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12
Practical Research 2
Quarter 2 - LAS 3
Data Gathering Procedures

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Practical Research 2 – Grade 12 Quarter 2 – LAS 3: Data Gathering Procedures

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Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS)

Writer : SOCRATES M. CERENO

Editor : EXCELSA F. BUAN, HTIII

Reviewers : DARCY GUY Y. MAŃEBO, EPS

Illustrator : SOCRATES M. CERENO

Layout Artist: SOCRATES M. CERENO

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 3

Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________

Learning Area – Grade Level: ________________________________________________

Date: ______________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT
In a quantitative research, data collection and measurement is performed following a
specific purpose and for this, appropriate research instrument whose purpose is to express
quantitatively what is being investigated, with considerations on its validity and reliability,
should be observed. Validity refers to the appropriateness of the interpretations that can be
made with the survey responses. Reliability, also known as internal consistency, refers to the
degree that a set of survey questions measure a similar characteristic.

II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM THE MELCs

At the end of the lesson you are expected to:

 Plan data collection procedure (CS_RS12-IIa-c-5)
 Construct an instrument and establish its validity and reliability (CS_RS12-IIa-c-3)
 Collect data using appropriate instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1)

III. ACTIVITIES
Data can be collected from two sources namely primary sources/data and secondary
sources/data. Primary data are also known as raw data which can be collected from the
original source in a controlled or uncontrolled environment. An example of a controlled
environment is an experimental research where certain variables are being controlled by the
researcher. On the other hand, data collected through observation or survey questionnaire in a
natural setting are examples of data obtained in an uncontrolled environment. Secondary data
are data obtained from secondary sources such as reports, books, journals, documents,
magazines, web pages and a lot more.
A critical portion of the research study is the instrument used to gather data. The
general criteria of good research instruments are validity and reliability.
Validity refers to the appropriateness of the interpretations that can be made with the
survey responses.

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The three primary measures of validity for data collection instruments are content
validity, criterion validity, and construct validity.

Types of Validity Description

Content Validity The extent to which a research instrument accurately measures all
aspects of a construct.
Construct Validity The extent to which a research instrument (or tool) measures the
intended construct.
Criterion Validity The extent to which a research instrument is related to other
instruments that measure the same variables.
Table 1: Types of Validity

Reliability, also known as internal consistency, refers to the degree that a set of survey
questions measure a similar characteristic. An estimate of reliability can be achieved through
different measures. There are three attributes of reliability, described in the table below.

Attributes Description
Internal Consistency The extent to which all the items on a scale measure one construct.
or Homogeneity
Stability or Test- The consistency of results using an instrument with repeated testing.
Retest Correlation
Equivalence Consistency among responses of multiple users of an instrument, or
among alternate forms of an instrument.
Table 2: Attributes of Reliability in Quantitative Research

Relating Reliability and Validity

Reliability is directly related to the validity of the measure. There are several important
principles. First, a test can be considered reliable, but not valid. Consider the College
Admission Test (CAT), used as a predictor of success in college. It is a reliable test (high
scores relate to high GPA), though only a moderately valid indicator of success (due to the
lack of structured environment – class attendance, parent-regulated study, and sleeping habits
– each holistically related to success). Second, validity is more important than reliability. On
the given example, college admissions may consider CAT as the reliable test, but not
necessarily a valid measure of other quantities colleges seek, such as leadership capability,
altruism, and civic involvement. The combination of these aspects, alongside the CAT, is a
more valid measure of the applicant’s potential for graduation, later social involvement, and
generosity (alumni giving) toward the alma mater. Finally, the most useful instrument is both
valid and reliable.

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The device used in data gathering is the instrument, while the course of action which is
the process of developing, testing, and using the device is called instrumentation. There are
several types of instruments that researchers can choose based on their research questions or
objectives. There are two broad categories of instruments – research-completed instruments
and subject-completed instruments.

Researcher-completed Subject-completed instruments

Instruments
Rating Scales Survey Questionnaires
Interview schedules/guides Self-Checklist
Tally Sheets Attitude Scales
Flowcharts Personality Inventories
Performance Checklist Achievement/Aptitude Tests
Time-and-Motion Logs Projective Devices
Observation Forms Socio-metric Devices
Table 3: Categories of Research Instruments
In a quantitative research, data collection and measurement is performed following a
specific purpose, to express quantitatively what is being investigated. In a quantitative
research, the following are the commonly used techniques in data collection.

1. Interviews. This method begins with the assumption that the participants’ perspectives
are knowable, explicit, and meaningful. There are different types of interviews.
a. Structured Interviews – Also known as standardized interviews or researcher-
administered survey wherein the researcher asks a standard set of questions and
nothing more. This yields the highest response rate in survey research.
b. Face-to-Face Interviews – It has a distinct advantage of enabling the researcher to
establish rapport with potential participants and therefore gain their cooperation.
c. Telephone Interviews – Less time consuming and less expensive. The researcher
has ready access to anyone who has a telephone. The response rate of this
interview is not as high as the face-to-face.
d. Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) – A form of personal interview
but instead of completing a questionnaire, the interviewer brings along a laptop of
hand-held computer to enter the information directly into the database.
2. Questionnaires. This has the main purpose to help extract data from respondents.
They are the medium in which responses are recorded to facilitate data analysis.
Following are the different types of questionnaires.
a. Paper-pencil Questionnaires can be sent to a large number of people and saves the
researcher’s time and money.

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b. Web-based Questionnaires is a new and inevitably growing methodology using the

internet-based research.
c. Self-administered Questionnaires are generally distributed through mail, filled out and
administered by the respondents themselves and returned to the researchers after filling
out.
3. Observation is a way of gathering data by watching behaviour, events, or noting
physical characteristics in their natural setting. Observations can be overt when
everyone knows they are being observed or covert when no one knows they are being
observed and the observer is concealed.
4. Tests provide a way to assess subjects’ knowledge and capacity to apply this
knowledge to new situations. Tests provide information that is measured against a
variety of standards.
5. Secondary Data is a type of quantitative data that has already been collected by
someone else for a purpose different from yours. These can be classified as paper-
based sources like journals, periodicals, abstracts, research reports, magazines, etc.
and electronic sources coming from CD-ROMs, online, internet, videos and a lot more.

Activity 1 Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer based on the descriptions
given. (5 points)
1. Refers to the appropriateness of the interpretations that can be made with the survey
responses.
A. Usability B. Reliability C. Probability D. Validity

2. Provide information that is measured against a variety of standards.

A. Questionnaires B. Tests C. Interview D. Observation

3. The device used in gathering of data is called ______________

A. Instrument B. Instrumentation C. Survey D. Experiment

4. Refers to the degree that a set of survey questions measure a similar characteristic.
A. Usability B. Reliability C. Probability D. Validity

5. This is written first hand by one of the researches in the study.

A. Secondary source B. Questionnaire C. Primary source D. Interviews

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Activity 2 Direction: Give your own example of Instrumentation with focus on the validity and
reliability of research instrument. Please refer to the example given on Relating Reliability and
Validity to guide you in answering this activity. (15 points)
Instrumentation Validity Reliability

IV. EVALUATION
Directions: Read and understand the given research topic/background below. Write your
research instrumentation and data gathering procedure. Choose an appropriate research
instrument to be used and give reasons of choosing it by establishing its validity and reliability.
(Unjustified absence is an on-going problem at the school and the Principal noted
that it was a more significant problem for Jose Rizal Memorial High School, compared
with other schools in the district. However, it was seen as a problem that faced a small
subset of the school roll but consumed significant school resources and time, which
resulted to deterioration of students’ academic performance. The problem is
experienced mainly between Grades 7 to 8, while Grade 9 students are less likely to be
truants as they religiously come to school because they want to.)
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V. RUBRIC FOR SCORING

Research Instrumentation Rubrics
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
The research instrumentation is well-described and is suited to
the research topic
The research instrument chosen by the researchers is correct
and relevant to the research topic
The aims/ purposes and/or objectives of the instrumentations
were thoroughly presented.
The researcher showed the relationship of validity and reliability
of the research instrument used.
T O T A L SCORE ____/20

VI. ANSWER KEY

Activity 1. 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C
Activity 2. (Answers may vary)
Evaluation. (Answers may vary)

VII. REFERENCES
Cofundador, A.T. (2019). What is a Data Collection Instrument in Quantitative Research?
Retrieved from https://online-tesis.com/en/what-is-a-data-collection-instrument-in-
quantitative-research/ on December 18, 2020

Faltado, R.E., et.al (2016). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS). (OBE
and Kto12 Based). ISBN 978-621-8035-10-2. Lorimar Publishing, Inc. pp 60-91.
George, D. & Mallery, P. (2016). SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and
reference, 11.0 update (14th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C, Carey, T.G (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School (Kto12
Based). ISBN 978-621-8035-17-1. Lorimar Publishing, Inc. pp115-125
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