11

CLASS

Vectors
Unit Vectors

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
Namo Kaul
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Bratin Mondal Amaiya Singhal

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Let’s calculate the Resultant and direction
 Define Notion of a Vector?

A vector quantity is denoted by a small arrow above the physical quantity

Vector Quantity A should be written as A

Example:
Displacement is expressed as s
Velocity is expressed as v
 Magnitude of Vector Notation

If Vector Quantity is A
Then Magnitude of Vector is written as |A |= A

Examples

Magnitude of Vector S is written as | S | = S

Magnitude of Vector v is written as | v | = v
How are Vectors represented?
Vectors can be represented by 2 ways
Representation of Vectors

Pictorial Equation
 Pictorial Representation

.Head

.
Tail
θ
A

Length of Vector represents Magnitude

Arrow - Head represents Direction with the help of an angle with horizontal / vertical
Define Unit Vectors and representation of a vector by a unit vector?
Unit Vector

A unit vector represents the direction of a given vector.

Equation Form
A unit vector represents the direction of a given vector.

Vector = (Magnitude) (Direction)

∧ ∧
a=|a|a a= aa

Where,

a → vector
|a| → magnitude of vector a
∧
a → direction of vector a
Equation Form

A unit vector represents the direction of a given vector.

A unit vector is ,

Given vector
Magnitude of that vector

∧ a vector
(unit vector/direction) a=
⎟ a⎟ magnitude
Representation of Vector by Unit Vector
Direction
F = 10 N (in east)

Magnitude Unit

Now divide vector F by its magnitude

10 N (in east)
F= ∧
10 N F can be written as F ,
∧ if the magnitude is 1 unit
F cap F = 1 ( in east )
Vectors can be represented by two ways

Representation of Vectors

Pictorial Equation
By an Arrow By an equation with
some standard terms

A ∧
A= | A |A
Magnitude = | A |
 Equation Form

Displacement of Vector as a combination of X contribution & Y contribution

Y
College

Home sx = 4m sD = sx “x”direction + sy “y”direction

X
sD = sx i ^ + sy ^j
How do you represent vector along 3 directions?

∧ ∧
Consider a coordinate axis system.
y

z
Rectangular unit vectors are the unit vectors along the positive or
negative direction of the axes of the coordinate system.
 Along +ve direction Along –ve direction
i represents unit vector along x axis
j represents unit vector along y axis
k represents unit vector along z axis
 Along +ve direction Along –ve direction
i + x axis - x axis
J + y axis - y axis
k + z axis - z axis
Force Vector = 10 N along positive x-axis
A.

B.

C.

D.
Force Vector = 10 N along negative x-axis
A.

B.

C.

D.
Force Vector = 20 N along negative z-axis
A.

B.

C.

D.
Example 1 Force Vector = 10 N along positive x-axis

Solution F = (10 N) ^i

Example 2 Force Vector = 10 N along negative x-axis

Solution F = (10 N) ( ^i ) = - 10N ^i

Example 3 Force Vector = 20 N along negative z-axis

Solution F = (20 N) ( ^k ) = -20N ^k
What are different types of vector?
 Equal Vectors
Two or more vectors having the same magnitude and the same direction
irrespective of their positions in space are called equal vectors.

B
D AB = CD
P
A Q
P = Q
C

Consider AB and CD having same

magnitude and direction
 Opposite or Negative or Anti Parallel Vectors

Any two vectors of same type which are equal in magnitude but opposite
in direction are called opposite or negative vectors.
B
P D
A
Q
C

P = –Q
 Zero Vectors

A vector having zero magnitude and undefined direction is called a zero

vector or a NULL vector.

It is represented by 0

Zero vector cannot be represented graphically

How is vector calculations performed?
 Addition of vectors when they are in same direction

A B
3 units
having magnitude 3 units and pointing towards Right

P Q
5 units
having magnitude 5 units and pointing towards Right
 Addition of vectors when they are in same direction

A B
3 units
having magnitude 3 units and pointing towards Left

P Q
5 units
having magnitude 5 units and pointing towards Right

Direction of the resultant vector is same as the given vectors

A Q
8 units
Addition of vectors when they are in Opposite direction

A B
3 units
having magnitude 3 units and pointing towards Left

P Q
5 units
having magnitude 5 units and pointing towards Right
Addition of vectors when they are in Opposite direction

A 3 units B
having magnitude 3 units and pointing towards Left

P Q
5 units
having magnitude 5 units and pointing towards Right

Direction of the resultant vector is same as the bigger vector

B Q
2 units
 The net force is the sum of all individual forces acting on an object.

Thus net force is the resultant of adding all the force vectors

5 5
+ =

5 5
+ =
5 10
+ =
Determine the net force in following cases.
Magnitude of Fnet ?

Direction of Fnet ?

F1 = 1200 N
F1 = 50 N

F3= 20 N A
B
F2 = 800 N
F2 = 50 N
 F1 = 50 N
F1 = 1200 N
F3= 20 N
B
A
F2 = 50 N
F2 = 800 N

Magnitude of Fnet is 20 N Magnitude of Fnet is 400 N

Direction of Fnet is towards left Direction of Fnet is upward in

the direction of bigger force
1. Meaning of scalar & vector quantity with example

2. Representation of Vectors in 2 forms

Pictorial Equation

3. Unit Vectors
Based on Triangle Law of
vector addition, we can study
4. Equal, antiparallel & ZERO Vectors some properties of vector

5. Addition of 2 parallel vectors

6. Addition of 2 vectors inclined to each other Triangle Law of vector addition

What are the properties of vector?
1 Commutative Law
→
P

→
Q
→ → → → →
Q
P+Q = Q+P

P
1 Commutative Law
→
P

→
Q
→ → → →
P+Q = Q+P

→
Q

P
2 Associative Law

→→ → →
(A+B)+C = R
→ →→
A+(B+C) =
→
R

→ →
C
C

→
R
→
B → →
B
R

→
A →
A
2 Associative Law

→→ → →
(A+B)+C = R
→ →→
A+(B+C) =
→
R

→ →
C
C

→
R
→
B → →
B
R

→
A →
A
How to represent 2D Vectors in form of unit vector?

θ
Vector A can be written in terms of A1 and A2

Using triangle law

Y → → →
A = A + A1 2
→
A
→
A2 Along Along
θ x-axis y-axis
→
A1
∧
i
∧
j

X
 →
A

θ
 →
A →
A

θ θ
Vector A can be written in terms of A1 and A2 → → →
A = A1 + A2
Using triangle law,
Y
Along Along
x-axis y-axis
A ∧ ∧
A2 i j
θ

A1
X A1 = ( A cos θ ) ^i

A A2 = ( A sin θ ^) j
A2
A2
sin θ =
θ A
A1 A1
cos θ =
A
 Ay
tan θ =
Ax If an angle is given with vertical say α , then

A A = ( Ax ) ^i + ( Ay ) ^j
Ay= A sinθ
α
θ A = ( A sin α ) ^i + ( A cos α ) ^j
Ax= A cosθ
X
^
A = ( A cosθ ) i + ( A sinθ ) ^j
A = ( A ) ^i + ( A ) ^j
x y
 Ay
tan θ = Do not remember this equation as
A formula because if an angle is given with
A x vertical say α , then
α Ay= A sinθ
θ
→ → →
A = ( A )^i + ( A )^j
x y

Ax= A cosθ → →
A = ( A sin α ) ^i
→
+ ( A cos α ) ^j
X

Thus, Magnitude A= √ Ax2 + Ay2

( Ax ) = component of A along x-axis Direction of A Ay

θ= tan-1
( Ay ) = component of A along y-axis Ax
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