Division of Line Segment

P 1 P r1
=
P P2 r 2
x2 r1 + x1r2 y 2 r1 + y 1 r2
x= , y=
r 1 +r 2 r 1 +r 2

Theorem: The number of points required to determine a curve is equal to the number of
independent constants in the equation of the curve.
Theorem: The number of points of intersection of two curves is not greater than the product of
the degrees of their equations.

Polar Equation of a straight line

r cos ( β−θ )= p

From this, using cos ( A+ B ) identity, normal form or a line can be derived
Circles of Appolonius (2200 years ago) – two points constant ratio defines a circle
Circle in Polar Coordinates

r 2 +r 21−2r 1 r cos ( θ−θ1 )=a2

e <1 , ellipse

e=0 , ¿˚
e >1 , hyperbola

y 2=4 ax
Translation of Axes
x=x 1 +h , y= y 1 +k , where ( h , k ) is the new origin

Ellipse
F 1 P+ F 2 P=2 a

Directrix
a
x=
e
Latus Rectum

2b 2
a
Hyperbola
Directrix
a
x=
e
Polar Equation of a Conic
LR
2
r= ,sin θ∨cos θ
1 ± e sin θ

Rotation of Axes
x=x 1 cos θ− y 1 sin θ

y=x 1 sin θ+ y 1 cos θ

2 2
A x + Bxy +C y + Dx+ Ey + F=0
B
tan2 θ= , if A=C ,θ=45°
A−C
2
B −4 AC <0 ellipse
Similar to requirements on e, pero 0 instead of 1
The tangent bisects the angle between the focal radius drawn to the point of contact and the line
through that point parallel to the axis of the parabola
The foot of the perpendicular from the focus upon any tangent lies on the tangent through the
vertex.