CHAPTER ONE - Properties of Fluids

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. If a certain gasoline weighs 7 KN/m3 , what are the values of its density,
specific volume, and specific gravity relative to water at 150C?
𝑤 1 𝑤
a.) ρ = 𝑔
b.) ѵ=ρ c.) s = ws

7 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3(1000) 1 7 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3

= = =
9.81 𝑚/𝑠2 713.56 𝐾𝑔/𝑚 3 9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3

ρ = 713.56 Kg/m3 ѵ = 0.0014 m3/Kg s = 0.714

2. A certain gas weighs 16N/m3 at a certain temperature and pressure.

What are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity
relative to air weighing 12N/m3?

𝑤 1 𝑤
a.) ρ = 𝑔
b.) ѵ = ρ c.) s = ws

16 𝑁/𝑚 3 1 16 𝑁/𝑚 3
=9.81 𝑚/𝑠2 ѵ= 1.63 𝐾𝑔/𝑚 3 s = 12 𝑁/𝑚 3

ρ = 1.63 Kg/m3 ѵ = 0.613 m3/Kg s = 1.33

3. If 5.30m3 of a certain oils weighs 43,860 N, calculate the specific weight,

density and specific gravity of this oil.

𝑊 𝑊 𝑤
a.) w = 𝑔 b.) ρ = 𝑔𝑉 c.) s = ws

43.860 𝐾𝑁 43860 𝑘𝑔.𝑚 /𝑠2 8.28 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3

= 5.30 𝑚 3
= 9.81𝑚 = 9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3
( )(5.30 𝑚 3)
𝑠2

w = 8.28 KN/m3 ρ = 843.58 kg/m3 s = 0.844

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4. The density of alcohol is 790 Kg/m3 . Calculate its specific weight,
specific gravity and specific volume.

𝑤 1
a.) w = ρg b.) s = ws c.) ѵ = ρ

7.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3 1
= (790 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2) = 9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3 = 790 𝑘𝑔 /𝑚 3

w = 7.75 KN/m3 s = 0.79 ѵ = 0.00127 m3/kg

5. A cubic meter of air at 101.3 KPa and 150C weighs 12 N. What is its
specific volume?

ρ
wa= 12 N/m3 s = ρs

12 𝑁/𝑚 3 1 1
s= ρa = (1.29 kg/m3)(0.94) ѵ= =
12.7 𝑁/𝑚 3 ρ 1.21 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3

s = 0.94 ρa = (1.21 kg/m3) ѵ = 0.82 m3/kg

6. At a depth of 8 km in the ocean the pressure is 82.26 MPa. Assume the

specific weight on the surface to be 10.10 KN/m3 and that the average
bulk modulus is 2344 MPa for that pressure range. (a) What will be the
change in specific volume between at the surface and at the depth? (b)
What will be the specific volume at that depth? (c) What will be the
specific weight at that depth?

𝑤 10.10(1000) 1 1
a.) ρ = 𝑔
= 9.81
p = wh = 10.10(1000)(8000) b.) ѵ = ρ = 1043 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3

ρ = 1029.6 kg/m3 p = 80.80 MPa = 9.5 x 10-4

m3/kg

𝑝 82.26 𝑥 106
Δѵ = 3.3 x 10-5 m3/kg c.) w = 𝑕 = 8000

w = 10282. 5 N/m3

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7. To two significant figures what is the bulk modulus of water in KN/m2 at
500C under a pressure of 30 MN/m2?

𝛥𝑝
W = 9.689 KN/m3 Ev = -v1𝛥𝑣

𝑤 9.689 30,000,000
ρ=𝑔 = = -( 1 x 10-3)(1 x 10−3−1.012x10−3)
9.81

ρ = 987.67 kg/ m3 = 2,500,000 Pa

1 1
ѵ = ρ = 987.67 Bv = 2.5 x 106 Pa

ѵ = 1.012 x 10-3 m3/kg

8. If the dynamic viscosity of water at 20 degree C is 1x10-3 N.s/m2, what is

the kinematic viscosity in the English units?

µ 1𝑥10−3 𝑘𝑔.𝑚 .𝑠/𝑚 2𝑠2

ѵ=𝑝 = 1000 𝑘𝑔 /𝑚 3

3.28 𝑓𝑡 2
ѵ = 1x10-6 m2/s ( 1𝑚
)

ѵ = 1.08 x 10-5 ft2/s

9. The kinematic viscosity of 1 ft2/sec is equivalent to how many stokes? (1

stoke= 1cm2/sec).

1 inch = 2.54 cm
12 𝑖𝑛 2 2.54 𝑐𝑚 2
1 ft2/s ( 1 𝑓𝑡2
)( 1 𝑖𝑛 2 ) = 929 stokes

10. A volume of 450 liters of a certain fluids weighs 3.50 KN. Compute the
mass density. (1 m3= 1000 liters).

1𝑚 3
450 liters (1000 𝐿) = 0.45 m3

𝑊 3.5(1000)
ρ = 𝑔𝑉 = 9.81(0.45) = 792.85 kg/m3

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11. Compute the number of watts which equivalent to one horsepower. (1
HP = 550 ft-lb/sec; 1 W = 107 dyne-cm/sec; 1 lb = 444,8000 dynes).

𝑓𝑡 −𝑙𝑏 12 𝑖𝑛 2.54 𝑐𝑚 444,800 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠

1 Hp = 500 𝑠𝑒𝑐
( 𝑓𝑡 ) ( 1 𝑖𝑛 ) ( 1 𝑙𝑏
)

𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 −𝑐𝑚
7456627200
𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 Hp = 100000000 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 −𝑐𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

1 Hp = 745.66 W

12. A city of 6000 population has an average total consumption per person
per day of 100 gallons. Compute the daily total consumption of the city in
cibic meter per second. (1 ft3 = 7.48 gallons).

1 𝑓𝑡3 1 𝑚3
100 Gallon (7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙 ) (3.28 𝑓𝑡3) = 0.379 m3

P = 6000 (0.379 m3)

P = 2274 m3

𝑝 2274 𝑚 3
D.C. = (𝑑 ) = (60𝑥60𝑥24 )

D.C. = 0.026 m3/s

13. Compute the conversion factor for reducing pounds to newtons.

𝑓𝑡 0.3048 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑔 1𝑁
32.18 𝑠2( 1 𝑓𝑡
) (2.205 𝑚 ) (𝑘𝑔 /𝑚 2)

= 4.448 N

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CHAPTER TWO – Principles of Hydrostatics

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. If the pressure 3 m below the free surface of the liquid is 140 KPa,
calculate its specific weight and specific gravity.

Solution:

a.) P=wh b.)

W=p/n S=W/ws
=140kPa/3m =46.67/9.81
W=46.67KN/m3 S=4.76

2. If the pressure at the point in the ocean is 1400 KPa, what is the
pressure 30 m below this point? The specific gravity of salt water is 1.03.

Solution:

P=1400kPa+whs

=1400kPa+9.81(30)(1.03)

P=1,703kPa

3. An open vessel contains carbon tetrachloride (s = 1.50) to a depth of 2 m

and water above this liquid to a depth of 1.30 m. What is the pressure at
the bottom?

Solution:

Ht=1.50(2) P=wh

=3m =9.81(4.3)

P=42.18kPa

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4. How many meters of water are equivalent to a pressure of 100 KPa?
How many cm. of mercury?

Solution:

a.) P=wh
b.)h=P/w=100kPa/9.81(13.6)
h=P/w=100kPa/9.81 h=0.75m
h=10.20m of water h=75cm of Hg

5. What is the equivalent pressure in KPa corresponding to one meter of air

at 15®C under standard atmospheric condition?

Solution:

P=wh
=(12N/m3)(1m)
P=12Pa

6. At sea level a mercury barometer reads 750 mm and at the same time
on the top of the mountain another mercury barometer reads 745 mm.
The temperature of air is assumed constant at 15®C and its specific
weight assumed uniform at 12 N/m3 . Determine the height of the
mountain.

Solution:

P1=wsh1 ; P2=wsh2

wsh1+wh=wsh2

w(13.6)(0.745)+12h=w(13.6)(0.750)

h=(13.6)[0.75-0.745](9810)/12

h=55.60m

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7. At ground level the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 KPa at 15®C.
Calculate the pressure at point 6500 m above the ground, assuming (a)
no density variation, (b)an isothermal variation of density with pressure.

Solution:

a.)P2=P1+wh b.)P1=P2e-gh/RT
=101.3-12(6500) =(101.3)e-9.81(6500)(287/239)
P1=23.3kPa P1=47kPa
8. If the barometer reads 755 cm of mercury, what absolute pressure
corresponds to a gage pressure of 130 KPa?

Solution:

Patm=wsh

=9.81(13.6)(0.775)

Patm=100.72kPa

Pabs=Patm=Pgage

=100.72+130

Pabs=220.752kPa

9. Determine the absolute pressure corresponding to a vacuum of 30 cm of

mercury when the barometer reads 750 mm of mercury.

Solution:

Pv=-whs Patm=whs

=-9.81(0.30)(13.6) =9.81(0.75)(13.6)

Pv=-40.02kPa Patm=100.06kPa

Pabs=Patm-Pv

=100.06-40.02

Pabs=60kPa

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10. Fig. shows two closed compartments filled with air. Gage (1) reads 210
KPa, gage (2) reds – 25 cm of mercury. What is the reading of gage (3)?
Barometric pressure is 100 KPa.

(1) (2)

11. If the pressure in a gas tank is 2.50 atmospheres, find the pressure in
KPa and the pressure head in meter of water.

Solution:

a.)P=2.5(101.3kPa) b.)P=wh

P=253.25kPa h=P/w=253.25/9.81

H=25.81m

12. The gage at the sunction side of a pump shows a vacuum of 25 cm of

mercury. Compute (a) Pressure head in meter of water, (b) pressure in
KPa, (c) absolute pressure in KPa if the barometer read 755 cm of
mercury.

Solution:

a.)h=P/w=33.35/9.81 b.)Pv=-whs

h=3.40m =-0.25(9.81)(13.6)

Pv=-33.35kPa

c.)Pabs=Patm+Pv

=9.81(13.6)(0.775)-33.35

Pabs=67.38kPa

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13. Oil of specific gravity 0.80 is being pumped. A pressure gage located
downstream of the pump reads 280 KPa. What is the pressure head in
meter of oil?

Solution:

H=P/ws

=280/9.81(0.80)

H=35.70m

14. The pressure of air inside a tank containing air and water is 20 KPa
absolute. Determine the gage pressure at point 1.5 m below the water
surface. Assume standard atmospheric pressure.

Solution:

Pabs=20+1.5(9.81)

=34.72kPa

Pabs=Patm+pg

34.72=101.3=pg

Pg=-66.60kPa

15. A piece of 3 m long and having a 30 cm by 30 cm is placed in a body of

water in a vertical position. If the timber weights 6.5 12 KN/m3 what
vertical force is required to hold it to its upper end flush with the water
surface?

Solution:

W=wV F=W a-W w

=(9.81)(0.3x3x0.3) =2.65kN-1.756kN

W=2.65kN F=0.894kN

VW w=6.5(0.3x0.3x3) W w=wV

Vw=1.755/9.81 =0.179(9.81)

Vw=0.179m3 W w=1.756kN

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 16. A glass tube 1.60 m long and having a diameter of 2.5 cm is inserted
vertically into a tank of oil (sg = 0.80) with the open end down and the
close end uppermost. If the open end is submerged 1.30 m from the oil
surface, determine the height from which the oil will rise from the tube.
Assume barometric pressure is 100 KPa and neglect vapor pressure.

17. A gas holder at sea level contains illuminating gas under a pressure
equivalent under a 5 cm of water. What pressure in cm of water is
expected in a distributing pipe at a point of 160 m above sea level?
Consider standard atmospheric pressure at sea level and assume the
unit weighs of air and gas to be constant at all elevations with values of
12 N/m3 and 6 N/m3 respectively.

18. If the barometric pressure is 758 mm of mercury, calculate the value h of

figure.

Gage reads – 25 cm Hg

sunction

mercury h

Solution:

P = (13.6)(9.81)(7.08) p =wh

P = 1,011.29 kpa h = p/w

h = 1,011.29/9.81

h = 103.08 m

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