 (laminar) Re = ≤
2000

4. Compute the “lower critical velocity” for 10 cm pipe carrying heavy oil
where ( 𝜌 = 895 kg/𝑚3and = 4.46𝑥10−5𝑚2/𝑠 ) .

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

D= 10 cm V 𝑅𝑒 = vD ; 𝑅𝑒 = 2000
v
𝜌 = 895 kg/m3
v = 4.46 x 10-5 m2/s 2000 = 4.46×10
v(0.1)
−5

v = 0.89 m/s

5. A pump 80% efficient delivers heavy oil (𝜌 = 912kg/𝑚3 ; 𝑣 =

2.05𝑥10−4𝑚2/𝑠) through 500m of 5cm diameter pipe to a storage tank whose oil
level is 3m higher than that of the supply tank. For a flow of 4liters/s determine
the input power of the pump.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

D=5cm Pi 𝑄 4×10−3
Q=AV; V= = 𝜋 2 =

2.0372 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 (0.05)
4

𝑣𝐷
n=80% (0.05)
Re= = 2.0372
2.05×10 −4 = 496.87 ≤
v
2000 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)

117
 2
v = 2.05 × 10−4 𝑚 /𝑠

64 𝐿 𝑣2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝑅𝑒 𝐷 2𝑔
64
= 500 2.03722
496.87 ( )( )
0.05 19.62
Q= 4𝐿/𝑠 ℎ𝑓 = 272.455 𝑚
L=500m ℎ𝑝 = 3 + 272.455 = 275.455 𝑚

𝜌 = 912 kg/m3 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑄wℎ𝑝

𝑃𝑜 = 4 ×
10−3(912)(9.81)(275.455)
𝑃𝑜 = 9857.678 W
𝑃
n =𝑜 ; 0.8 = 9857.678
𝑃
𝑃𝑖
𝑃𝑖 = 12.32 𝐾W

6. A tank used to store commercial oil (𝜌 = 950 kg/𝑚3 ; 𝑣 = 2𝑥10−3𝑚2/𝑠) is 15m

diameter and contains 1000m3 of oil. A 20cm pipe 50m long connected to the
bottom of the tank has its discharge end 6m below the bottom. A gate valve (K v
= 0.20 when fully opened) is located near the discharge end. Find the laminar
flow in the pipe when the valve is fully opened. Check the Reynolds number Re.
GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:
𝜋 𝜋
𝐷1=15m Q V=4 𝐷2ℎ ; 1000= 4 (152)ℎ
V= 1000 𝑚3 𝑧1=6𝑚 h= 5.658 m
𝐷2=20cm 𝐿2 = 50𝑚

BEE from 1 to 2:

118
 𝑣12 𝑣22 2
+ 𝑃2 + = + 𝑃1 + 𝑧 +ℎ +𝐾 𝑣2
+𝐾 𝑣22
2𝑔 w 1 2𝑔 2 𝑓 𝑐 2𝑔 𝑣 2𝑔
w
𝑣22 2 2
11.6588= + 0.5 𝑣2 + 0.2 𝑣2 + 32𝜇𝐿 𝑣2
2𝑔 2 2𝑔 2𝑔 w𝐷2
𝑣2
11.6588=1.7 + 32𝜌vL𝑣2

2𝑔 w𝐷2
32v𝐿𝑣2
11.6588= 0.087𝑣22+ 𝑔𝐷2
32(0.002)(50)𝑣2
11.6588= 0.087𝑣22 + 9.81(0.20)2
11.6588= 0.087𝑣22+8.15𝑣2

By Quadratic Formula: 𝑣2 = 1.4086 𝑚/𝑠

Q=𝐴2𝑉2= 𝜋 (0.1)2(1.4086)
3
Q= 0.044𝑚 /𝑠

Check Re:
𝑣𝐷
Re= = 1.4086(0.2)
= 140 ≤ 2000 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)
v 0.002

7. A new cast-iron pipe 400m long and 15cm in diameter carries 42liters/s of
water. Determine the frictional loss of head.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

L=400m ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓 = 0.083𝑓 𝐿
𝑄2; 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓 = 0.02
𝐷5

119
 D=15 cm ℎ𝑓 = 0.083(0.02) (0.15
400
5) (0.042)
2

Q=42𝐿/𝑠 ℎ𝑓 = 15.42𝑚

8. Determine the discharge of water through a 5cm wrought-iron pipe if the

frictional loss is 80KPa per 30m of pipe.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

L=30m Q ℎ𝑓 = 0.083𝑓 𝐿
𝐷5 𝑄2
80
D=5cm
9.81 = 0.083(0.02) ( 30
2 ) 𝑄2
0.05
3
f =0.02 Q=7.15 × 10−3 𝑚 /𝑠

9. What diameter of new cast-iron pipe 1.6km long is required to discharge

0.125𝑚3/𝑠 of water with a loss of head of 17J/N?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

L=1.6km D ℎ𝑓 = 0.083𝑓 𝐿
𝐷5 𝑄2
3 1600
Q= 0.125𝑚 /𝑠17= 0.083 (0.02)( )(0.125)2
𝐷5

𝐽
.ℎ𝑓 = 17 /𝑁

10. Points A and B are 4.8Km apart along a 60 cm new cast-iron pipe carrying
water. A is 10cm higher than B. If the pressure at B is 140KPa greater than at A,
determine the direction and amount of flow.

GIVEN: FIND SOLUTION

120
L = 4.8KM Q 𝐵𝐸𝐸 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵 𝑇𝑂 𝐴

121
 VB 2 𝑃𝐵 V𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴
D = 60CM + + 𝑧𝐵 = + + 𝑍𝐴 + ℎ𝑓
2𝑔 W 2𝑔 W
h = 10m
140
P – P = 140KPa = 10 + 0.083(0.02) (4800) 𝑄2
B A
9.81 0.65
3
𝑄 = 0.204 𝑚 /𝑠

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜w 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝐴

11. Oil with specific gravity of 0.902 flows through 1.20m long of 6.35mm glass
tubing with a head loss of 16.5cm of oil. The measured discharge is
6.8𝑥10−7𝑚3/𝑠. Determine the dynamic viscosity.

GIVEN FIND SOLUTION−7

L=1.2m µ 𝑉 = 𝑄 = 6.8×10 = 0.02147 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 (3.175×10−3 )2

32𝜇𝐿 32(𝜇 )(1.2)(0.02147 )

D=6.35mm ℎ𝑓 = w𝐷2 ; 0.165 = 9810(0.902)(6.35×10−3 )
hf=16.5cm 𝜇 = 0.071𝑃𝑎. 𝑠
s=0.902
Q=6.8x10-7m3/s

12. A new cast-iron pipe 20cm in diameter and 30m long having a sharp- cornered
entrance draws water from a reservoir and discharges into the air. What is the
difference in elevation between the water surface in the reservoir and the
discharge end of the pipe if the flow is 140liters/s?

GIVEN FIND SOLUTION

L=30cm h 𝑉 = 𝑄 = 0.14 = 4.456 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 (0.1)2

122
 D=20cm

BEE from
V1
2 1 to 2: 2
+ 𝑃1 + ℎ = V + 𝑃2 + 𝑍 + ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑐
2𝑔 w 2𝑔 w2 2
2 2
ℎ= V
+𝑓 𝐿 V
+ 𝑘𝑐 V
2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔
2
h= 4.456 [1 + 0.02 (30 ) + 0.5]
19.62 0.2

h=4.55m

13. A new cast-iron pipe 30cm in diameter and 1600m long carries water from a
reservoir and discharges into the air. If the entrance is 3m below the water level
in the reservoir and the pipe is laid on a downgrade of 1m per 500m, find the
discharge.
GIVEN FIND SOLUTION
L=1600m Q 𝐵𝐸𝐸2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 22
V1
D=30cm + 𝑃1 + = V2 + 𝑃2 + 𝑍 + ℎ + ℎ
2𝑔 w 2 1 2𝑔
2 w 2 𝑓 𝑐
h=3m 6.2 = V2
+𝑓 𝐿 V2
+𝑘 V22
2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 𝑐 2𝑔
2
z =6.2m 6.2 = V2
[1 + 0.02 ( 1600
) + 0.5]
1
19.62 0.3

V2=1.0605m/s

𝑄 = 𝐴v = π(0.15)2(1.0605) = 0.075m3/s

123
14. A new cast-iron pipe 30cm in diameter and 30m long connects two reservoirs,
both ends sharp-cornered and submerged. Determine the difference in elevation
between the water surfaces in the two reservoirs if the discharge is 0.45m3/s.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

L=30m h BEE
𝑣12
from 1 to 2: 2
D=30cm + 𝑃1 + 𝑧 = 𝑣2 + 𝑃2 + 𝑧 + ℎ + ℎ + ℎ
2𝑔 w 1 2𝑔 w 2 𝑐 𝑒
3 2 2 𝑓
Q=0.45𝑚 / 𝑧 −𝑧 =𝑓 𝐿 𝑣
+𝐾 𝑣
+𝐾 𝑣2
𝑠 1 2 𝐷 2𝑔 𝑐 2𝑔 𝑒 2𝑔
2
6.366
h= [0.02 (30 ) + −0.5 + 1]
19.62 0.3

h =7.23m

15. What diameter of smooth concrete pipe 1000m long will carry 1.40m 3/s between
two reservoirs under a head of 1m, both ends of the pipe having a sharp-corner
and submerged?
GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:
𝑣12 2
h = 1m D + 𝑃1 + 𝑧 = 𝑣2 + 𝑃2 + 𝑧 + ℎ + ℎ + ℎ
2𝑔 w 1 2𝑔 w 2 𝑐 𝑒
𝑓
2
L= 100m 𝑧 𝑣2
−𝑧 =𝑓𝐿 𝑣
+𝐾 + 𝑣2
𝐾 h
1 2 𝐷 2𝑔 𝑐 2𝑔 𝑒 2𝑔
3 𝑣2
Q=1.4𝑚 /𝑠 1= [0.02 (100) + 0.5 + 1]
2𝑔 𝐷

19.62 𝑄 1.4
𝑣2 = ; v= / = 5.6 31.36
2
= ; 𝑣2 =
𝐷 +1.5
𝐴2 𝜋
4 𝜋𝐷2 𝜋 2 𝐷4
𝐷

31.36 19.62
= 2
𝜋 2 𝐷4 +1.5
𝐷
[6.175𝐷 = 2 + 1.5] 𝐷
4
𝐷

123
 6.175𝐷4 = 2 + 1.5𝐷

By using trial and error

then interpolation:
D=0.88m

16. Three new cast-iron pipes are connected in series as shown in Fig. A. If the
discharge is 230 liters/s determine the head lost: (a) neglecting minor losses (b)
considering minor losses.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

Q=230𝐿/
0.23 0.23 0.23
𝑠 H 𝑉1 = (0.152 ) ;2 = ;= (0.2252 )
(0.32 )

𝐷1=30 cm 𝑉1 = 3.254 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣2 = 0.813 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣3 = 1.446 𝑚/𝑠

𝐷2=60 cm
𝐷3= 45 cm a.) H= ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑓 = 0.083𝑓𝑄2 ( 1 + 𝐿2
+ 𝐿3
)
1 2 3
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5 𝐷3 5
𝐿1= 400m H=0.083(0.02)(0.232) (400 + 600
+ 500
)
0.35 0.65 0.455
𝐿2=600m H= 17.51m
𝐿3=500m

b.) H= ℎ𝑓 + ℎ2𝑐1 + ℎ𝑒1𝑣2+

2 ℎ𝑐2 + ℎ2𝑒2
𝑣3
H= ℎ + 𝐾 𝑣1 + 𝐾 +𝐾 + 𝑣32
𝐾
𝑓 𝑐 2𝑔 𝑒 2𝑔 𝑐 2𝑔 𝑒 2𝑔
2 2 2 2
3.254
H= 17,.51+0.5( )+1( 0.813
) + 0.5 (1.446 ) + 1 (1.446 )

H=18.15m 19.62 19.62 19.62 19.62

124
17. Three new cast-iron pipes connected in series are shown in Fig. B. determine the
total frictional losses if the discharge is 200 liters/s. find also the difference
between the water surface in the reservoir and the discharge end of the third
pipe.

FIND: SOLUTION
hℎ , H ℎ =ℎ +ℎ +
= 0.083 𝑓 𝑄2 ( 1 + 𝐿2
+ 𝐿3
)
f 𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓 5 5
𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷3 5
3

= 0.083(0.02)(0.2)2 ( 30 + 30 30
)
0.35 0.255 0.25
hf=9.08m
0.2 𝑚
= 2.829 / ; = 4.074 m/ ;
V 0.2
𝑉 = =
(0.15)2 𝑠 2 s
1
π(0.125)2

0.2
V3 = π(0.1)2 = 6.366
m/
s
𝑉2
2 𝑉32
𝑉12
𝐻 = ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑐1 + ℎ𝑐 2 + ℎ𝑐 3 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑘𝑐 + 𝑘𝑐 + 𝑘𝑐
2
2𝑔 2
2𝑔 2𝑔 2
= 9.08 + 0.5 ( 2.829
) + 0.5 ( 4.078
) + 0.5 ( 6.366
)
19.62 19.62 19.62

H=10.74m
18. Determine the discharge through three new cast-iron pipes connected in series,
having the diameters as shown in Fig. C. the total frictional loss, excluding
minor losses, is 5J/N. use n = 0.011 for all pipes.

GIVEN: ` SOLUTION:
FIG. C at pp. 423 H= ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑓2 + ℎ𝑓3
H= 10.32𝑛2𝑄2 ( 1 + 𝐿2
+ 𝐿3
)
16 16 16
𝐷3 𝐷3 𝐷3
5=10.32(0.011 ) (2 2 300
+ 400
600
16 16 + 16 )
0.15 3 0.2 3 0.25 3

3
Q=0.02 𝑚 /𝑠

19. Two pipes with C1 = 120 (Hazen-Williams constant) connected in series,

discharge 4.75ft3 / s. with a loss of head of 27 ft. each pipe has a length of 1000ft
. If one has a diameter of 18 in. determine the diameter of the other, neglecting
minor losses.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

L1=1000ft D2 ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 1 + ℎ𝑓 2
L =1000ft 27=0.083(0.02) (1000) (4.75) + ℎ
2 𝑓2
1.55
D1=18in ℎ𝑓2 = 25.9616 𝑓𝑡
Q=4.75𝐿/ 𝑠 V=1.32C
4.75
1R
0.63 0.54
S = Q/A 0.63 0.54
C =120 (
= 1.32 120 ( ) 𝐷2
) (25.9616 )
1 𝜋
40.63 1000 0.54
𝐷2 2 4

hf=27ft 𝐷2 = 10.23𝑖𝑛

126
20. Fig. D shows a pipe system in parallel with a total flow of 400 liters/s.
determine the division of flow and the loss of head from A to B. Use n =
0.011 for both pipes.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

FIG. D at
𝐿 pp. 423 𝑄1,2,ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓21 𝐿1𝑄1
= ℎ2 𝑓2 2
Q=400 / 10.3𝑛 = 10.3𝑛2 𝐿2𝑄2

𝑠 𝐷116 /3 𝐷2 16/3
2
2000
2 𝑄1 600𝑄2
=
16 16
0.45 3 0.3 3
𝑄1 = 1.6149𝑄2

Q=Q1+Q2
0.4=1.6149Q2+Q2
Q1=1.6149(0.15)
3 3
Q =0.15𝑚 / ; Q =0.25𝑚 /
2 𝑠 1 𝑠

ℎ𝑓 2
)
= 10.3(0.0112) 2000(0.25
16
0.45 3
ℎ𝑓 = 10.76𝑚

21. In Problem 21, if the head loss from A to B is 4 J/N, determine the total flow.

GIVEN FIND SOLUTION

𝐿𝑄 2
2
hf=4m Q ℎ𝑓 = 10.3𝑛 𝐷 16 3 2 2
L=2000m 4 = 10.3(0.11)2 2000 𝑄1 ; 4 = 10.3(0.011)2 600𝑄
0.45 0.3

127
 D=45cm𝑄2 = 1.2668
𝑚3/
𝑠
3
𝑄1 = 0.8498 𝑚 /𝑠

3
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 0.8498 + 1.2668 = 212 𝑚 /𝑠

22. The discharge of the pipe system shown in Fig. E is 440 liters/s.
Determine the head loss from A to D. Use f= 0.020 for all pipes.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

L1=600m hf 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄1𝐿+𝑄 𝑄2 2 +𝐿𝑄𝑄3; 2ℎ𝑓1 = ℎ𝑓2 = ℎ𝑓3
𝐿1 𝑄12 2 2 3 3
L =500m = =
2
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5 𝐷3 5
600𝑄12 500𝑄2 2 800𝑄32
L3 =800m 0.35
= 0.255
= 0.45
D =30cm 𝑄 25𝑄1 16𝑄1
= ; =
1 2 𝑄 3
36 9
D2=25cm
D =40cm 0.44 = 𝑄 25 16
+ + 𝑄
3 1𝑄 36 1 9 1

3
𝑄1 = 0.1267 𝑚 /𝑠

1000(0.44)2 600(0.1267)2 1200(0.44)2

ℎ𝑓 = 0.083(0.02) [ + + ]
0.755 0.35 0.65

hf=12.9m

23. A 15cm pipe leaves a straight 10cm pipe at a point A, and later joins it again at
point B. The distance AB on the straight 10cm pipe is 700m. How long will the
15cm pipe have to be in order that the flow in the two pipes maybe the same?
Assume f = 0.020 and neglect minor losses.

GIVEN FIND SOLUTION

128
D1=10cm L2 ℎ𝑓1 = ℎ𝑓2

129
 D =15cm 0.083 1
𝑄2 = 0.083 𝑓 𝐿2
𝑄2
2
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5
L1=700m
700 𝐿2
0.1 5 = 0.155

𝐿2 = 5315.63𝑚

24. The pipe system shown in Fig. F serves two towns C and D. The highest
building in town C is at EL 21m and that in town D at EL 18m. If f = 0.020 for
all pipes, what is the flow in each pipe? If the per capita consumption in the two
towns is 0.0035 liters/s, how many persons could be served in each town?

GIVEN: SOLUTION
L1=1520m 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
L2=1520m
L3=2440m ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑓 = 30 − 21 = 9𝑚
1 2
D1=30cm
D2=20cm 2 2 ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑓 = 30 − 18 = 12𝑚
1 3
D =15cm0.083 𝑓 ( 𝐿1𝑄1
+ 𝐿2𝑄2
)=9
3
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5
2 2
0.083 (0.02) (1520𝑄1 + 1520𝑄2 ) = 9
0.35 0.25

1038 𝑄12 + 7885 𝑄22 = 9

𝑄22 = 0.0𝐷11 − 0.13 𝑄12 → 1

2 2
0.083 𝑓 (𝐿1𝑄1 + 𝐿2𝑄3 ) = 12
𝐷1 5 𝐷3 5
2 2
0.083(0.02) (1520𝑄1 + 244𝑄3 ) = 12
0.35 0.155

1038 𝑄12 + 53340𝑄32 = 12

𝑄32 = 0.00022 − 0.02𝑄12 → 2

130
 𝑄1 = √0.0011 − 0.13 𝑄12 + √0.00022 − 0.02 𝑄12

𝑄1 3 𝑆
= 0.043 𝑚 /

3
𝑄3 2 = 0.00022 − 0.022(0.043)2 = 0.014 𝑚 /𝑠

𝑄2 = 0.0011 − 013(0.043)2 =
3
0.029 𝑚 /𝑠

𝑇𝑜w𝑛 𝐶 = 2
= 29

= 8,300 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠
0.0035 0.0035

𝑇𝑜w𝑛 𝐷 = 3
= 14
= 4,000 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠
0.0035 0.0035

25. Fig. G shows a pipe system serving towns C and D. the population of town C is
20,000 while that of town D is 30,000. Daily per capita consumption is 0.0035
liters/s. The proposed pipe line has f = 0.020. Design the system.

GIVEN: FIND SOLUTION

FIG. G at pp.425 D 𝑄2 3
= 20,000(3.5 × 10−6) = 0.07 𝑚 /𝑠

3
𝑄3 = 30,000(3.5 × 10−6) = 0.105 𝑚 /𝑠

3
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 0.07 + 0.105 = 0.175 𝑚 /𝑠

ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑓 = 90 − 45 = 45𝑚
1 2

ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑓 = 90 − 39 = 51𝑚
1 3

131
 2 2
𝐿1 𝑄1 𝐿2𝑄2
0.083 𝑓 ( + ) = 45
5 5
𝐷1 𝐷2

(
3050 ()0.175)2 1525(0.07)2
0.083 0.02 ( ) = 45
5
𝐷2
+
𝐷1 5
93.406 7.4725
+ =27108
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5

𝐷2−5 = 3627.76 − 12.5 𝐷1−5 → 1

2 2
𝐿1 𝑄1 𝐿3𝑄2
0.083 𝑓 ( + ) = 51
5 5
𝐷1 𝐷3

(
3050 ()0.175)2 2440(0.105)2
0.083 0.02 [ +
5 ] = 51
𝐷1 5 𝐷3
93.406 26.9901
+ = 30723
𝐷15 𝐷35

𝐷3−5 = 1142.07 − 3.472 𝐷1−5 → 2

By trial and error:

𝐷1 = 0.35𝑚, 𝐷2 = 0.25𝑚, 𝐷3 = 0.3𝑚

26. Determine the flow into or out of each reservoir in the pipe system shown in Fig.
H. Use n = 0.011 for all pipes.
SOLUTION
132
Hf1 𝐿𝑄^2
= 6 =10.3 n2
𝐷^ 16 /3

133
 1200
6 = 10.3 (0.011)2 Q2
0.30 16 /3

Q1 = 0.081m3/s

Hf3 𝑄^2
= 10.3 n2
𝐷^ 16 /3 = 15
1500 𝑄^2
15 = 10.3 (0.011)2
0.15 16 /3

Q3 = 0.018m3/s
2 𝑄^2 + 𝐿𝑄^2
10.3 n ( )=6
𝐷^ 16 /3 𝐷^ 16 /3

Q2 = √00010 − 0.15𝑄^2
Hf +hf 𝑄^2
1 3
= 15 = 10.3n 2( +𝐿𝑄^2 )
𝐷^16 𝐷^16 /3 By trial and error, we have
/3

Q3 = √0.00032 − 0.02𝑄^2 Q1 = 0.043m3/s

Q1 = √00010 − 0.15𝑄2 + √0.00032 − 0.02𝑄2 Q2 = 0.027 m3/s

Q3 = 0.016 m3/s

27. Determine the flow into or out of each reservoir in the pipe system shown in Fig.
H. Use n = 0.011 for all pipes.
SOLUTION

Qp = 8Qn

APVP = 8AnVn
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
(1.5) Vp = 8 (.0750) Vn
4 4

Vn = 50Vp

𝑉^2 𝑝
+ +z = 𝑣^2 𝑝 +z+Hc+hf+hn
2 w 2𝑔 + w
𝑉^2
180 = 𝑉^2 𝐿 𝑉^2 1 𝑉^2
+0.5 +f +( - 1)
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 𝑐^2 2𝑔
𝑉^2
180 = 1.11 𝑉^2
+86.63
2𝑔 2𝑔

134
Vp = 1.11m/s ; Qp = 1.96 m3/s

135
 Vn = 5.55m/s ; Qn = 0.245 m3/s
𝑉^2 5.55^2
E = = or 157 J/N
n
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑄W𝐸
P1 = 1000

0.245 (9810)(157)
= 1000

= 377

Pt = 8(377) = 3016 KW

28. What commercial size of new cast-iron pipe (f= 0.019) shall be used to carry
280 liters/s of water with a head loss of 2 J/N per kilometer of pipe?
SOLUTION
𝐿𝑄^2
Hf = 0.083f
𝐷^5
1000 (0.28)^2
2 = 0.083(0.019)
𝐷^5

D = 0.57 say 60cm

29. The pipe system of Fig. I has the following given properties At point A: a
vacuum of 36cm of mercury; at point B: a pressure of 400KPa; At the 90°
-- bend; Kb = 0.35; at the 60° .Bend Kb = 0.20. If the discharge is
60liters/s and f= 0.018, determine the pump’s output power.
𝑄 0.06
V = = = 1.9099m/s
a (0.1)^2
𝐴

0.06
Vb = (0.075)^2 = 3.3953m/s

Pa = wh = 9.81(13.6)(-0.35)

Pa = -46.695 kpa

BEE from A to B

𝑣^2 𝑃 +z+hp = 𝑣^2 𝑃 +z+hfa+hfb+hb1+hb2

2 w
+ 2𝑔 + w

1.9099^2 46.695
- 3.395^2 400
19.62 + hp = + +
9.81 19.62 9.81
136
 15 1.9099^2
(10+8sin60)+ 0.018 +
0.2 19.62

10.5 3.3953^2 1.9099^2 3.3953^2

0.018 0.15 19.62 + 0.35 19.62 + 0.2 19.62

Hp = 1156.52

Po = Qwhp = 0.06(9810)(1156.52) Po

= 680.73 KW

30. A pump is used to raise water to a reservoir through 800m of 20cm diameter
pipe with f = 0.033.if the pipe is to be replaced with a new one having the same
length but with a diameter of 25cm and f = 0.022., determine the power saved if
the flow is to be maintained at 70 liters/s.
SOLUTION
2
Eto = Ho + 8.56 Lo Q o

2
Etn = Hn+ 1.87 Ln Q n

E = Eto - Etn = 8.56 Lo Q 2 -o 1.87 Ln Q 2

n

E = 6.69(800)(0.070)2 = 26.2J/N
𝑄w𝐸
P= =0.070(9810)(26.2) = 18KW
1000 1000

31. In Fig. J is shown a 15cm diameter cast-iron pipe discharging at an

elevation higher than the oil surface. If the oil has a kinematic viscosity of
𝑣 = 2.10𝑥10−6𝑚2/𝑠 and specific gravity of 0.84, determine the pressure on the
surface to cause a discharge of 13 liters/s in the pipe.
SOLUTION

𝑄 0.013
V = = = 0.7356m/s
b (075)^2
𝐴
137
 BEE from A to B
𝑉^2 𝑃 𝑉^2 𝑃
+ +Z= + + Z +hf + hc
2𝑔 W 2𝑔 W

𝑃 0.7356 ^2 32(2.1×10−6)(150)(0.7356 ) 0.7356 ^2

9.81(084) + 10 = 19.62 + 16 + 9.81(0.15)^2 + 0.5 19.62

Pa = 50.06kpa

32. Shown in fig. K are two reservoirs connected by 500m of 10cm pipe with f =
0.020. Determine the time, after opening the valve (K v = 0.40), when the water
surfaces in the reservoirs will be at the same elevation.
SOLUTION

d(vol) = A1A2/A1 + A2 dh
𝜋
A1 = (7.5)2 = 44.2m2
4

A2 = 3(3) = 9m2

138
 44.2(9)
D(vol) = = 7.5dh
44.2+9

BEE from 1 to 2
𝑣^2 𝑃 𝑣^2
+ ++z = + +z+hf+Hc+Hv+He
2𝑔 w 2𝑔 w
𝐿 𝑣^2 𝑣^2
H=f +(0.5+0.4+1)
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔

500 𝑣^2 𝑣^2

H = 0.2 +1.90
0.1 2𝑔 2𝑔

V = Vp = 0.44h1/2

t= ∫010 7.5𝑑ℎ
𝜋
(0.1)^2(0.44ℎ 1/2 )
4
10
t = ∫0 1
ℎ 𝑑ℎ (7120)
2

t = 2170 [2h1/2]10 = 13700s = 3.81hrs

33. The turbine shown in Fig. L is located in the 35cm line. If the turbine efficiency
is 90%, determine the output power of the turbine under the following given
conditions:
L1 = 1220m D1= 35cm f1= 0.018
L2 = 610m D2= 15cm f2= 0.024
L3 = 2440m D3= 30cm f3= 0.020 Q3 = 230 liters/s

Given: L1=1220m D1=35cm f1=0.018

L2=610m D2=15cm f2=0.024

139
 L3=2440m D3=30cm f3=0.02

Q3=230lit/s Q1=

Q2+ Q3

BEE from A to B
𝑣^2 𝑃 𝑣^2 𝑃
+ ++z-Eti = + ++z+hf1+hf2
2𝑔 w 2𝑔 w
1220 610
120-E = 50+0.083(0.018)
ti
0.35^5
Q 1+0.083(0024) 0.15^5
Q2
-------------
Eti = 70 – 347Q 12 – 16000 Q 22 (a)

BEE from A to C
𝑣^2 𝑃 𝑣^2 𝑃
+ ++z – Eti = + ++z+hf1+hf2
2𝑔 w 2𝑔 w

120-E 1220 2440

ti
= 0.083(0.018) Q 1 2+0.083(0.02) Q3 2
0.35^5 030^5

Eti = 32-347(Q 22)---------(b)

Subtract (a) from (b)

0 = 38 – 16000Q 22 or 0,050m3/s

Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = 280 lit/s

Eti = 32 – 347(028)2 or 4.8 J/N

𝑄W𝐸 0.28(9810)(4.8)
P i= 1000
= 1000

Pi = 13.2kw

Po = Pi (0.9) = 11.9KW

34. What power is delivered by the pump shown in the pipe system of Fig. M?
L1 = 300m D1= 30cm f1= 0.018
L3 = 1000m D3= 20cm f3= 0.023
L3 = 1500m D3= 25cm f3= 0.020 Q3 = 140 liters/s

Given: : L1=300m D1=30cm f1=0.018

L2=1000m D2=20cm f2=0.023

140
 L3=1500m D3=25cm f3=0.02

Q3=140lit/s Q1

+ Q2 = Q3

BEE from A to C
300 1500
Ep = 30 + 0.083(0.018) Q 2 + 0.083(0.020) 0.142
o 1
0.3^6 0.25^5

BEE from B to C
1000 1500
120 = 30 + 0.083(0.023) Q 2 + 0.083(0.020) 0.142
2
0.2^6 0.25^5

Q2 = 0.080m3/s or 80lit/s Q1

= Q3 – Q2 = 60lit/s
Epo = 80+184.4(0.06)2 or 80.7 J/N

𝑄W𝐸 0.060(9810)(80.7)
Po= 1000
= 1000

Po = 47.5KW

CHAPTER EIGHT – Flow in Open Channels

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1) Waters flow at a depth of 1.20m in a rectangular canal 3m wide, laid on a slope

of 1m per kilometer . what is the average shear stress at the sides and bottom of the
canal?

141
GIVEN: d =1.20

b=3m

So=s=0.001

Required; 𝜏

SOLUTION:

Use EQ.(8.6)

𝜏=wRS

Where:w=9810 N/𝑚3
1.2(3)
R=A/P= =0.67
3+2(1.2)

Therefore, 𝜏=9810(0.67)(0.001)=6.60 Pa

2) What uniform flow will occur in a rectangular planed timber flume (n=0.01)
1.5 m wide and having a slope of 0.001 when the dept therein is 1m, using (a)
Manning's C (b) Kutter’s C ?

GIVEN: b=1.5m

d=1m

n=0.01

S=So=0.001

REQUIRED: Discharge or flow , Q

SOLUTION:

1. A=1.59(1)=1.5𝑚2

P=1.5+2(1)=3.5m
𝐴
R= =0.43 m
𝑃

2. Manning’s C

142
 1 1 1 1
C= 𝑅6 = (0.43) 6
𝑛 0.01

C=86.9

Therefore, Q =AV=AC√𝑅𝑆=1 .5(86.9)√0.43(0.001)/

Q=2.70 𝑚3/sec ANSWER

3. KUTTER,S C
0.00155 1
23+ 𝑆 +𝑛
C= 𝑛
1+ 0.00155
𝑆
𝑅
√ (23+ )
124.6
Or C= =90.95
1.37

Therefore, Q=AV=AC√𝑅𝑆 =1.5(90.95)√0.43(0.001)

Q=2.83 𝑚3/sec

3) Calculate the flow in an earth-lined (n=0.020) trapezoidal canal having

bottom width 4m, SS 1:2, laid on a slope of 0.0001 having a depth of 2m, using
a)Manning’s C, b)Kutter’s C.

GIVEN:
S=0.0001
n=0.020

FIND: Q
143
SOLUTION:

144
 1
𝐴 (4+6)(2)
R= = 2
=1.18m
𝑃 4+2(√5)
1
1.186
a) C= =1.4
0.020
Q=AC√𝑅𝑆 = 10(51.4)√1.18(0.001)
Q=5.58𝑚3/𝑠
0.00155 1
23+ 0.0001 +0.020
b) C= 0.02 0.00155 =51.70
1+√1.18 [23+ 0.020 ]

Q=10(51.79)√1.18(0.0001)
𝑚3
Q=5.63
𝑠

4) What uniform flow exist in a circular brick conduit 1.50m in diameter when the
depth of flow is 60cm, if it is laid on a slope of 0.0005, using A)Manning’s C,
b) Kutter’s C, c) Bazin’s C? Use n=0.015 and m=0.29.

GIVEN:
S=0.0005
N=0.015
M=0.29

FIND:Q

SOLUTION:
𝜃
cos = 0.15 𝜃 = 156.926° ( ) = 2.74𝑟𝑎𝑑
2 0.75 180
1 2 1
A=𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖 = 𝑟 𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏ℎ
2 2
2 2
=2 (0.75)2(2.74) − 2 (2)√(0.75 ) − (0.15 )(0.15)
1 1

=0.66𝑚2

P=r𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 =0.75(2.74)=2.055m

0.66
R= 2.055 = 0.321𝑚
1
0.3216
a) C= = 55.17
0.015
Q=AC√𝑅𝑆=0.66(55.17)√0.321(0.0005)
𝑚3
Q=0.46
𝑠

145
 0.00155 1
23+ 0.0005 +0.015
b) C= 0.02 0.00155 =54.86
1+√0.32 [23+ 0.0005 ]

Q=0.66(54.86)√0.32(0.0005)
𝑚3
Q=0.459
𝑠
87 = 87 =57.55
C) 1+ 𝑚 0.29
√𝑅 1+√0.321

Q=0.66(57.66)√0.321(0.0005)
𝑚3
Q=0.481
𝑠

5) What uniform flow will occur in the cross-section ,if it is laid on a slope of
0.0005 and has n=0.017, using a) Manning’s C, b)Kutter’s C?

GIVEN:

S=0.0005

N=0.017

SOLUTION:

A= 5(1.5)+1/2(5+3)(1) = 11.5𝑚2

P=2(1.5)+2(√2)+3=8.82m
𝐴
R = =11.5/8.828=1.303m
𝑃
1
𝑅6
a) C =
𝑛
1
1.3036
= =61.47m
0.017

Q=AC√𝑅𝑆=11.5(61.47)√1.303(0.0005)
𝑚3
Q =18.04
𝑠

146
 0.00155 1
23+ 0.0005 +0.017
b) C= 0.017 0.00155 = 61.15
1+√1.303 [23+ 0.0005 ]

𝑚3
6) At what depth will 4.25 flow uniformly in a rectangular channel 4m wide
𝑠
with lined masonry and laid on a slope of 1 to 4000 ? use n=o.o17\ GIVEN:

A =AD

S=1/4000

N=0.017

SOLUTION:

A =AD

P=4+2dD

R=4D/4+2D

V=4.25/4D=1/0.017(4D/4+2D)^2/3 (1/4000)^1/2

D=1.33m

𝑚3
7.)Calculate the depth at which 0.07 will flow uniformly in a smooth cement
𝑠
lined circular conduit 2m in a diameter laid on a slope 1 to 7000. Use n=0.010. GIVEN:

Q=0.7

S=1/7000

N=0.01

147
SOLUTION :

R=A/P

A=1/2

8. A Trapezoidal canal of SS 1:2 and having n= 0.017 is to carry a uniform flow of

35𝑚3/s on a slope of .005 at a depth of 1.5m . What base width is required?

Given: Required: b=?

SS= 1:2

D=1.5m

S=.005

Q=35𝑚3/s

Answer:

𝐴 = 1 (𝑏 + 1.5𝑏)1.5 = 1.875 𝑏
2

1.5m P= b + 2 1.5m 𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2 √. 752 + 1.52 = b+

3.3541
B=? R= 1.875 𝑏
𝑏=3.3541

2 1
1
Q= A 𝑅3 𝑆2
𝑛

2
35= 1.875b ( 1.875𝑏
)3 ( 1
)
𝑏+3.3541 .017

b = 4.4m

9.What slope is necessary to carry 11.5 𝑚3/s at a depth of a.5m in a rectangular channel
4m wide, having n = .017?

Given: Required: S=?

Q= 11.5 𝑚3/s

n= .017 Answer:
𝐴 1.5 (4) 6
R= = = m
𝑃 4+2 (1.5) 7

148
 2 1
1
1.5m Q = A 𝑅3 𝑆2
𝑛

2
4m 11.5 = 6 (6)3 ( 1
)
7 .017

S= .0013

10. An earth- lined trapezoidal canal (n= 0.020) of base width 3m and SS 1:3 is carry
2.80𝑚3/s uniformly at a velocity of 0.60 m/s. What slope is necessary?

Given : Required: S=?

Q= 2.80𝑚3/s Answer:
1 2 14
V= 0.6 m/s Q=AV ; A= (3+3+ d) d = ; d=
2 3 3
1.3523m
14 2
N= 0.02 A= 3
𝑚

2
d P= 3+ 2 √1.35232 + (1.3523) =
3
5.851m
14
𝐴 3
R= = = 0.798m
𝑃 5.851
2 1
1
b Q = A 𝑅3 𝑆2
𝑛
2 1
14 1
2.8 = (. 798)3 (.02 ) 𝑆2
3

S= 0.0002

11.a.) What are the best dimensions for a rectangular channel having a flow cross
section of 10𝑚2 ?

b.) What are the best dimensions of a trapezoidal channel having a flow cross
section of 14𝑚2and sides sloping at 30 °?

Given:

A= 10𝑚2 Required: b, d

149
 Solution:
𝑑
a.) A=bd = 10 ; b= 2d ; R =
2

d 2d (d) = 10

b = 2(2.24)

30° d = 2.24m

b= 4.47m
𝑑 𝑑
b b.) R= ; s=
2 sin 30
1 2𝑑
A= (b + b + ( ) d = 14
2 sin 30
2𝑑 2𝑑
14= bd + ; p= b +
tan 30 sin 30
𝑑 14
R= = 2
2𝑏+
sin 30

2𝑑^2
d Bd + = 28
sin 30
28 2𝑑
b= -
𝑑 sin 30
28 2𝑑^2 28
b14= ( – 4d) d + ; b= – 4( 2.48)
tan 30 2.48
2𝑑^2
14= 28- 4 d^2 + ; b= 1.37m
tan 30

d = 2.48m

12. A smooth metal flume ( Ns= 0.015) of semicircular section has a diameter of 2m
and a grade of 0.0060. What diameter of corrugated metal flume (Nc= 0.030) will be
required to have the same discharge capacity and slope?

Given: Required: Dc =?

S= 0.006 Solution :
1 1
Ns= 0.015 As 𝜋 (1) = 𝜋𝑚2 ; Ps = 𝜋
2 2

150
 𝜋
Nc= 0.03 R= / 𝜋 = 0.5m
2

2 1
𝜋 1
Q= = ( ) ( .5)3 (.006)2 = 5.11
2 .015

𝜋
Ac= r^2 ; Pc = 𝜋r
2

𝜋
D= 2m R= 𝑟/𝜋𝑟 = 0.5r
2

𝜋 2
1
2 1
3

{5.11 = r ( )( .5r) (.006) } 3 2

2 0.03

8= r^2 ; r= 1.3 ; Dc= 2.6m

13. A circular vitrified sewer pipe is laid on a slope of .0002 and it is to carry
2.4𝑚3/s. When the pipe flows at 90 % of its diameter, what size of pipe should be used
if n= 0.015?

Given: Required: D=?

Q= 2.4𝑚3/sSolution:
𝜃 .4𝑑 𝜋
S= 0.0002 cos = ; 𝜃= 73.74 x = 1.287 rad
2 .5 180
𝜋 1 2
N= 0.015 A= 𝑑2 - 𝑟 𝜃 1

rad + bh
𝜋 1 4 2 2
2 2
2
= 𝑑 - . 25𝑑 (1.287) 2 1
√. 25𝑑 +. 16d ( .4d)
+ 2
4 2 2

A = 0.625𝑑2 + .4𝑑 √. 25𝑑2 +. 16d2 = 0.745𝑑2

𝜃 .4d P= 𝜋𝑑 − r𝜃rad = 𝜋𝑑 − .5𝑑 ( 1.287) = 2.49𝑑

.9d
.745𝑑 2
R= = = .298 d
𝑃 2.498𝑑
3
12 2 1
{2.4 = 0.745𝑑 ( ) ( .298) (.0002)2 }
3
0.015

𝑑8= 449.2

d = 2.15 m

151
14. An earth canal carries water at a depth of 2m. The canal has a bottom width of 6m
and a SS 1:5:1. Using n= 0.025 and bed slope of 0.00020, compute the discharge by the
manning equation. Check n by the Kutter equation and solve m of the bazin equation.

Given:

S= 00020Solution:
𝐴
1/2 (6+12)2
N= 0.025R=
= 𝑃 = 1.362m
6+2 √13

Q = A 𝑅3 𝑆2
𝑛 2 1
1
2 1
1
Q = 18 1.3623 .
.025

2mQ= 12.51𝑚3/s
1 1
𝑅6 1.3626
6mc= = = 42.114
𝑛 .025
87
C= 𝑚
1+ √1.362

.00155 1
23+ +
.0002 = 42.11
c= 1+ 𝑛
(23+
.00155
)
√1.362 .0002

1109.642𝑛2+ 11.364n = 1

n = .025

15. What would be the probable depth of flow of a river 100 m wide carrying 280
mᶾ/s with a slope of 0.00028 and n= 0,040?

1 2 1
Given: Q= 280 mᶾ/s Q= A R S 3 2
𝑛

1 2 1
S= 0.00028 280=100d( ) ( d)3 (0.0028)2
0.09

n=0.04 d = 3.12 m
152
 d

16. The section of a canal has one vertical side and the other sloping at an angle of
45ᴼ. The bottom width is 6 m and the depth of flow is 1.2 m. It has a slope of 0.00016
with n= 0.020. When it reaches an embankment, the flow is to be carried by two
concrete pipes with n= 0.012 and slope 0.0025. What size of pipes should be used,
assuming no losses at the point of diversion?

Given: ∅ = 45ᴼ

b=6m

d = 1.2 m

S = 0.00016

n = 0.020

17. In the earth canal shown in Fig. B, determine the amount of flow using the
specified properties.
1 1
Given: n1 = 0.013 A1 = ( 15 + 23 ) ( 2 ) ( 15 + 25 )
2
+ 2

n2 = 0.025 A1 = 58 𝑚2

S1 = 0.0005 P1 = 3√5 + 15 + 2√5

S2 = 0.0005 P1 = 26.18 m
A1 58
R1 = = = 2.22 m
P1 26.18
153
 A2 = 120 (1) = 120 𝑚2

P2 = 120 + 1 = 121 m
A2 120

1 2 1
R2 = = = 0.992 m
P2 121
1 2 1
Q = A1 R13 S12 + A2 R23 S22
𝑛1 𝑛2

1 2 1 1 2 1
Q = 58 ( )(2.22)3 (0.0005)2 + 120 ( )(0.992)3 (0.0005)2
0.013 0.025

Q = 276.53 𝑚3/s

18. A rectangular section 2.5 m wide carries a flow of 5 mᶾ/s. Find the critical
depth, the critical velocity and the critical slope if n= 0.013.

Q 5
Given: b = 2.5 m q= = = 2 𝑚3/ s / m
2.5
b

( q) 2
Q = 5 𝑚3/s dc (2 )2 = 0.74
= 3√ = 3√ 9.81
g

n = 0.013 vc =√gdc = √(9.81)(0.74) = 2.69 m/s n2 v 2

c

Sc = n2 2 4
vc / R
3

Sc = ( 0.013)2(2.69)2 / (0.465)4/3 = 3.41 X 10 -3

19. Water is released from a sluiced gate in a rectangular channel 2 m wide such
that the depth of flow is 70 cm and the velocity is 5 m/s. find the critical depth for
(a) this specific energy, (b) this discharge.
2
Given: b = 2 m a) Es = d + v2/2g d c = (Es)
3
2
d = 70 cm Es = 0.7 + 52/ 2(9.81) d c = (1.974)
3
v = 5 m/s Es = 1.974 m d c = 1.32 m

154
 b) Q = Av = (2)(0.7)(5) = 7 𝑚3/s
Q 7
q= = = 3.5 𝑚3/s/m
b 2

2
d = 3√ (q) (3.5)2 = 1.08 m
c
g = 3√ 9.81

20. Water is flowing in a rectangular flume with a velocity of 5 m/s and a depth of
1.2 m. Is the flow at upper or lower stage? What is the other alternate depth of flow?
Given: v = 5 m/s E = d + v2/2g
d
= 2(E ) q=
s c s
3
(v) (d)
2
d = 1.2 m Es = 1.2 + 52/ 2(9.81) c = (2.47) q=
3
d
(5) (1.2)

Es = 2.47 d c = 1.08 m q=6

𝑚 /s/m
3

q = d √2(9.81)(Es − d)

6 = d √2(9.81)(2.47 − d)

d = 2.02 m ⸗ LOWER STAGE ( 1.65 > 1.2 )

22. An isosceles trapezoidal canal with SS 2:1 has a bottom width of 4 m and carries
a flow of 20 mᶾ/s. Find the critical depth.

23. A planed-timber flume is to have a rectangular cross-section of best efficiency. The

velocity is not to exceed 2.4 m/s on a grade of 1 to 1000. What should be the dimensions of the
cross section and the capacity of the canal? Is the flow at upper or lower stage? Use n=0.010.

Given:

v= 2.4 m/s Find: b, d, Q, stage

S= 1
1000

155
n =0.01
8.38
q=Q/b = = 3.17
2.64

3 2
d = √3.17S = 1m < 1.32m Solution:
9.81

b=2d ; R=d/2
2 1
1
d V= R3 S2
𝑛
1
1 d 2
3
b = ( ) (0.001)2
0.01 2

Q= bdv = 2.64(1.32)(2.4)

Q= 8.38 m3/s

24. A rectangular flume 4m wide has a flow of 10 mᶾ/s when the depth of flow is 2m. If the
same material had been used for trapezoidal section having the same wetted perimeter, what
would have been the greatest possible discharge without changing the grade of the flume?

Given:

Solution:

d Area of rectangle = 4(2) =8 m2

b Perimeter of rectangle = Perimeter of trapezoid = 4 +2(2) = 8m

bcos 60 bcos60 Area of trapezoid = ½ (b + b + 2bcos 60) bsin60 =

1.3 b2

d= bsin60 Perimeter of trapezoid = 3b = 8 so b = 2.67m

b Area of trapezoid = 1.3(2.67)2= 9.24m2

Hydraulic radius of trapezoid 9.24

= 1.55 m
= 8

2 1
1
Q of rectangle= A R3 S2
𝑛
1 1
1
10 = 8( )(1) S2 Where S2 /n = 1.25
𝑛
2 1
1
Q of trapezoid = A R3 S2
𝑛

156
 2 1
1
=9.24( )(1.55)3 S2
𝑛

1
S2
Q’= 10.17 = 10.17(1.25)
𝑛

Q’=12.71 m3/s

25. A trapezoidal canal has one vertical side and the other sloping at 60ᴼ. Its discharge is
25mᶾ/s and its mean velocity is m/s. If the slope is at its barest minimum, find the dimensions
of the section.

b. d √3
3

d solutio n:

A=1/2(2b + d/3 √3 )d ; P = b + 2.155d

𝑄 d2
= bd + √3
𝑣 6
2
R=𝑏𝑑 +0.289d = 25
= 𝑑
𝑏+2.155 𝑏+2.155𝑑 2

25= (50/d – 2.155d)d + 0.289 d2= 50- 2.155d2 + 0.289d2

d = 3.66m b = 50/3.66 = 2.155(3.66)

b = 5.77m

26. A river carries a capacity of 10.5 mᶾ/s at an average velocity of 1.2 m/s. What must be the
dimensions of a brick-lined trapezoidal canal to carry the same capacity and velocity as the
river with SS 2:1 in order to have the most economical section?

Given:

Q= 10.5 m‘/s

V= 1.2 m/s

SS = 2:1

2d b 2d solution:

d R= d/2 ; A = Q/v = 10.5/1.2 = 8.75m2

157
 P= b + √d2 + 4d2 = b+ 2 √5 d

A= ½ (b+b+4d)d = bd + 2d2 = 8.75

d/2 = 8.75/ b+ 2 √5 d so b= 17.5/d - 2 √5

8.75= (17.5/d -2 √5 d ) d + 2d2

d = 1.88m b = 17.5/1.88 - 2 √5 (1.88)

b = 0.89m

27. If the most efficient of all sections can be used, what shape and size of open channel
would you recommend to carry 10mᶾ/s with a velocity of 3m/s?

Given:

Q = 10 m3/s

V = 3m/ Solution:

d/2 the most efficient channel section is one

which is flowing at full depth.

∴ Semicircle is the most efficient

𝜋d2
𝜋d d
A= ; P= ; R=
8 2 4
Q 𝜋d2
A= = 10/3 =
𝑣 8

D= 2.91m

28. Determine the slope that a concrete circular sewer, 2m in diameter, must have when
flowing at its maximum capacity if the mean velocity is 3m/s. Use n= 0.013.

Given:

V= 3m/s

n = 0.013

0.88 d = 0.94(2) = 1.88m find: S

𝜃
A= Ac – Asec + Atri ; cos = 0.88/1 so
2
𝜃 = 56.715

158
 (2)2 1
== – ½ (1)21 + (2)√1 − 0.882 =
4 2
3.06m2

P = 2(1) – 1(1) = 5.283m

R= A/P = 3.06/ 5.283 = 0.579m

2 1
1
V= R3 S2
𝑛

2
3 1
3= 1/0.013(0.579) S2 S = 0.0032

29. A rectangular flume of planed-timber (n=0.012) is 1.5m wide a carries 2.00

𝑚3/𝑠 of water. The bed slope is 0.00060. at a certain section the depth s 1m. find the
distance to the section where the depth is 0.70m.
d1= 1m W.S. d2=0.70m Solution:
𝐴1=1.5𝑚2 𝐴2=1.05 𝑚2 𝑣1=2/1.5= 1.33 m/s
𝑝1=3.5m 𝑝2=2.9m 𝑣2=2/1.05= 1.9 m/s
1.33+1.9
𝑅1= 3/7 m 𝑅2=21/58m 𝑣𝑚 = = 1.62 m/s
2
0.7 𝑣2
1 1.5m 2 2 +𝑑 2 )
1.5m 𝑣1 2 +𝑑1 )−( 2
(
L 3/7+21/58 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑅𝑚 = 2 = 0.395 L= 𝑆−𝑆𝑜

Q= 2.00 𝑚3/𝑠 find: 𝑛2 0.0122 +1.622 (0.091+1)−(0.184+0.7)

L S=+𝑣
2

S=0.00060 = = 0.0013 L= 0.0013 −0.0006

𝑅4/3 0.3954/3
n=0.012 L= 295.71 m

30. If a discharge of 1.5 𝑚3/𝑠 per meter width of channel has a velocity of 6 m/s to
what depth could it possibly jump? Check the critical depth.

Solution:
𝑞
1.5 3 𝑞2 3 (1.5)2
w.s. d2 𝑑
1 = = =0.25m 𝑑 𝑐 =√ = √ 9.81
𝑣1 6 𝑔

v1 d1 v2 2𝑞2
=𝑑1𝑑2(𝑑1+𝑑2) 𝑑𝑐 = 0.61𝑚
𝑔 2
21(.5)
=0.25 𝑑2 (0.25+ 𝑑2) 0.25<0.61<1.23
9.81
3
q=1.5𝑚 /𝑠/𝑚 find: d2,dc 𝑑2 = 1.23𝑚
v1= 6 m/s

159
 31. A stream having a discharge per meter width of channel of 1 𝑚3/𝑠 has a depth
after jump of 1m. Determine the velocity before the jump. Check the critical depth.
Solution:
2𝑞2
𝑞 1
w.s. d2=1m =𝑑1𝑑2(𝑑1+𝑑2) 𝑣1 = =
𝑔 𝑑1 0.17
2(1) 2
v1 d1 v2 =𝑑1(1)(𝑑1+1) 𝑣1 = 5.88 𝑚/𝑠
9.81
𝑑1 = 0.17𝑚
3 𝑞2 3 (1)2
𝑑 =√ =√
𝑐 𝑔 9.81
3
q=1𝑚 /𝑠/𝑚 𝑑𝑐 = 0.47𝑚
0.17<dc<1

find: v1, dc

32. In a rectangular flume 2m wide, water flowing at a depth of 30 cm. jumps to a

depth of 1.2 m. Find the discharge

find: Q
Solution:
2𝑞2 𝑄
=𝑑1𝑑2(𝑑1+𝑑2) 𝑞=
𝑔 2
2(9) 𝑏 𝑄
w.s. d2=1.2m
=0.3(1.2)(0.3 +1.2) 1. 627 =
9.81 2
v1 d1=0.3m v2 𝑞 = 1.627 𝑚3/𝑠/𝑚 Q=3.25 𝑚3/𝑠

33. A rectangular channel carrying water with a velocity of 5 m/s has a uniform depth
of 1m. (a) At what stage is the flow taking place? (b) If the jump is possible, what is
the depth after the jump?

34. After flowing over the spillway of a dam, 250 𝑚3/𝑠 of water passes over a level
apron (𝑠𝑜=0 ; n= 0.013). the velocity of water at the bottom of the spillway was
measured to be 12.8 m/s. the width of the apron is 50m and the depth of flow below the
apron is to be 3 m. Conditions are such that a jump would occur. Find the length of the
apron if the jump is to be contained within it. Determine the energy lost in the jump

160
35. The depth upstream of a sluice gate is 1.80 m and 30 cm just downstream of it. If a
jump is possible after the water has passed the gate, find to what depth water could
jump.

Solution:

1 5 = 1.596 m
𝐹= √𝑔1 𝑑1= √9.81(1)

a.) F>1 ; flow at the lower stage

𝑑2
= 1 (√1 + 8𝐹21)
𝑑
𝑑12 2
= 1 (√1 + 8(1.596)21)
1 2
𝑑2 = 1.8𝑚

CHAPTER NINE – Hydrodynamic Forces

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. A jet having a diameter of 5 cm and a velocity of 12m/s is deflected through an

angle of 60o by a fixed, curved vane. Determine the components of the force on the
vane.

Solution:
161
 Q = A1 v1
𝜋 2
= ( 0.05) (12)
4
Q = 0.024 m3/s

Fx= p Q ( v1x- v2x) Fy = p Q (v1y - v2y)

= 1000( 0.024)(12-12 cos60o) = (1000)(0.024)(0-12sin60o)
Fx= 144 N to the right Fy = -249.42 N
or Fy = 249.42 N downwards

2. Find the components of the force exerted by the jet of water having a velocity of
18m/s and discharging at 60 litres/s. on the fixed divider shown in Fig. A. Assume that
the flow, upon striking the divider, is equally divided.

Solution

Q1 = Q2 + Q3
0.060 = Q2 + Q3

equally divided V1x = 18 cos60o V1y = 18 sin60o

Q2 = 0.030 m3/s V2x = 0 V2y = 18

Q3 = 0.030 m3/s V3x = 18 cos30o V3y = -18 sin30o
𝑄2 W 𝑄3 W
F= (V V + (V V )
x 1x - 2x) 1x - 3x
𝑔 (9810)
0.03 𝑔 0.03 (9810)
o
= (18 cos60 - 0) + (18 cos60o - 18 cos30o)
9.81 9.81
FX = 270 - 197.65
FX = 72.35 N
𝑄2 W 𝑄3 W
F= (V V + (V V )
y 1y - 2y) 1y - 3y
𝑔 𝑔
0.03 (9810) 0.03 (9810)
= (18 sin60o - 18) + [18 sin60o - (-18 sin30o) ]
9.81 9.81

Fy = - 72.35 + 737.65

Fy = 665.3 N
3. A jet of water having a diameter of 5cm and a velocity of 15m/s is deflected by a
curved vane through an angle of 60o and which is moving at 6m/s in the same
direction as the jet. Determine the force on the vane and the direction of the jet as it
leaves the vane.

162
Solution:

u = v1 - v' Q' = Au
𝜋
u = 15 - 6 Q' = (0.05)2 (9)
4
u = 9m/s Q' = 0.018 m3/s

v1x = v1 = 15m/s v1y= 0

v2x = v' + ucos60o v2y = usin60o
v2x= 6 + 9cos60o v2y = 9sin60o
v2x = 10.5 m/s v2y = 7.79 m/s

[ Fx = pQ' (V1x - V2x)]

Fx = 1000 (0.018) (15 - 10.5)
Fx = 81 N to the right
[ Fy = pQ' (V1y - V2y)]
Fy = 1000 (0.018) (0 - 7.79)
Fy= 140.22 N downwards

v2 = √𝑣2 + 𝑣2
2𝑥 2𝑦

= √(10.5)2 + (7.79)2
F = √𝐹2 + 𝐹2
v2 = 13.07 m/s 𝑋 𝑦

F = √(81)2 + (140.22)2
v2y 7.79
tan β = = F = 161.93 N
𝑣2𝑥 10.5

β = 36.57o

4. A nozzle discharges 60 litres/s horizontally, the jet striking tangentially on one or

another of a series of vanes each having a deflection angle of 150o. The velocity of the
jet is 18m/s, and the vanes have a velocity of 9m/s in the same direction as the jet. Find
the (a) velocity of the jet as it leaves the vane, (b) power developed on the vanes, (c)
efficiency of the vanes.

Solution:

Q = 0.060m3/s

θD= 150o

v = 18m/s

163
v' = 9m/s

u = 18-9 = 9m/s

v2x = v' - u cos30o v2y = usin 30o

= 9 - 9cos30o = 9sin30o

v2x = 1.21 m/s v2y = 4.5 m/s

v2 = √𝑣2 + 𝑣2
2𝑥 2𝑦

= √(1.21)2 + (4.45)2

v2 = 4.66 m/s

𝑄W𝑣2 0.06 (9.81)(18)2

K.E at point 1 = 2𝑔 = 2(9.81)

K.E at point 1 = 9.72 kW

𝑄W𝑣2
K.E at point 2 = 2 = 0.06 (9.81)(4.66)2
2𝑔
2(9.81)

K.E at point 2 = 0.65 kW

P = 9.72 - 0.65 P = 9.07kW

0.65
efficiency = (100%) = 6.69%
9.72

efficiency of the vanes = 100% - 6.69% = 93.31%

5. A bend in a pip e gradually reduces from 60cm to 30cm. The deflection angle
is 30o. The pressu re at the larger end is 180 Kpa and the velocity 2.4 m/s.
Determine the components of the total thrust on the bend, neglecting friction.

Solution:

60cm - 30cm P1 = 180kPa

θD = 30o v1 = 2.4 m/s

Q1 = Q2 Q = AV
𝜋 2
A1V1 = A2V (2.4)
2 Q = ( 0.60)
4
𝜋
( 0.60)2 (2.4) = ( 0.30)2 (v ) Q = 0.679 m3/s
2
4 4
v2 = 9.6 m/s
164
 0.679 ( 9810)
Px= 9.81 (2.4 -
8.31)
v1x = v1 = 2.4 m/s Px = - 4012.89 = - 4.01kN
v1y= 0
v2x = 9.6 cos30o = 8.31 m/s Py = 0.679 ( 9810) (0 - 4.8)
9.81
v2y = 9.6 sin30o = 4.8 m/s Py = - 3259.2 = - 3.26kN

2 2
𝑣 𝑃 𝑣 𝑃
1 2 sx = s1x - s2x
2𝑔 + 1 = 2𝑔 + 2
w w
𝑣2 𝑃 𝑣2
P =w( 1 + - 2 ) s = 50.89 - 8.37
2 2𝑔 1 2𝑔 x
w
(2.4)2
= 9.81 ( 180 (9.6)2 ) s = 42.52
2(9.81)
+ 9.81 - 2(9.81) x

P2 = 136.8 kPa sy = 0 - 4.84 = - 4.84

s1 = p1A1
= 180 [ (0.60)2 ] R x = Px + sx
4
s1 = 50.89 = - 4.01 + 42.52
s2 = p2A2 = 136.8 [ (0.30)2 ] R x = 38.51kN
4
s2 = 9.67
Ry = Py + sy
s1x = s1 = 50.89; s1y = 0 Ry = - 3.26 - 4.84
s2x = 9.67cos30o Ry = - 8.1 kN
s2x = 8.37

s2y = 9.67sin 30o s2y

= 4.84
6. In approaching a bridge, a water main 60cm in diameter, curves from a
horizontal position upward through 45o. what vertical component of dynamic force
is developed in the bend under a velocity of 2 m/s?

Q = AV
𝜋 2
Q = ( 0.60) (2)
4

Q = 0.57 m3/s
𝑄w
P = (V
y 𝑔 1y - V2y)
0.57 (9810) o
Py = ( 0 - 2sin45 )
9.81
165
Py = - 806.10N

166
7. Compute the force axially on a pipe by water which is flowing through it with a
velocity of 2.4 m/s. The diameter of the pipe is 30cm with a length of 300m and a
coefficient of friction of 0.020

v = 2.4 m/s
d = 30cm L
= 300m
f = 0.020
𝑓𝐿𝑉2
0.02(300)(2.4)2
hf = = 0.30(2)(9.81)
𝑑2𝑔
hf = 5.87
2
h f = 0.0826 𝑓𝐿𝑄
𝐷5
0.02(300)2
5.87 = 0.0826
(0.30) 5

Q = 0.17 m3/s
𝑄w
P= 𝑣
𝑔

0.17 (9810)(2.4)
= 9.81

P = 408 N

8. A 5 cm nozzle is attached to a 20 cm pipe by flange bolts. What is the total force in

the bolts when the pressure at the base is 500 kPa? Use Cv = 0.96 for the nozzle

DN = 5cm D1

= 20cm

P1 = 500KPa

Cv = 0.96

E1 - hn = E2

167
 2
𝑣1 𝑃 𝑣22 𝑃
2𝑔 + 1 + 𝑧1 = + 2 + 𝑧 2 + ℎ𝑛 v1 = 0.0625v2
2𝑔
w w
2
𝑣 𝑣12 𝑃
2 + ℎ𝑛 ---- eq. 1 v1 = 0.0625 ( 30.484)
2𝑔 − 2𝑔 1
= w
2
1 𝐴2 𝑉
hn = ( - 1) [ 1 - ( 2 ) ] 2𝑔 2 v1 = 1.905 m/s
𝐶𝑣2
𝐴1

2
1 𝑉
hn = ( - 1) [ 1 - ( 5 2
] 2𝑔 2 Q = AV
0.962 20 )

𝑉2 𝜋
h = 0.08 2
2𝑔 Q= ( 0.60)2 (2)
n 4
𝐷2 2
3
v1 = ( ) v2 Q = 0.06 m /s
𝐷51 2 𝑄w
v1 = ( ) v2 ∑𝐹 = ( v2 - v1)
𝑥
20

v = 0.0625v 𝑄w
F -R = (v -v )
1 2 1 X 2 1
𝑔
in eq. 1 𝜋 2 0.06 (9.81)

- 1.905) 517 [ ( 0.20) ] - Rx = ( 30.484

4 9.81
𝑣2
0.0625 𝑉2 500
v2 2
2
− + 0.08 2
= Rx = 14.53 kN
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 9.81

v2 = 30.484 m/s

168