Current Electricity

12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Current Density
Jayant Nagda
Electric Current
Electric Current
The rate of flow of electric charge

across a cross-section of the conductor
Electric Current
The rate of flow of electric charge across a cross-section.

Electric Current
Rate of flow of charge per unit time

through the cross section of the conductor
Δq
iavg = Scalar Quantity
Δt
S I Unit : Ampere (A)

If 1020 e-s cross the cross section of a conductor in 1 second.
Find the corresponding electric current ?
A. 12 A
B. 16 A
C. 20 A
D. 24 A
Point charge q moves in a circle of radius r at constant speed v.
What is the current associated with this uniform circular motion.
A.
i=?
v
r B.
C.
D. None
Direction of Current
In the direction of motion of positive charge
And opposite to the direction of

motion of negative charge.
By convention, direction of electric current is

opposite to the direction of motion of electrons.
Does the direction make it a vector quantity?

Not a vector, since direction is always along the length of the wire.
direction is obvious,
from higher potential to lower potential
Electric Current
Conduction in metals (conductors)

Electric Current
Materials Charge Carriers

1 Metals Free Electrons
2 Liquids Positive and Negative ions
3 Gaseous Positive ions and Electrons
4 Semiconductors Electrons and Holes

Figure shown four situation in which positive and negative charges
move horizontally through a region and gives the rate at which
each charge moves. The situation according to the effective
current through the region, greatest first:
A. A>B>C>D
B. (A = B) > C > D
C. A<B<C<D
D. (A = C) > D > B
Electric Current
The rate of flow of electric charge per unit time across any cross-section
dq
i=
dt
Scalar Quantity
S I Unit : Ampere (A)

The amount of charge passed in time t
through a cross-section of wire is given by
where ⍺ and ß are some constants. Find current through wire at ‘t’
A. α - 2βt
B. α - βt
C. 2α - βt
D. 2α - 2βt
A current through a wire depends on time as i = αt + βt2
where α = 20 A/s and β = 8As-2 . Find the charge crossed through
a section of the wire in 15 s.
[JEE Main 2021]
A. 2100C
B. 260C
C. 2250C
D. 11250C
Current Density at a point P inside the conductor,
Current Density
has a magnitude equal to
current per unit area
P in the region surrounding that point
and
direction along the current

which passes through that point.
Find current density across cuboid shaped conductor when
electric current i flows along its length ‘l’ :
A.
h B.
b C.
l
D. None of them
Find current density across cuboid shaped conductor when
electric current i flows along its width ‘b’ :
A.
h B.
b C.
l
D. None of them
Current Density J Current Density is equal to
current per unit area taken perpendicular
to the direction of the current
Current Density J
dA
𝜽
j
Determine the electric current through a cylindrical wire of
radius R, if current density through wire is uniform j
i=?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Determine current through the cylindrical shell of inner & outer
radii as shown, if current density through it is constant j
A.
r1 B.
C.
D. None of them
Determine the total electric current flowing through
a cylindrical wire of length l and radius R,
if current density through wire is varying
with distance r from centre as:
A.
i=?
B.
C.
D.
Determine the total electric current flowing through
a cylindrical wire of length l and radius R,
if current density through wire is varying
with distance r from centre as:
A.
r
B.
C.
D.
Ans: C. For detailed solution visit Abhyas sessions

12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Drift Speed
vd
Jayant Nagda
Drift Speed
In conductors, e-s are relatively free to move
Drift Speed
These free e-s move randomly
like molecules in a gas
at high speeds.
vrms = = ≈ 105m/s
Drift Speed
These free e-s collide with fixed +ve ions (lattice)

and follow zigzag path,
+
+
+
+
motion is random, no net flow of charge in

any direction.
Drift Speed When Electric field is applied
e-s shift opposite to field
there is a net transfer of charge

resulting in current
electrons drift at rate vd ≈ 10-4 m/s

E
Drift Speed E
Original path
Path of applied
Electric field
Drift Speed
It is a drifted motion.
In the absence of applied potential, the electric current flowing
through a metallic wire is zero because -
A. The electrons remain stationary
B. The electrons are drifted in random direction with a

speed of the order of 10-2 cm/s
C. The electrons moved in random direction with a

speed of the order close to that of velocity of light
D. Electrons and ions move in opposite direction

Drift Speed
Force = ? acceleration = ?
EE
-
Drift Speed eE
F = eE a=
m
τ = relaxation time
(Average time taken by e-
+ between two successive collisions.
+
Drift Speed Vd
Average speed with which e-s drift,

in the direction opposite to applied electric field.
E
m : mass of e-
eE𝜏
𝝂d = e : electronic charge
m
𝜏 : relaxation time
depends on material
Drift Speed Vd
+
Mobility μ
defined as drift speed per unit electric field
𝛎d
μ=
E
Relation between Current Density & Drift Speed
E
length of conductor = l =
n: free e-s per unit volume

A
Relation between Current Density & Drift Speed
E
i = neA𝝂d
A
j = ne𝝂d
𝝂dΔt
vd: drift speed

At room temperature, copper has free electron density of 8.4 x 1028 m-3.
The electron drift speed in a copper conductor of cross-sectional area
10-6 m2 and carrying a current of 5.4 A, will be -
A. 4 ms-1
B. 0.4 ms-1
C. 4 cms-1
D. 0.4 mms-1
A current of 10 A exists in a wire of cross sectional area of 5 mm2
with a drift velocity of 2 × 10-3 ms-1. The number of free electrons
in each cubic meter of the wire is
A. 2 × 106
B. 625 × 1025
C. 2 × 1025
D. 1 × 1023
The area of cross section of a current carrying conductor is Ao and
Ao/4 at section (1) and (2) respectively. If vd1 and vd2 be the drift
velocity at sections (1) and (2) respectively, then -
A.
B.
C.
D. None of these
Electric Current
For a conductor
● Current does not change with

change in cross section
Charge is conserved
Charge entering per sec at one end of conductor

is equal to charge leaving per sec at the other end.
Steady current is passing through a linear conductor of
non-uniform cross-section. The current density in the conductor is -
A. Independent of area of cross-section
B. Directly proportional to area of cross-section
C. Inversely proportional to area of cross-section
D. Inversely proportional to the square root of

area of cross-section
A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-
section. Then which of the following quantity/quantities is/are
constant along the conductor -
[IIT JEE 1997]
A. drift speed
B. current density
C. electric field
D. current
Current passes through a wire of non-uniform cross-section. Which of
the following quantity is independent of the cross-sectional area ?
(i) the charge passing through it in a given time interval

(ii) drift speed
(iii)current density
(iv)free electron density
A. All the statements are incorrect
B. All the statements are correct
C. Only (i) & (iv) are correct
D. Only (i) is correct
A current I flows through a uniform wire of diameter d when the
mean electron drift velocity is V. The same current will flow
through a wire of diameter d/2 made of the same material if the
mean drift velocity of the electron is:
A. v/4
B. v/2
C. 2v
D. 4v
12
CLASS
Capacitor
Combination of
Capacitors
Parallel
Series
Jayant Nagda
Parallel Combination of Capacitors
1. Send +Q and -Q from Battery terminals.
2. Write charge on each capacitor plate,

use Q1, Q2, Q3 variables.
Splitting of Charge/Current
delivered by the battery/cell
among various branches
2. Write charge on each capacitor plate,

use Q1, Q2, Q3 variables.
3. Charge on opposite plates are opposite
4. Conservation of Charge holds.

General Method to find Ceq

2. Write charge on each capacitor plate, use Q1, Q2, Q3 variables.
5. Take Potential difference across

each capacitor as V1, V2, V3…
6. Write equation Q = CV for each capacitor,

write V = V1 + V2 …. across AB.
7. Ceq = Q/V eliminate everything to
get Ceq in terms of C
Ceq = C1 + C2
Ceq = C1 + C2+ …. + Cn
1. Potential Difference across

each Capacitor is same
2. Charge on each Capacitor

is proportional to its Capacitance
1. Potential Difference across

each Capacitor is same
2. Charge on each Capacitor

is proportional to its Capacitance
Q∝C
Two capacitors connected in parallel having the capacities C1
and C2 are given ‘q’ charge, which is distributed among them.
The ratio of the charge on C1 and C2 will be -
A. C1 / C2 B. C2 / C1
C. C1 C2 D. 1/C1C2
General Method to find Ceq

2. Write charge on each capacitor plate, use Q1, Q2, Q3 variables.
5. Take Potential difference across

each capacitor as V1, V2, V3…

write V = V1 + V2 …. across AB.
7. Ceq = Q/V eliminate everything to
get Ceq in terms of C
Series Combination of Capacitors
In series since there is no branching,

same charge/current is delivered to
each circuit element
(capacitor/resistor) by the battery.
Concept of Island
Conservation of Charge.
5. Take Potential difference across each

capacitor as V1, V2,V3…

write V = V1 +V2…. across AB.

write V = V1 +V2…. across AB.
7. Ceq = Q/V Eliminate everything to get

Ceq in terms of C
Three capacitors of capacity C1, C2, C3 are connected in series.
Their total capacity will be -
1 1 1
= + + …….. + 1
C C 1 C2 Cn
Series Combination of Capacitors C1 C2
Ceq
1 1 1
= +
C C1 C2
1 1 1
= + + …….. + 1
C C 1 C2 Cn
1. Each capacitor has same charge
2. Potential Difference is inversely

proportional to Capacitance.
1. Each capacitor has same charge
2. Potential Difference is inversely

proportional to Capacitance.
A capacitor C1 = 4μF is connected in series with another
capacitor C2 = 1μF. The combination is connected across a d.c
source of voltage 200V.
The ratio of charge appearing on C1 and C2 is -
A. 1 : 4 B. 4 : 1
C. 1 : 1 D. 2 : 1
A capacitor C1 = 4μF is connected in series with another
capacitor C2 = 1μF. The combination is connected across a d.c
source of voltage 200V.
The ratio of potential across C1 and C2 is -
A. 1:4 B. 4 : 1
C. 1:1 D. 2:1
‘n’ capacitors of equal Capacitance C are arranged in Series as
shown. Find the equivalent capacitance between A and B.
A. (n-1)C B. nC C. (n+1)C D. C/n
C C C C C C
A B
Calculate the capacitance between the points P and Q in the
following circuit-
A. 1.5 μF B. 3 μF
C. 2 μF D. 1 μF
12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Ohm’s Law
Jayant Nagda
Ohm’s Law Ohm's Law is a fundamental law in current electricity
which relates the potential difference applied across a
conductor to the current flowing in it.
Drift Speed vd
E
m : mass of e-
eE𝜏
𝝂d = e : electronic charge
m
𝜏 : relaxation time
depends on material

j = ne𝝂d
vd: drift speed
Deriving Ohm’s Law
eE𝜏
j = ne𝝂d 𝝂d =
m
Deriving Ohm’s Law
j : Current Density
j = 𝞂E
E: Electric Field
ne2𝜏
𝞂= σ : Conductivity
m
1 m
𝝆= = 2 ρ : Resistivity
𝞂 ne 𝜏
Both σ, ρ depend on material

and temperature.
In a conductor, if the number of conduction electrons per unit
volume is 8.5 × 1028 m-3 and mean free time is 25 fs
(femtosecond), it’s approximate resistivity is: (me = 9.1 × 10-31 kg)
[JEE Main Apr. 2019]
A. 10-6 Ωm
B. 10-7Ωm
C. 10-8 Ωm
D. 10 Ωm
-5
Resistivities of Various Material
Ohm’s Law
i E j = 𝞂E V = iR
V
Ohm’s Law
i
A
V: Potential Difference across conductor

V
i: Electric Current through the conductor
Resistance
l ⍴l
R= or R=
σA A
R : resistance of a conductor
A
Area of
Unit : Volt/Ampere or Ohm (Ω)
Cross section
l Symbol :
length of conductor
along which current flows
ρ : Resistivity Units: Ω-m
σ : Conductivity Units: Ω-1m-1

Determine Resistance of the wire shown if
its resistivity is ρ = 3.14 x 10-8Ω-m
l = 10 cm
A. 1 x 10-3 Ω
r = 0.5mm B. 2 x 10-3 Ω
C. 4 x 10-3 Ω
D. 4 x 10 Ω
-4
Find resistance between faces 1 & 2 if
resistivity of the material of cuboid is ρ
A.
4
h B.
1 2
3
C.
b
l D. None
Find resistance between faces 3 & 4 if
resistivity of the material of cuboid is ρ
A.
4
B.
h
1 2
3 C.
b
D. None
l
Conductance G
1
Conductance G =
R
A
Area of
Cross section
length of conductor
Unit : Ohm-1 or Mho

If length of a conductor is halved, its conductance will be -
A. Halved
B. Unchanged
C. Doubled
D. Quadrupled
V vs i Graph
V = iR
i
Experimental Verification of Ohm's Law
When physical properties of material change

V the resistance of conductor changes
∆V
R= = slope of V-I curve
∆I
i
Non-ohmic Resistance
Experimental Verification of Ohm's Law
"For some conductors under constant physical conditions

like temperature, mechanical strain, humidity etc.
the current flowing through it is always directly proportional to
the potential difference across its two ends."
V V
i i
Ohmic Conductor Non-ohmic Conductor
From the graph between voltage (V) and current (I) shown.
Identify which of the two conductors have higher resistance -
A. RA > RB
B. RA < RB
C. Both are equal
D. None of these
Determine the resistance of hollow cylindrical wire of length l &
radii as shown and whose resistivity is ρ
2r A.
r B.
C.
D.
Wire of length l and cross section A is having
a variable resistivity that varies along its length as
Determine Resistance of the wire.
R=?
A.
B.
l
C.
D.
Determine resistance of a frustum shaped wire whose
resistivity is constant ρ and area of its left face is A
A.
2r B.
r x
C.
D.
Determine resistance of a frustum shaped wire whose
resistivity is constant ρ and area of its left face is A
A.
2r B.
r x
C.
D.
Resistance of metal sheet 1 between shaded portion is R1 and
Resistance between shaded portion for sheet 2 is R2 the R1/R2 is -
A. 1
B. 1/2
C. 2
D. 4
Wire of length l and resistance R is stretched till its length
become 2l. Assuming density of material remains constant.
Determine Resistance of the stretched wire.
A. 4R
2l B. 2R
l
C. R
R R’ = ? R/2
D.
12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Variation of Resistance
with Temperature
Jayant Nagda
Effect of Temperature on a Material
As temperature increases,
molecules vibrate more and
it increases thermal agitation
High Temperature Low Temperature

As temperature increases,
it increases thermal agitation
which causes rate of collision
to increase
As the temperature increases
Thermal agitation increases,
Collisions are more frequent.
the relaxation time (τ) decreases
the resistivity increases and hence

resistance also increases.
Effect of Temperature on vd, σ & ρ
+
+
+ eE𝝉
𝛎d =
+ m
+ ne2𝝉
𝛔=
m
+
+
1 = m
𝝆=
𝞂 ne2𝜏
Variation of Resistivity with Temperature
For small range of temperature increase
resistivity of metallic conductors increases linearly with temperature as
Where, α : temperature coefficients of resistivity
ρ0 : resistivity of Conductor at To oC
ρ : resistivity of Conductor at T oC
△T = T - To in oC or K
To is reference temperature
generally either 0°C or 20°C.
Variation of Resistance with Temperature
Since resistance is proportional to resistivity, considering dimensions to be
hence resistance also varies with temperature. invariant with temperature
T Where, R : Resistance of Conductor at To C

R0 : Resistance of Conductor at TooC
α : temperature coefficient of Resistance
depends on material and
reference temperature To.
A metal coil has a resistance of 10.0 Ω at 0°C and
a resistance of 16.4 Ω at 80°C. Find out the temperature
coefficient of resistance of metal.
A. 4 x 10-3 °C-1
B. 4 x 10-4 °C-1
C. 8 x 10-3 °C-1
D. 8 x 10-4 °C-1
A metallic wire has a resistance of 120 Ω at 20° C. Find the
temperature at which the resistance of same metallic wire rises to
150 Ω where the temperature coefficient of wire is 2 x 10-4 °C-1.
A. 1250 °C
B. 1270 °C
C. 2500 °C
D. 2570 °C
Statement 1: The temperature dependence of resistance is usually
given as R = R0(1 + αΔt). The resistance of a wire changes from
100 Ω to 150 Ω when its temperature is increased from 27°C to 227°C.
This implies that α = 2.5 x 10-3/°C.
Statement 2: R = R0(1 + αΔt) is valid only when the change in the

temperature ΔT is small and ΔR = (R - R0) < R0.
[AIEEE - 2009]
A. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true, Statement 2 is the

correct explanation of Statement 1
B. Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement 2 is not
the correct explanation of Statement 1
C. Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true
D. Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false
ρ ρ = ρ0 ( 1 + αΔT + βΔT2 )
Metals
α, β : temperature coefficients of resistivity
T
ρ ρ
Metals Non-Metals
T T
α is positive for metals and negative for non-metals

Resistivity in Semiconductors
Semiconductors like: Silicon, Germanium
conduct electricity due to movement of

Holes
which is basically an empty seat of electron

lack of an electron at a position where one
could exist
Resistivity in Semiconductors
For Semiconductors
resistivity decreases with temperature
as conductivity increases due to

creation of more charge carriers
with temperature.
By increasing the temperature, the specific resistance of a
conductor and a semiconductor -
[AIEEE - 2002]
A. Increases for both
B. Decreases for both
C. Increases, decreases respectively
D. Decreases, increases respectively

α is (+) for metals, 0.004 per degree for Cu

𝛒 𝛒 Carbon,
Semiconductors &
Copper Insulators
T
T
and (-) for semiconductors and insulators.
for alloys such as manganin( α= .00001 per degree),

nichrome, constantan, eureka,
𝛒 Conductors like Hg becoming
super conductor at very-very
Alloys e.g., manganin, low temperature
Nichrome very-very 𝛒
low temp. coeff.
(+) but very small (almost zero)

T (K)
2 4 6 8 10
Superconductors Mercury offers zero resistance at 4.2 K
This phenomenon is called super conductivity

and the metal is called superconductor
ρ
ρ
Tc T
and temperature at which this happens

is called Critical Temperature
Variation of Resistance with Dimensions of Conductor
1. Variation with length
wire is cut (area remains same)

A cylindrical copper rod of resistance R is cut into three equal
portions each of a third of its original length with no change in
area of cross section. The resistance of one such portion is -
A. 3R
B. R/3
C. R/9
D. R
Change in Resistance of a Stretched wire
1. Variation with length
l ηl
R R’ = ?
Wire of length l and resistance R is stretched till its length
become 2l. Assuming density of material remains constant.
Determine Resistance of the stretched wire.
l 2l A. 4R
B. 2R
R R’ = ? C. R
D. R/2
The resistance of a wire is 20 Ω. The wire is stretched to
three times its length. Assuming density of material remains
constant. Then the resistance will be -
A. 6.67 Ω
B. 60 Ω
C. 120 Ω
D. 180 Ω
Variation of Resistance with Dimensions of Conductor
2. Variation with Area ⍴l

R=
A
If area is increased/decreased
but length is kept same
If area is increased/decreased
but Volume is kept same
For a metallic wire, the ratio V/I (V = applied potential difference,
I = Current flowing) -
A. Increases or decreases as the temperature

rises, depending upon the metal
B. Decreases as the temperature rises
C. Independent of temperature
D. Increases as the temperature rises

The current–voltage graphs for a given metallic wire at two different
temperatures T1 and T2 are shown in the figure. [IIT - JEE 1985]
A. The temperature T2 is greater than T1.
B. The temperature T1 is greater than T2.
C. No Conclusion can be drawn
Wire of resistance R = 1 kΩ is heated by 1000 C.
Determine the change in its resistance if α = 0.001 per °C.
A. 1 Ω
B. 10 Ω
C. 100 Ω
D. 1000 Ω
A cylindrical copper rod of resistance R is
reformed to twice its original length
with no change in volume. Now its resistance -
A. 8R
l 2l 6R
B.
R C. 4R
R’ = ?
D. 2R
12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Combination
of Resistances
Jayant Nagda
Resistance
⍴l
ρ : Resistivity R=
A
R : resistance of a conductor
A
Area of
Cross section
Unit : Volt/Ampere or Ohm (Ω)
length of conductor
Symbol :
Series Combination
Series Combination
Series Combination
R2 R3 Req
i R1 i
A B A B
V1 V2 V3 V
V = V1 + V2 + V3
iReq = i (R1 + R2 + R3)
Req = (R1 + R2 + R3)

Series Combination
If two resistances are in series

Req = R1 + R2 V
Series Combination
1. The current in each resistance is same.
i = i1 = i2 = ….
i R1 R2 R3
A B
V1 V2 V3
2. The potential difference across each resistor

is proportional to its resistance.
V∝R
Series Combination: Voltage Divider
i R1 R2
V1 V2
Potential Difference of 6 V is applied across AB.
Determine Potentials Drops across each resistor.
2Ω 2Ω 2Ω
A B
A. 1V , 1V , 1V
B. 1V , 2V , 1V
C. 1V , 2V , 3V
D. 2V , 2V , 2V
Potential Difference of 6 V is applied across AB.
Determine Potentials Drops across each resistor.
1Ω 2Ω 3Ω
A B A. 1V , 1V , 1V
B. 1V , 2V , 1V
C. 1V , 2V , 3V
D. 2V , 2V , 2V
Parallel Combination
R1
R2 Req
i i
A B A B
R3
V
Req
i
R1
A B
i R2 V
A B i = i1 + i2 + i3
R3
V V V V
= + +
Req R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
= + +
Req R1 R2 R3
If two resistances are in parallel
1 1 1 R1R2
= + Req =
Req R1 R2 R1 + R2
V
I
Parallel Combination 1. The potential
R1 difference
R1 across each resistance is same.
V = V1 = V2 = ….
i R2
A B
R3
2. The current in each resistance is

inversely proportional to its resistance.
1
i α
R
Parallel Combination: Current Divider
I1 3Ω
A 2Ω B
6Ω
I2
I I
+ -
12 V
Parallel Combination: Current Divider
Parallel: Current Divider

Series Combination: Voltage Divider
Series: Voltage Divider

Find Current in any of the three 2Ω resistors which are in parallel
2Ω
2Ω A. 0.33 A
2Ω B. 1.0 A
C. 1.5 A
2Ω 2Ω
D. 3.0 A
i 14 V
An electric current is passed through a circuit containing two wires
of the same material, connected in parallel. If the lengths and radii
are in the ratio of 4/3 and 2/3, then the ratio of the current passing
through the wires will be
A. 8/9
B. 1/3
C. 3
D. 2
Find Current in Resistor R if 1 Volt is applied across AB.
2Ω
2Ω R=2 Ω A. 0.25 A
A B B. 0.50 A
2Ω 2Ω
2Ω C. 0.75 A
D. 1.00 A
Find Current through 2Ω resistor if 12 V is applied across ab.
4Ω
6Ω A. 0.25 A
2Ω 2Ω
B. 0.5 A
a b
8Ω C. 0.75 A
4Ω
D. 3 A
8Ω
The current flowing in 3Ω resistance will be -
A. 8/3 A
B. 3/8 A
C. 1/8 A
D. 5/8 A
Ans: A
In the given circuit diagram, current in 2Ω resistor is 2A, then
the current in 6Ω resistor will be -
A. 3/2 A
B. 2/3 A
C. 1/3 A
D. 2 A
Ans: B
12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Equivalent Resistance:
Method of Reduction
Jayant Nagda
Series Combination
R1 R2 R3 Rn
A B
Req
A B Req = R1 + R2 + …. + Rn
R1
1 1 1 1
R2 = + + .. +
A B Req R1 R2 Rn
Rn
Combination of Resistances
Two Identical Resistors in Series Two Identical Resistors in Parallel

R
R R
A B
A B
R
‘n’ identical resistors of resistance R
are arranged in Parallel as shown.
Find the equivalent resistance between A and B.
R A. (n-1)R
R B. nR
C. R/(n-1)
R
A B D. R/n
Special Cases
(a) If n equal resistances are connected in series, Req = nR.
(b) If n equal resistances are connected in parallel, Req = R/n

R1R2
Req=
(c) Two resistances are in parallel R1 + R2
The equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel is always -
A. Higher than the highest of component resistor

B. Less than the lowest of component resistors
C. In between the lowest and highest of component resistors
D. Equal to the sum of the component resistors
Special Cases
(d) Req < minimum of (R1, R2, R3)
1 1 1 1
= + +
Req R1 R2 R3
Find the equivalent resistance between A and B:
C
A. 10 Ω
10 Ω 20 Ω B. 20 Ω
C. 30 Ω
D. 60 Ω
60 Ω B
A
A. 5 Ω
2Ω 4Ω
B. 7.5 Ω
3Ω 3Ω C. 10 Ω
5Ω
D. 15 Ω
A B
6Ω 3Ω
A A. 2 Ω
B. 4 Ω
4Ω 1Ω C. 6 Ω
D. 8 Ω
B
7Ω
A. 5 Ω
B. 10 Ω
5Ω C. 15 Ω
3Ω 10 Ω
D. 20 Ω
10 Ω
A B
5Ω 3Ω 2Ω A. 5 Ω
A
B. 10 Ω
10 Ω 6Ω 2Ω C. 15 Ω
D. 20 Ω
B
5Ω 4Ω 2Ω
Reduction Method R
R
Circuit gets Reduced (simplified)
R
in step by step manner
because of Series-Parallel Combination. 2R 2R
2R R
R
2R
A B
3Ω
3Ω A. 1 Ω
3Ω
B. 2 Ω
6Ω C. 3 Ω
6Ω
6Ω 3Ω D. 6 Ω
3Ω
3Ω
A B
20Ω
10Ω A. 10 Ω
60Ω
10Ω
B. 20 Ω
30Ω C. 30 Ω
A B
D. 60 Ω
60Ω
10Ω 10Ω
20Ω
R 2R 3R 100R
A B
A. 2500 R
B. 2525 R
C. 5000 R
D. 5050 R
In the circuit shown in figure, the total Resistance between
points A and B is RO. The value of resistance R is
A. Ro
R R
A
B. √3Ro
C. Ro/2
R Ro
D. Ro/√3
B
R R R
A ∞ A. R
B. 2 R
2R 2R 2R
C. 4 R
B D. 5 R
∞
R R R
A ∞ A. R
B. 2 R
2R 2R 2R
C. 4 R
B D. 5 R
∞
Concept of Same Potential E
R
Equivalent resistance between A and B
R A R B
D
C
6Ω 1Ω
A. 2Ω
B. 4Ω
6Ω 2Ω
C. 6Ω
D. 5Ω
A 3Ω B
Find the equivalent resistance between A and B if each side
if a resistance R:
A
Q
P R
S B
B
A. R
4R
B. 2 R
4R A 4R
C. 3 R
4R D. None of these
6Ω 6Ω
A. 2Ω
B. 4Ω
12Ω 12Ω C. 6Ω
D. 5Ω
8Ω
A B
‘n’ resistors of equal Resistance R are arranged in Series as shown.
A. (n-1)R B. nR C. (n+1)R D. R/n
R R R R
A B
Ans: B
The equivalent resistance in series combination is -
A. Smaller than the largest resistance

B. Larger than the largest resistance
C. Smaller than the smallest resistance
D. Larger than the smallest resistance
Ans: B
In the circuit shown in the figure, equivalent resistance is maximum -
[IIT-JEE 2004]
A. Between P & Q
B. Between P & R
C. Between R & P
D. Same between all the points
Ans: A
12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Equivalent Resistance:
1. Equipotential Method
2. Wheatstone Bridge
Jayant Nagda
Concept of Same Potential
Equivalent resistance between A and B
E
R A R B
D
C
Find the equivalent resistance between A and B in the following case:
A. 2 R
B. 4 R
R R C. R/2
A
D. R/4
B
A. R
R R R B. 3R
A B C. R/3
D. 2R/3
A. R
24R B. 2R
8R 12R
C. 3R
A B
D. 4R
Concept of Equipotential Points
R1 R1
R1
R2 R2
R2
R3
R3 R3
A B A B
A B
Concept of Equipotential Points
R1
R1
R3
R2 R2
R3
A B A B
Find the equivalent resistance between A and B in ohms-
A. 3/4
B. 4/3
C. 2/3
D. 5/4
Method of Equipotential Points
Find equivalent resistance between the points A and B if resistance between

each two points which are shown connected is R
A
B Q
P R
S
Points which are symmetrically located
with respect to both A & B are equipotential
Nine identical resistance each R are connected as shown.
Find the equivalent resistance between A and B
A. 2R/3
A E
D B. 3R/4
C. 3R/5
B F
D. 3R/2

with respect to both A & B are equipotential
Find the equivalent resistance of 12 equal resistances
shaped as a cube between points A & G
F G A.
R R
R
R R B.
R C
B
H
E R C.
R R R
R
D.
A D
R

with respect to both A & G are equipotential
shaped as a cube between points A & D
F G
A. 12R
R R 7
R
R R B. 7R
R C
B 12
H
E R 4R
C.
R R R 3
R
3R
A D D.
R 4

with respect to both A & D are equipotential
shaped as a cube between points A & H
F G
A. 12R
R R 7
R
R R B. 7R
R C
B 12
H
E R 4R
C.
R R R 3
R
3R
A D D.
R 4

with respect to both A & H are equipotential
Wheatstone bridge Wheatstone bridge is balanced when
current in branch CD is zero.
C
R1 R3
A R B
R2 R4
E
Wheatstone bridge Wheatstone bridge is
balanced when current in R1 R3
branch CD is zero. =
R2 R4
C Or
R1 R3 R1 R2
=
R3 R4
R B
A
Or
R2 R4
R1R4 = R2R3
D
E
Five identical resistance each R are connected as shown.
A. 2R
R R
B. R
A R B C. 4R
D. R/2
R R
Eight identical resistance each R are connected as shown.
A. R
R R B. 3R
R
R R C. R/3
A B
R D. 2R/3
R R
Find the equivalent resistance between A and C
O A. R/3
B. 2R/3
B C C. 3R/4
D. 5R/4
A D
Five equal resistance are connected in a network as
shown in figure. The net resistance between the points A
and B is :
[JEE Main 2021]
A. 3R/2
B. R/2
C. R
D. 2R
In the given circuit, it is observed that the current I is independent
of the value of the resistance R6. Then the resistance values must
satisfy -
[IIT 2001 Screening]
A. R1R2R5 = R3R4R6
B.
C. R1R4 = R2R3
D. R1R3 = R2R4 = R5R6

The effective resistance between points P and Q of the
electrical circuit shown in the figure is -
[IIT JEE - 2002]
A. 2Rr/(R + r)
B. 8R(R + r)/ (3R + r)
C. 2r + 4R
D. 5R/2 + 2r
A pentagon wire mesh is formed with the help of ten
resistance wires, each of resistance R as shown in
figure. Find the equivalent across ED
A. R
5
B. 2R
5
3R
C.
5
4R
D.
5
The resistance of each straight section is r. Find the
equivalent resistance between A and B.
A. 3R
B. 3.5 R
C. 4R
D. 4.5 R
In the network of resistances as shown in figure, the
effective resistance between points A and B is -
A. 8R
B. 5R
C. (5/3) R
D. (8/3) R
Ans: C
Effective resistance between A and B is -
A. R/3
B. R/2
C. 2R/3
D. 2R/5
Ans: B
12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Jayant Nagda
The Junction Law
The sum of all the currents entering a junction in a circuit

is equal to the sum of all the currents leaving it.
i4
i1 i3
i2
The Junction Law
The Junction Law
is based on conservation of charge.

Current arriving and leaving Junction A are shown.
Find the current in the branch AB:
A. 1 A
5A B. 2 A
C. 3 A
A
D. 4 A
2A i=?
B
The Junction Law
In an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the current meeting at
any junction in the circuit is zero
i6 i1
Σi=0
i5
i2
i4
i3
Sign Convention
Hence VA- VB will be:
Taking drop in the potential as positive
1.
2. A B
3. i
A B
i
4.
A B
VA- VB will be:
Sign Convention
5. i
Discharging Battery
A B
i
Charging Battery 6.
A B
i
7.
A B
i
8.
A B
VA- VB will be:
Sign Convention
r
i
9.
A B
r
i
10.
A B
r
i
11.
A B
A r B
12. i
Sign Convention VA- VB will be:
+Q -Q
13. A B
-Q +Q
14. A B
Find VA-VB
A. -5 V
1A 5Ω
B. +5 V
A B
C. +1 V
D. -1 V
Find VA-VB
5Ω 2A A. -5 V
A B B. +5 V
C. +10 V
D. -10 V
Find VA-VB
A. -5 V
10 V
2A B. +5 V
B
C. +10 V
A
D. -10 V
Find VA-VB
A. -5 V
10 V
2A B. +5 V
C. +10 V
A B
D. -10 V
Find ΔV across AB
5V A. -9 V
2Ω 2A
B. +9 V
A B
C. +1 V
D. -1 V
Find ΔV across AB
A. -5 V
10V
5Ω 1A B. +5 V
A B C. +15 V
D. -15 V
If potential at point B is taken as zero, then
the potential of A will be:
A. VA = - 2 V
1A 2Ω
B. VA = + 2 V
A B
C. VA = + 1 V
D. VA = - 1 V
the potential of A will be:
A. VA = - 1 V
2A 2V
1.5Ω
B. VA = + 1.5 V
A B
C. VA = + 1 V
D. VA = -1.5 V
the potentials at points A and D are given as
4V A. VA = - 3 V, VD = - 1 V
2A 1.5Ω 2.5Ω
A B C D B. VA = + 3 V, VD = - 1 V
C. VA = - 3 V, VD = + 1 V
D. VA = + 3 V, VD = + 1 V
Find Current through 12Ω Resistance
12 Ω A. 2A
15 V 3V
B. 1A
C. 3A
D. 0.5 A
Find Current through 12Ω Resistance
12Ω 4Ω 0V A. 2 A
24V
B. 1 A
C. 1.5 A
D. 0.5 A
Find Current through 12 Ω Resistance
0V
A. 2A
6Ω B. 1A
12Ω 4Ω
24V 0V C. 1.5 A
D. 1.67 A
When the switch S, in the circuit shown, is closed the
value of current i will be:
[JEE Main 2019]
A. 3A
B. 5A
C. 4A
D. 2A
In the given circuit diagram, the current, I1 = -0.3
A, I4 = 0.8 A and I5 = 0.4 A, are flowing as shown.
The currents I2, I3 and I6, respectively, are:
[JEE Main 2019]
A. 1.1A, -0.4A, 0.4A
B. 1.1A, 0.4A, 0.4A
C. 0.4A, 1.1A, 0.4A
D. -0.4A, 0.4A, 1.1A

The Loop Law or Voltage Law
The algebraic sum of all the potential differences

along a closed loop in a circuit is zero.
Find the current flowing in circuit
A. 1A
12 V 3Ω B. 2A
C. 3A
D. 4A
The Loop Law
Find the Potential Differences across the Resistor 2 Ω & 3 Ω
3Ω
A. 2V&3V
B. 3V&2V
10 V 2Ω
C. 4V&6V
D. 6V&4V
Find the Potential Drop in volts across 7Ω resistance
+ 10 V 2 Ω + 10 V 1Ω
A. 1
B. 2
C. 7
7Ω
D. 14
The Loop Law
Find the current flowing in circuit, and Potential Drop
across each resistance
12 V 3Ω 18 V 2Ω A. 15 A
B. 10 A
C. 5 A
1Ω
D. 30 A
The Loop Law
In the circuit, find the current through the branch BD.
A 6Ω C 3Ω
B
A. 0A
B. 5A
15 V 3Ω C. 10 A
30 V
D. None
D
General Method of Circuit Solving
1. Draw the circuit diagram and assign direction of current in each

branch (preferably higher to lower potential)
2. Labeling all quantities while trying to minimize the number of
unknown quantities.
3. Apply junction law
4. Apply loop law (while following a sign convention) till you get
enough number of equations.
Potential gain
VA - VB = +ε
E
High Potential A B Low Potential
Final Initial
1. Solve the equations Potential drop Potential Potential
In the given circuit the cell have zero internal
resistance. The currents (in Amperes) passing
through resistance R1 and R2 respectively, are:
[JEE Main 2019]
A. 1, 2
B. 2, 2
C. 0.5, 0
D. 0, 1
For the circuit shown, with R1 = 1.0 Ω, R2 = 2.0 Ω, E1 = 2V
and E2 = E3 = 4 V, the potential difference between the
points ‘a’ and ‘b’ is approximately (in V):
[JEE Main 2019]
A. 2.7
B. 2.3
C. 3.7
D. 3.3
In the electric network shown, when no current flows
through the 4Ω resistor in the arm EB, the potential
difference between the points A and D will be :
[JEE Main 2015]
A. 6V
B. 3V
C. 5V
D. 4V
The Kirchhoff's first law (∑i=0) and second law (∑iR=∑E),
where the symbols have their usual meanings, are respectively
based on
[JEE 2006]
A. conservation of charge, conservation of momentum

B. conservation of energy, conservation of charge
C. conservation of momentum, conservation of charge
D. conservation of charge, conservation of energy
Calculate the Potential Difference across 20 Ω resistance
+ 10 V 2 Ω + 15 V 3Ω
A. 30 V
i
B. 40 V
C. 20 V
20 Ω D. 50 V
Ans: B
In the circuit shown in figure, find the current through
the branch BD
6Ω B 3Ω A. 5 A
A C
B. 10 A
15 V 3Ω 30 V C. 15 A
D. 30 A
D
Ans: A
12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Req: Method of
Symmetry & Folding
Jayant Nagda
Find Req between A and B.
Method of Symmetry
R
Perpendicular bisector of AB
divides the circuit into
R R R R
two mirror images
A B
R R
R
R R R R
A B
R R
Find the equivalent resistance between the points A and B.
R
R R R R
R R
A B
R R R R
R A. B.
C. D.
Find the equivalent resistance between A and D
O A. R/3
B. 2R/3
B C 7R/15
C.
D. 8R/15
A D
A R
A.
R R
B.
R R
R R C.
D. None
R
B
Each resistance is R
A. 3R/4
B. 4R/3
A B C. R
D. None
Perpendicular Axis of Symmetry
Points on the perpendicular bisector

of AB are at same potential. A B
A R
A.
R R
B.
R R
R R C.
D. None
R
B
R R
A. 4R/5
R R R B. 5R/4
R R
C. 5R/3
R R R
D. 3R/5
R R
A B
Perpendicular Axis of Symmetry
R
Points on the perpendicular bisector

of AB are at same potential. R R R R
A B
R R
R R
R R
A B
R R
R R R R
R R
A B
R R R R
R A. B.
C. D.
2R 2R
A.
R
B.
r r
A B
C.
R
D. None
2R 2R
Parallel Axis of Symmetry
2R 2R
Circuit is a mirror image
about line AB R
r r
A B
2R 2R
Method of Folding
Circuit is a mirror image

about line AB
A B
Thirteen resistances each of resistance R ohm are connected
in the circuit as shown in the figure. The effective resistance
between A and B is -
R R A. 2R Ω
B. 4R/3 Ω
R R R R
C. 2R/3 Ω
R D. RΩ
A B
R R
R R
R R
The effective resistance across the point A and I is -
C
R R A. R
B R D B. R/2
R
R C. R/4
A R I
R R D. 2R
G E
R R
F
In the shown wire frame, each side of a square (the
smallest square) has a resistance R. The equivalent
resistance of the circuit between the points A and B is -
A. R
B. 2R
A B
C. 3R
D. 4R
The three resistance in the form of triangle
Delta to Star
(delta) can be converted into star formation.
A
A
R1 x
x R2
z y y
z
R3
C B C B
Convert delta to star and x, y and z, respectively, are:
A A
x
60Ω 30Ω
y
z
10Ω C B
C B
A. 6Ω, 9Ω, 3Ω C. 18Ω, 3Ω, 6Ω
B. 9Ω, 6Ω, 3Ω D. 18Ω, 6Ω, 2Ω
R
A. 9R/7
B. 8R/7
R R R R
C. 10R/7
D. R
A B
R R
Star to Delta A A
R1
z x
R3
R2
y
C B C B
Convert delta to star and x, y and z, respectively are:
A A
R1 = 18Ω
z x
R3 = 6Ω
R2 = 3Ω
y
C B C B
A. 60Ω, 10Ω, 30Ω C. 30Ω, 10Ω, 60Ω
B. 30Ω, 60Ω, 10Ω D. None of these

Calculate equivalent resistance between A and C-
A. B.
C. D.
Ans: C
Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit between
points A and B shown in figure is :
(each branch is of resistance = 1 Ω
A B
Ans: 22/35
A B
Ans: 4R/9
12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Heating Effects
of Current
Jayant Nagda
Energy Transfer in Electric Circuit
The energy liberated per second in a device is called its Power.
Or
R
Work done by the battery per unit time.
Power dq V
P= = iV
R dt
Power consumed by a resistor

Power consumed by a resistor
V2
P = iV = i2R = watt
R
P is in watts
I is in amperes
R is in ohms
V is in volts
An electric bulb is rated 220V and 100W. The resistance
of the filament of the electric bulb is -
A. 100 ohm
B. 220 ohm
C. 484 ohm
D. 848 ohm
Heating Effect of Electric Current
Loss in electrical energy appears as

thermal energy in resistor
Tungsten: low resistivity

and high melting point.
Electrical energy is converted into heat energy and

this conversion is called the heating effect of electrical current.
Electrical Potential energy Lost in a device
R
dU = (dq)V = (idt)iR = i2R dt
Power developed dU
P= = i2R
dt
Thermal energy produced in the devices

Joule’s Law of Electrical Heating
When I current is passed through a device having resistance R,

then the amount of heat H produced in time t
H∝R H ∝ i2 H∝t
V2
H= i2Rt = VIt = t
R
SI unit : Joule
1kWh = 3.6 × 106 joule = 1 unit
1 BTU (British Thermal Unit) = 1055 J

If bulb is rated 100 watt and 220 V then if bulb operate at
110 volt power supply then find power consumed by bulb.
A. 50W
B. 25W
C. 75W
D. None of these
If the current in a electric bulb drops by 2% then the power
decreases by -
A. 1%
B. 2%
C. 4%
D. 16 %
Which bulb will glow the brightest?
50W, 220V
100W, 220V
20W, 220V
A. B1
B1 B2 B3
B. B2
C. B3
220V
D. All are equally bright
If each bulb is identical, which bulb will be the brightest.
B3 B4 B1
A.
B. B2
C. B3
D. B4
B2
B1
V
Two identical bulbs rated 100 watts, 220 volts are connected
in series across a battery. The power consumed by them is
A. 25W
B. 50W
220V C. 75W
D. 100W
Two electric bulbs rated P1 watt V volt and P2 watt
V volt are connected in series across V volt mains
then the total power is -
A.
B.
C.
V
D.
Two electric bulbs rated P1 watt V volt and P2 watt V
volt are connected in parallel across V volt mains then
the total power is -
A.
B.
V
C.
D.
Two electric lamps of 40 W each are connected in parallel.
The power consumed by the combination will be -
A. 20 W
220V B. 60 W
C. 80 W
D. 100 W
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
r
Power absorbed by load resistor R is
2
R
E
P = I2R = R
(R + r)
r
For maximum power dissipated across R
Battery
dP
=0 gives R=r
R dR
r Power transferred by the battery

Battery is maximum
when the external (load) resistance
of the circuit is equal to the
internal resistance of the battery.
What is the maximum Power output
that can be obtained from a cell of emf E
R and internal resistance r ?
A. 2E2/r
r
B. E2/r
Battery
C. E2/4r
D. E2/2r
2
R 𝛆2 𝛆2
E Pmax = =
P = I2R = R
(R + r) 4R 4r
r
Battery P
O r
r=R
Two cells of same emf E and internal resistance r
are connected in parallel with a resistance of R.
To get maximum power in the external circuit, the value of R is -
A. R = r/2
B. R = r
C. R = 2r
D. R = 4r
Determine resistance R in the circuit for which
maximum power is delivered by the battery
R A. 1Ω
B. 3Ω
2Ω C. 4Ω
1Ω D. 2Ω
Determine the ratio of the external (load) resistance (R) and
the internal resistance(r) of the battery for which the Power
transferred by the battery to the load resistance is maximum.
A. 4:1
R
B. 2:1
C. 1:1
r
D. 1:2 Battery
Ans: C
An electric heating element consumes 500 W when connected
to a 100 V line, If the line voltage becomes 150 V, the power
consumed will be -
A. 500 W
B. 750 W
C. 1000 W
D. 1125 W
Ans: D
The temperature of a metal wire rises when an electric
current passes through it because :
A. Collision of metal atoms with each other releases heat energy

B. Collision of conduction electrons with each other releases
heat energy
C. When the conduction electrons fall from higher energy level to
a lower energy level heat energy is released
D. Collision of conduction electrons with the atoms of the metal
gives them energy which appears as heat
Ans: D
In the figure, the ratio of power dissipated in resistors
R1 and R2 is -
V = 10 V
A. 1 : 4
B. 4 : 1
C. 1 : 2
D. 2 : 1
Ans: C
If each bulb is identical, which bulb will be the brightest.
B1 B2
B3
Ans: B3
Four identical bulbs rated 100 watts, 220 volts are connected
across a battery. The power consumed by them is
A. 25W
B. 50W
220V C. 75W
D. 100W
Ans: C
In the figure shown length of each wire is 1/2 and their radii are
2r and r. Then-
A. Current density in both wires

is same
B. Power dissipated in QR is 4
times that in the PQ
C. ratio of potential drops on PQ
& QR is 4
D. Resistance of PQ is 4 times
that of QR
Ans: B
12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
RC Circuits
Jayant Nagda
Charging of a Capacitor
Charging of a Capacitor
RC Charging Circuit
C
R
Key is closed at t = 0
ε
RC Charging Circuit
C
i R
q -q
ε
RC Charging Circuit
C
i R
q: Charge on the Capacitor
q -q
i: Current in the Resistance

RC Charging Circuit
C
i: Current in the Resistance i R
ε
RC Charging Circuit Time Constant (τ)
Variation of Current with Time
Time after which current decays by 63%

(becomes 37% of initial value)
i0
0.37i0
t=τ t
Variation of Charge with Time
q: Charge on the Capacitor

q
t
Variation of Charge with Time
Time after which

growth process
completes by 63%
q
q0
0.63q0
t=τ
t
Switch S is closed at t = 0. Find charge on capacitor at t = 2 sec
C = 10μF
A. 3.70 μC
B. 4.86 μC
R= 100 kΩ C. 7.78 μC
S D. 8.63 μC
E=1V
RC Charging Circuit
i : Current in the Resistance
C
i R
i = ioe-t/RC io =
𝛆
R
q
VR =
ε
RC Charging Circuit q: Charge on the Capacitor
q = qo(1 - e-t/RC) qo = 𝛆C
C
i R
VC = ε (1 - e-t/RC)
q -q
i: Current in the Resistance

ε
i = ioe-t/RC
𝛆
io =
R
VR = ε e-t/RC
At t = 0 , switch S is closed. Find the time when p.d
across resistance equals p.d across capacitance
A.
C
B.
R C.
S D.
E
RC Charging Circuit q: Charge on the Capacitor
C q = qo(1 - e-t/RC)
i R
qo = 𝛆C
q
UC =
ε
Energy stored
RC Charging Circuit in capacitor
q: Charge on the Capacitor 1

UC = Cε2(1 - e-t/RC)2
2
q = qo(1 - e-t/RC)
qo = 𝛆C
UC
t
At t =0 , switch S is closed.
Find maximum energy stored in capacitor
A.
C
B.
R
C.
S
D. None of these
Ans: A
RC Charging Circuit
C
i R
i : Current in the Resistance
q
i = ioe-t/RC
Energy lost as heat
ε
RC Charging Circuit
C
R
Key is closed at t = 0
RC Charging Circuit
C
R
RC Discharging Circuit C
q = Qoe-t/RC
Qo: initial Charge on C i
q R
Time Constant (τ)

Qo
𝝉 = RC
0.37Qo
t=τ t
RC Discharging Circuit
C
q = Qoe-t/RC
Qo
i= ioe-t/RC io =
RC
C
RC Discharging Circuit
i= ioe-t/RC
i
Q
io = o
RC i R
Time Constant (τ) io
𝝉 = RC
0.37io
t=τ
t
RC Discharging Circuit Qo: Initial Charge on the Capacitor
C
q = Qoe-t/RC VC =
R i = ioe-t/RC VR =
Qo
io =
RC
C
q = Qoe-t/RC UC =
i = ioe-t/RC
Qo
io =
RC
C
i = ioe-t/RC
Qo
io =
RC
The capacitive time constant of the RC circuit shown in -
C = 2μf R = 1Ω
A. Zero
B. Infinity
C. 2 s
D. 2 μs
K
E
Ans: D
The time constant of the circuit is :
A. RC
B. RC/2
C. 2RC
D. Infinity
Ans: C
Equivalent Time Constant
Find equivalent resistance across the capacitor.
And て=ReqC
2Ω
2Ω
V
C
4Ω
Time constant for the given circuits are -
[IIT JEE - 2006]
A. B.
C. D.
Ans: a
Equivalent Time Constant
6R
1. Short-circuit the battery.
2. Find equivalent resistance R 3R

10 V
across the capacitor. C
3. て=ReqC
Find the time constant for the circuit shown
for charging the capacitor -
A. 2RC/3
2V R V
B. 4RC/3
C. 5RC/3
R
A
C D. None
R R B
Ans: c
What is equivalent time constant of RC circuit shown in
A. 1.5 RC
B. 3 RC
C. 2RC
D. RC/2
Ans: A
The time constant of the circuit is :
A. RC/2
B. RC
C. 2RC
D. Zero
12
CLASS
Current
Electricity
Color Coding of
Resistors
Jayant Nagda
Types of Resistor
1. Wired Resistors
wires of alloys like nichrome,
manganin or constantan etc
Less sensitive to temperature
Types of Resistor
2. Carbon Resistors
cylindrical shape,
ends are called leads,
insulating cover made of
ceramic or plastic
Carbon Resistor
High range Resistors are made mostly from Carbon.
Carbon resistors are :
● Compact
● Inexpensive
Colour Number Multiplier
Colour Codes
Black 0 1
Brown 1 101
Red 2 102
Orange 3 103
Yellow 4 104
Green 5 105
Blue 6 106
Violet 7 107
Gray 8 108
White 9 109
Colour Codes Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
Colour Multiplier
Colour Codes
Black 1
Brown 101
Red 102
Orange 103
Yellow 104
Green 105
Blue 106
Violet 107
Gray 108
White 109
Tolerance
Colour Number Multiplier Tolerance (%)
Gold - 10-1 5
Silver - 10-2 10
No colour - - 20
Colour Coding Mnemonic
B B ROY of Great Britain had a Very Good Wife
who wore
Gold and Silver Necklace

Determine resistance?
A resistance is shown in the figure. Its value and tolerance are
given respectively by:
[JEE Main 2019]
A. 270 Ω, 10%
B. 27 kΩ, 10%
C. 27 kΩ, 20%
D. 270 Ω, 5%
Draw a colour code for 62 Ω ± 5 % carbon resistance
A 200 Ω resistor has a certain color code. If one replaces the
red color by green in the code, the new resistance will be :
[JEE Main 2019]
A. 100 Ω
B. 400 Ω
C. 300 Ω
D. 500 Ω
A carbon resistance has following colour code. What is the
value of resistance ?
[JEE Main 2019]
A. 530 kΩ ± 5%
B. 5.3 kΩ ± 5%
C. 6.4 MΩ ± 5%
D. 64 MΩ ± 10%
The wheatstone bridge shown in fig. here gets balanced when the
carbon resistor used as R1 has the colour code (Orange, Red,
Brown). The resistors R2 and R4 are 80 Ω and 40 Ω respectively
Assuming that the colour code for the carbon resistors give their
accurate values, the colour code for the carbon resistor, used as
R3, would be
[JEE Main 2019]
A. Brown, Blue, Black

B. Red, Green, Brown
C. Grey, Black, Brown
D. Brown, Blue, Brown
A resistor is coded as Grey, Red, Gold, Gold.
Convert this color code.
What is the value of a 4 band resistor which has the first
band – Green, the second band – Blue, the third band- orange,
the fourth band – Gold?
A. 56K ± 10%
B. 56K ± 5%
C. 5.6K ± 5%
D. 56K ± 2%
Determine resistance
A. 5.46 kΩ
B. 5.66 kΩ
C. 5.56 kΩ
D. 55.6 kΩ
What is the color code of 333kΩ ± 5% five band resistor?
A. Orange, Orange, Red, Orange, Gold

B. Orange, Orange, Orange, Orange, silver
C. Orange, Orange, Orange, Red, Gold
D. Orange, Orange, Orange, Orange, Gold
Ans: D
Which color represents digit 7 in resistor color code?
A. White
B. Blue
C. Violet
D. Green
Ans: C
What are the colors used to code a 470Ω resistor?
A. Orange-Violet-Black
B. Yellow-Violet-Black
C. Yellow-Blue-Brown
D. Yellow-Violet-Brown
Ans: D
What is the value of a resistor which has first three
color bands are Red, Black, and Orange?
A. 2KΩ
B. 20KΩ
C. 203Ω
D. 200KΩ
Ans: B

Current Electricity

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Current Electricity

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

12

The rate of flow of electric charge

The rate of flow of electric charge across a cross-section.

Rate of flow of charge per unit time

S I Unit : Ampere (A)

In the direction of motion of positive charge

And opposite to the direction of

By convention, direction of electric current is

Does the direction make it a vector quantity?

Conduction in metals (conductors)

Materials Charge Carriers

2 Liquids Positive and Negative ions

3 Gaseous Positive ions and Electrons

4 Semiconductors Electrons and Holes

S I Unit : Ampere (A)

direction along the current

Ans: C. For detailed solution visit Abhyas sessions

These free e-s move randomly

like molecules in a gas

These free e-s collide with fixed +ve ions (lattice)

motion is random, no net flow of charge in

there is a net transfer of charge

electrons drift at rate vd ≈ 10-4 m/s

A. The electrons remain stationary

B. The electrons are drifted in random direction with a

C. The electrons moved in random direction with a

D. Electrons and ions move in opposite direction

Average speed with which e-s drift,

defined as drift speed per unit electric field

n: free e-s per unit volume

vd: drift speed

● Current does not change with

Charge entering per sec at one end of conductor

A. Independent of area of cross-section

B. Directly proportional to area of cross-section

C. Inversely proportional to area of cross-section

D. Inversely proportional to the square root of

(i) the charge passing through it in a given time interval

1. Send +Q and -Q from Battery terminals.

2. Write charge on each capacitor plate,

1. Send +Q and -Q from Battery terminals.

2. Write charge on each capacitor plate,

3. Charge on opposite plates are opposite

4. Conservation of Charge holds.

1. Send +Q and -Q from Battery terminals.

5. Take Potential difference across

6. Write equation Q = CV for each capacitor,

1. Potential Difference across

2. Charge on each Capacitor

1. Potential Difference across

2. Charge on each Capacitor

1. Send +Q and -Q from Battery terminals.

5. Take Potential difference across

6. Write equation Q = CV for each capacitor,

In series since there is no branching,

5. Take Potential difference across each

6. Write equation Q = CV for each capacitor,

6. Write equation Q = CV for each capacitor,

7. Ceq = Q/V Eliminate everything to get

1. Each capacitor has same charge

2. Potential Difference is inversely

1. Each capacitor has same charge

2. Potential Difference is inversely

A. (n-1)C B. nC C. (n+1)C D. C/n