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Transportation / Highways / Traffic

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Introduction of Traffic Engineering Transportation

Highways

P. R.D. Fernando Traffic

Chartered Civil Engineer
B.Sc.(Hons), M.Eng. C.Eng., MIE(SL)

Elements of Transportation System Concept of Transportation System

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 Conveyance of people and goods – Transportation

 Element of Transportation
 Movement of peoples & goods – Travel Demand
 Infrastructure & Vehicles – Supply / Capacity

 Main Objects of Transportation

 To move peoples & goods, not vehicles

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Why People Travel Basic Daily Activity

Urban/Rural Trip Purposes
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 Work (home work)

 Educational (home school, university, classes)
 Personal (home, work clinic, govt. office, post
office)
 Business (home. work, other work)
 Social (home home, hospital)
 Recreational (work, home cinema, park, pilgrimage)
From an example of basic daily activities of a persons,
To analyze the element of Transportation system

Cities and Transport Role of Transportation

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 Transport contributes to the economic, Industrial and social

Residence Without “transport”, development of a country.
Work it is difficult to live in  Transportation keep the health of a Nation in good
R Leisure the city. condition by keeping the people and goods moving from
one place to another place.
Transport

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The four elements of urban society

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Economic Development and Transportation Social effects of Transportation

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 Products or services are not entirely consumed locally, thus
they need to be transported to the areas of their
demand.
 The cost of a product is influenced to a great extent by
the cost of its transportation.
 Thus, for the economic development of a region, effective
and adequate system of transportation is essential.
 The improved transportation system encourages people to
undertake journey of near by places as well as different
parts of his country and also of foreign countries.
 Cheap, Safe and time saving transportation system
improves peoples living conditions.

Elements of Transportation System Supply and Demand

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Demand Side（Socio - economic Activity）

 Decision Maker － Individual, Group（HH, Company, Government）
 Commodity － People, Goods（Materials, Money, Wastes）

Supply Side（Transportation System）

 Vehicles －Vehicles (Bus, Railway, Airplane, Ship, etc.)
 Transport Network －Link, node (Station, Airport, Parking, etc.)
 Operation System －Traffic Information, Traffic control,
Inspection/Management/Repair,
Disaster prevention
 Management System －Organization, Finance

Institutional Framework
 Institution/Regulation －Operation Body, Regulatory body, Supply-demand mismatch
Financial Resource

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Transportation Engineering Different mode of transportation

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Transportation Engineering is Application of technology and  Roadways

Land
scientific principles to the planning, functional design,  Railways
operation and management of facilities for any mode of  Waterways - Water
transportation in order to provide for safe, rapid,  Airways - space
comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally
compatible movement of people and goods.

(Source : Traffic Engineering Handbook, 6th edition)

Land Transportation Modes Land Transportation Modes

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Monorail

LRT

Subway/
Metro Mass Rapid Transit - MRT

Bus Rapid Transit - BRT

Bus

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Roadways Different Modes (Land)

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 Roadways are the means of transportation on land.

 It caters a wide range of vehicles and pedestrians.
 Roadways is the only mode which can give maximum
service to one and all.
 This mode of transportation has maximum flexibility for
travel with respect to route, direction, time and speed etc;.
 It is possible to provide door to door service.

Urban Traffic Strategy considering locationNo.19 Basic Objective of Transportation

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Hierarchical traffic mode  Safety - Improve Safety

High Speed
Express Way
Express Rail Way Inter-city
Rail Way

 Travel Time - Minimize Travel Time

Light Rail Transit
Trunk Road
Trunk Bus
Inner-city

Community Bus
Low Speed
Community Road Bicycle Short trip  Economy - Reduce Cost
Walking

Automobile Other mode

Balance among the multimodal function

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Safe Transportation ??? Safety Improvement

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350000

Number of Accidents
300000
(South Korea)
250000

Total Accidents
Peak at 290,481 in 2000 200000

150000

In 2012 it reduced to 100000

223,656
50000

Contributing factors to 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

reduction:
- Seat-belt
- Speed enforcement cameras
- Median barriers

Safety Improvement Safety

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Number of Fatalities 16000

Reduction of Fatality rate
(South Korea) 14000
 Strongly enforce the road laws

Peaked at 13,429 in 1991 12000

 Vehicle design has greatly improvement
10000
 Highway design has improved
Fatalities

Reduced to 5,392 in 2012 8000

 Traffic control systems communicate better and fast
6000

 Surveillance systems alerts authorities to accident and

Contributing factors to 4000

reduction since 2000: breakdown in the system.

2000

- Seat-belt legislation 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

- Strong government-led road

safety campaign

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Additional Objective of Transportation Environmental Compatibility

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 Speed • Harmony with the environment is a complex issue that has

• Although speed is much to be desired, it is limited by
transportation technology, human characteristics, and need to
provide safety.
 Comfort
• Comport is generic term and mean different things to different
peoples.
• Involves the physical characteristic of the vehicle and roadways.
 Environmental compatibility - Harmony with the environment
become more important over time.
• All transportation systems have some negative impact on
environment.
• All produce air and noise pollution in some forms, and utilize
valuable land resources.
“Harmony” is achieved when transportation systems are
designed to minimize negative environment impacts and
where system architecture provides for aesthetically
pleasing facilities that “fit in” with theier surroundings.

The Nature of Transportation Demand Land Used

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 Transportation demand is directly related to land-use Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

patterns and to available transportation systems and
facilities.

Transport
Demand

Transport Land Use Development around the station Development around the highway interchange
Facilities
Suburban city in Tokyo Suburban city in Seoul

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The Nature of Transportation Demand Concepts of Mobility and accessibility

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 Transportation Demand is generated by land-use  The two concepts are strongly interrelated but have distinctly
different elements.
 Types
 Amounts  Mobility - is measured in respect to ability of traffic (persons)
 Intensity to pass through a defined area in a acceptable way and is
most affected by the effectiveness of through facilities. (speed,
 Location safety, comfort)

 Accessibility - is measured in terms of the road system’s

capability to provide access to and between land use activities
within in a defined area and is relies heavily on transfer
facilities (Parking, public transit stops, loading zones).

 Transportation systems provide both mobility and accessibility.

Concepts of Mobility and accessibility People Goods and Vehicles

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 In highway systems, mobility is provided  The most common unit used by the traffic engineering is
high-type facilities such as expressways “vehicles”. Highway systems are planned, designed and
and primary and secondary arterials. operated to move vehicles safety and efficiently from place to
 Accessibility is generally provided by place.
local street networks.  However, the movement of vehicles is not the objective. The
 A good transportation system must goal is the movement of the people and goods.
provide for both mobility and  The medium of all highway transportation is the vehicle. Hence
accessibility and should be designed to design operation and control of highway system relies heavily
separate the functions to the extend on the characteristic of the vehicle and of the driver.
possible to ensure both safety and
efficiency. In the final analysis, however, the
objective is to move people and goods,
not vehicles.

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Road Space Management Highway Engineering

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 The terms of roads or roadways is called Highway and the

science and technology dealing with Road Engineering is
called Highway Engineering.
 Highway Engineering is one of the important branch of the
transportation system.
 It is important to realize that the primary function of a
highway is to provide a transport service. In Engineering
context this service is measured in terms of the highway’s
ability to accommodate vehicle traffic safely, with some
acceptable level of performance (providing acceptable
speed) and economical way.

Who are the Road Users Transportation Problems

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 Pedestrian
Background
 Public Transport Passenger
 Motorist (car, taxi, motorcycle)
Limited road construction
 Cyclist due to lack of urban spaces
 Business community (Goods Vehicle)

Sharp growth in automobiles

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Transportation Problems Efficient Transportation System

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Background: In many major cities, transportation problems have led to search

Rapid Growth of Demand for more efficient transportation system;
and Insufficient Transportation Infrastructure  Public Transit

 Car Pooling / car sharing

 Staggered working hours & working days

Consequences:
 Development of satellite centers outside of the central business
Congestion
Pollution district (CBD) to spatially disperse highly directional demand
CO2 Emission Increase into and out of city centers.
Accidents
Public Transport Deterioration

Efficient Transportation System Highway Engineering

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 In some of cities, providing additional system capacity on Highway Engineering deals with the
highways is no longer an objective because such systems  Planning
are already substantially choking in congestion.  Design
 In these places, the emphasis shifts to improvement within  Construction
existing highway right-of-way and to the elimination of
 Maintenance
bottleneck locations.

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Traffic Engineering Elements of Traffic Engineering

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Traffic Engineering is That phase of transportation engineering There are number of key elements of traffic Engineering;
which deals with the planning, geometric design and traffic 1. Traffic Studies & characteristics
operation of roads, streets and Highways, their networks, 2. Performance Evaluation
terminals, abutting lands, and relationships with other modes of 3. Facility Design
transportation.
4. Traffic Control
5. Traffic Operations
6. Transport System Management
(Source : Traffic Engineering Handbook, 6th edition) 7. Integration of ITS technology

Elements of Traffic Engineering Elements of Traffic Engineering

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1. Traffic Studies & characteristics 2. Performance Evaluations

• Involve measuring and quantifying various aspect of highway • Traffic engineers rate the
traffic. Studies focus on data collection an analysis that used to operating characteristic of
characterize traffic. individual section of facilities.
• It includes traffic volume and demand, speed and travel time, • Such evaluation relies on
delay, accidents Origin & destination etc; measures of performance quality
and is often stated in terms of
“Level of Service (LOC)”.
• LOC letter grades, from A to F.
• LOC – A is very good whereas
LOC – F is congested.

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Elements of Traffic Engineering Elements of Traffic Engineering

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3. Facility Design 4. Traffic Control

• Facility design involves traffic engineers in the functional and • Traffic control is a function of traffic engineer and involves the
geometric design of highways and other traffic facilities. establishment of traffic regulations.

Elements of Traffic Engineering Elements of Traffic Engineering

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5. Traffic Operation 6. Traffic Demand Management (TDM)

• Involve measures that influence overall operation of traffic
facilities, such as one – way system, transit operations,
surveillance and network control system.
• Involve almost all aspects of traffic
engineering in a focused on optimizing
system capacity and operations.
• TDM includes
• Public Transport Improvement Public Transport (Singapore)
• High occupancy vehicle (HOV) priority system
• Car – pooling, Car sharing programs
• Pricing strategy to manage demand

HOV (Korea)

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TDM Elements of Traffic Engineering

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7. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)

Three in One in Jakarta
Congestion Charging in London
• ITS refers to the application of modern telecommunications
technology to the operation and control of transportation
systems. Such systems include
• Electronic Toll collection system
• Vehicle – tracking system
ERP in Singapore • In – vehicle Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Mapping Systems
• Automated enforcement of traffic lights and speed law
To employ advanced IT into transport operation
Resolving Transport and management
problems with ITS
To maximize efficiency of existing transport system

ITS ITS
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Traffic Information Traffic Management

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ITS
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Electronic Payment Safety Management

ITS ITS
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Public Transport
Information 4. Current
Traffic ITS in Korea
Control Center

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