11

CLASS

Vectors
Parallelogram law
of Addition

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Kaul
Namo Kaul
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Bratin Mondal Amaiya Singhal

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Diagonal is GOD :)
Diagonal is GOD :)
Diagonal is GOD :)
What is Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition?

θ
P
 Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition
If 2 vectors of same type acting simultaneously at a point are represented in magnitude
& direction along 2 adjacent sides of a parallelogram then their resultant vector is
represented in magnitude & direction by the diagonal drawn from the same point.

Q R

P
 Q

FORCE
 Q R

θ
A
P
 Q R

A
θ
∝ P
 D C

Q R
θ
θ
A B E Extend line AB and
P construct CE AB
AC2 = AE2 + CE2
= (AB + BE)2 + CE2 Derivation :
= AB2 + 2AB. BE + BE2 + CE2 BC2 = BE2 + CE2
= AB2 + 2AB. BC cosθ + BC2 BE = BC cos θ
CE = BC sin θ
R2 = P2 + 2PQ cosθ + Q2

=R = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ
 D C From Δ AEC,
CE
tan α = CE =
Q R AE AB + BE
θ
θ
A B E BC sin θ
P ∴ tan α =
AB + BC cos θ

Q sin θ
∴ tan α =
P + Q cos θ
Derivation
AB = P BE = BC cos θ
BC = Q CE = BC sin θ
 Parallelogram law of vector addition
Summary

=R = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ
Q R

θ
A
P
∴
Special Cases in Parallelogram Law of Addition
Special cases : 1) When θ = 900 (Mutually perpendicular vectors)
cos 900 = 0
sin 900 = 1

Q R

P
Special cases : 1) When θ = 900 (Mutually perpendicular vectors)
cos 900 = 0
sin 900 = 1
Q
R

P Magnitude R = √ P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos 900

∴ R = √ P2 + Q2

Q sin 900
Direction tan α =
P + Q cos 900
Q
tan α =
P
Note

Case 1 P ˃ Q Case 2 P ˂ Q
α˂β α˃β

R
Q β Q R

α β
P α

P
Special cases : 2) When θ = 00 (Parallel vectors)
cos 00 = 1
sin 00 = 0
P

Q
Special cases : 2) When θ = 00 (Parallel vectors)

Magnitude R = √ P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos00 R = √P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ

Q sin θ
= √ P + Q + 2PQ
2 2
∴ R α = tan–1
P + Q cos θ
∴ R = √ (P + Q)2
∴ R = P+Q

P
Q sin 00
Direction tan 𝛼 =
P + Q cos 00
Q
∴ a = 00
Special cases : 3) When θ = 1800 (Antiparallel vectors)

cos 1800 = -1
P
sin 1800 = 0

Q
Special cases : 3) When θ = 1800 (Antiparallel vectors)

Magnitude R = √ P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos 1800 R = √P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ

∴ R = √ P2 + Q2– 2PQ Q sin θ
α = tan–1
P + Q cos θ
∴ R = √ (P – Q)2
∴ R = P–Q
P

Q sin 1800
Direction tan a = Q
P + Q cos 1800 cos 1800 = 1
sin 1800 = 0
∴ a = 00
Maximum & Minimum Resultant (Conclusion from special cases)
The range of angle between 2 vectors is from 0⁰ to 180⁰
0⁰ ≤ θ ≤ 180⁰

-1 ≤ cos θ ≤ +1

θ = 180⁰ θ = 0⁰
Rmin = │P - Q │ Rmax = │P + Q │

P
Rmin ≤ R ≤ Rmax
θ = 0⁰ to 180⁰

│P - Q │ ≤ R ≤ │P + Q│ Q
Subtraction of Vectors B

A
 ALTERNATIVE
Subtraction of Vectors

A
 → → → →
Magnitudes of |A + B| and |A - B|

θ
B

A + B =R

Magnitude of R = √A2 + B2 + 2AB cos θ

 → → → →
Magnitudes of |A + B| and |A - B|

A
A-B =R
π-θ
θ
A - B = A + (- B) = R
-B B

R = √A2 + B2 + 2AB cos (π-θ)

cos (π-θ) = - cos θ
R = √A2 + B2 - 2AB cos θ
A = 10
B = 15
θ = 600 Find
→ →
i) |A + B|

√450 N
√475 N
√500 N
√525 N
A = 10
B = 15
θ = 600 Find :-

→ →
ii) |A – B|
√175 N
√190 N
√205 N
√220 N
 → → → →
A = 10N, θ = 600, B = 15N, Find i) |A + B| and ii) |A – B|

Solution → → = √(10)2 + (15)2+ 2(10)(15)cos(600)

|A – B|
= √ 100 + 225 + 2 × 150 × 1/2
= √100 + 225 + 150
= √475 N

→ → = √ (10)2 + (15)2 – 2(10)(15)cos(600)

|A – B|
= √100 + 225 – 150
= √ 175 N
 I. Find the resultant of the given 2 vectors.
II. What should be the magnitude & direction of third vector in order to have zero
resultant.

3P

900
2P
 I. Find the resultant of the given two vectors.
II. What should be the magnitude and direction of third vector in order
to have zero resultant.

Solution (i) R = √ A2 + B2
R = √(2P)2 + (3P)2

R = √13P
3P 3P

900

2P
Solution I. Find the resultant of the given two vectors.
II. What should be the magnitude and direction of third vector in order
to have zero resultant.

3P 3P

900
2P
If the magnitude of resultant of 2 vectors of equal magnitudes is equal to
the magnitude of either vectors, then find the angle b/w the 2 vectors.

A. 60°
B. 45°
C. 120°
D. 150°
If the magnitude of resultant of 2 vectors of equal magnitudes is equal to
the magnitude of either vectors, then find the angle b/w the 2 vectors.

A. 60° ALTERNATIVE
B. 45°
C. 120°
D. 150°
Solution If the magnitude of the resultant of 2 vectors of equal magnitudes is
equal to the magnitude of either vectors, then find the angle between
the 2 vectors.
Let A and B be given two vectors.

⎟ A⎟ = ⎟ B⎟ = ⎟ R⎟ = x (Say)
R B R = √ A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ

1200 x2 = x2 + x 2 + 2x2cosθ
600
–x2 = 2x2cosθ
A 1
cosθ = –
2
θ = 1200
Find the resultant of 2 vectors of equal magnitude inclined at an angle θ.

A. 2A cos (θ)
B. 2A cos (θ/2)
C. A cos (2θ)
D. 2A cos(2θ)

θ
A
Find the resultant of two vectors of equal magnitude inclined at an angle θ.

A. 2A cos (θ)
ALTERNATIVE
B. 2A cos (θ/2)
C. A cos (2θ)
D. 2A cos(2θ)

θ
A
Solution Find the resultant of two vectors of equal magnitude inclined at
an angle θ.

Let A and B be given two vectors. ⎟ A⎟ = ⎟ B⎟

R = √ A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ A

= √ A2 + A2 + 2AAcosθ
B
= √ 2A2 + 2A2 Cosθ

= A√ 2(1 + cosθ)
1+cos θ = 2cos2(θ/2)
R = A√ 2 × 2 cos2 (θ/2)

R = 2A cos (θ/2)
 Find magnitude of resultant force of the 2 vectors.
√1F

√2F

600 F √3F
√ 4F

2F
Solution Find magnitude of resultant force of the 2 vectors.

600 F
R = √ A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ

R = √ (F)2 + (2F)2 + 2(F)(2F)cos(1200)

2F
= √3F
 → → →
Resultant of 2 vectors A and B makes an angle of 450 with B.
→ →
If magnitude of A is 2 then find the magnitude of B. Also the angle
between A & B is given to be 600

(√3 – 1 )N

(√4 – 1 )N

(√5 – 1 )N →
A
(√6 – 1 )N

600

→
B
 → → →
Resultant of 2 vectors A and B makes an angle of 450 with B.
→ →
If magnitude of A is 2 then find the magnitude of B. Also the angle
between A & B is given to be 600 ALTERNATIVE

(√3 – 1 )N

(√4 – 1 )N

(√5 – 1 )N →
A
(√6 – 1 )N

600

→
B
Solution → → →
Resultant of 2 vectors A and B makes an angle of 450 with B.
→ →
If magnitude of A is 2 then find the magnitude of B. Also the angle
between A & B is given to be 600
A sin θ
tan α =
B + A cos θ
→
→ R 2 ×√3/2
A tan (450) = = 1
B + 2 ×1/2

√3
(A = 2) 450 = 1 B = (√3 – 1 )N
600 B+1
→
B
 → → → → → →
If |A + B| = |A – B| find angle between A and B
A. 900
B. 1000
C. 1100
D. 1200
Solution
→ → → →
If |A + B| = |A – B| find angle between A and B

√ A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ = √ A2 + B2 – 2ABcosθ

A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ = A2 + B2 – 2ABcosθ

4ABcosθ = 0

cos θ = 0

∴ θ = 900
 → → → →
The angle between A and B is 600 . Find the angle between -2A and B/2.
A. 1000
B. 1200 A
C. 1400
D. 1600 600
B
Solution → → →
The angle between A and B is 600 . Find the angle between -2A
→
and B/2.

A
A
600

B 600

B/2 B

1200
 → →
If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle, then prove
→ →
that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the parallelogram and
→ →
the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the parallelogram.

b b

a a
b b

θ θ
DIAGONAL

a a
 → →
Solution If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle, then prove
→ →
that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the parallelogram and
→ →
the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the parallelogram.

S R

P Q
a
 → →
Solution If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle, then prove
→ →
that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the parallelogram and
→ →
the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the parallelogram.

S R

We can observe that PQRS is a

Parallelogram where PR and SQ
P Q
a are the two diagonals.
Solution → →
If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle, then prove
→ →
that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the parallelogram and
→ →
the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the parallelogram.

S R
We can observe that PQRS is a
Parallelogram where PR and SQ
are the two diagonals.
b

P Q
a
PR = a + b major diagonal
SQ = a − b minor diagonal
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