Methane ethane

Topic: Models of Organic Molecules and Isomerism.

Methane ethane ethe
A. STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
1:
a) Ball and stick model of Methane
propyne

= Carbon
ethan
propyne
= Oxygen

Methane = ethane
Carbon ethene
= Hydrogen

i) Two dimensional drawing = Oxygen

ii) Three dimensional drawing
H H H H H
= Hydrogen
H C H H C C H C C

H H H H H
Methane ethane ethene
ethanol
propyne Methane
H H H
b) C C O H
H C C C = Carbon
H H
From the 3-dimensional model
H of methane, the
H shape
H of the methane molecule is tetrahedral
= Oxygen
and there are four bonds between C-H bond and the bonds between them are all sigma bonds.
propyne ethanol Methane ethane
= Hydrogen
c)
Methane is sp3 hybridized with bond angle of 109.50 between C-H, and it is all sigma bond with
Methane ethane
tetrahedral shape.
2:
a) Ball and stick model of Ethane

propyne

= Carbon
propyne
= Oxygen
Methane ethane =ethene
Carbon
= Hydrogen

= Oxygen

= Hydrogen
 i) Two dimensional drawing ii) Three dimensional drawing

H H H H H

H C H H C C H C C

H H H H H
Methane ethane ethene
ethane
H H H
There are seven bonds in ethane molecule and all are sigma bonds. One sigma bond between C-
H C C C H H C C O H
C and six sigma bonds between C-H.
H H H
b)
propyne ethanol
Ethane is sp3 hybridized, with a molecular geometry around each atom is tetrahedral shape
with the bond angle of 109.50.
3:
a)
Structural isomerism is a type of isomerism where isomers have same molecular formula but
have different arrangement of atoms within the molecule. It differs in terms of the connectivity
of some or all constituent atoms.
b) Methane ethane ethene

Ball and stick model of Butane

ethanol
propyne

= Carbon
= hydrogen
= Oxygen

= Hydrogen
c) Two dimensional drawing

Butane
There are three C-C bonds and ten C-H bonds which sum to give a total of 13 sigma bonds.
d) 2-methylpropane (Isobutane)

B. CIS – TRANS ISOMERISM

1:
a) 2 dimensional drawing
1-butene C-H bond

C=C bond C-H bond

b)
There are total of 12 bonds; 8 are sigma bonds between C-H and 2 sigma bonds between C-C
while the C=C bond contain one (1) sigma and one (1) pi bond.
c)
The bond of C=C in 1-butene is sp2 hybridised which forms the bond angle of 1200 and the
molecular geometry is triangular planar. The bond of C-C in 1-butene is sp3 hybridised and the
bond angle is 109.50 and the molecular geometry is tetrahedral.
d) Structural isomers of butane with their names;

1-butene cis-2-butene

trans-2-butene 2-methyl-propene

2:

cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene
 Reference

 Solomon TWG (1992), organic chemistry.5th edition .John Wiley and Sons Inc. USA
 www.Chemgapedia.de
 https://scholar.google.com
 www.chemspider.com
 Phisics,Chemistry,Biology (PCB) Dictionary