Powerplant Electricity generation

> 29504

used
*
Electricity because
easily transportable
methods
Typical of electricity generation
Thermal PP

}
•

Hydro PP In near
future
• >

( Demand of ↑ ↑)
nuclear PP electricity
•

•
AT 00 Geothermal PP
•
Renewable resources PP
LOAD -

DURATION CURVE

load us time move

depicting requirements of electricity at
any
instant

daily

µ!µ
game >
toad "M ^

head
>
Monthly toad curve

>
Annual load curve
3
Aug wad bad
FACTOR : load
LOAD
Average
Peak toad ✗ curve

CAPACITY FACTOR :
Avg . load
Rated capacity
RESERVE FACTOR :
Capacity = dead factor
Peak load
capacity factor
USE FACTOR : 1
=
caba0tybad#
Reserve factor toad factor
DIVERSITY FACTOR : Summation of individual freaks
a+b¥
=

Peak of the total curve

*
High diversity factor is
preferable .

Load duration curve for a

running power plant
peak load
cnk ? :
Reducing the . _ .
 ^

Peak Exhaust Motor

>
Flue gases
load

:n
n
vwp

%③
0$ LOAD
CURVE Furnace
Qi
B
River /sea
Intermediate
>
ac
load ^ a
Dst ③
&
vwtcshaftwook )
Fuel Air
Generator
>
Time

EÑtoicity
( MW)

Boiler ⑨ Haole)
By first
B : : law :EQ=ew
T : Turbine I 51120 (g) < On ,
-

Qz =
WT -

Wp
C: condenser ⑦ : mixture By second lane :
P ③: mole)
:
pump Allin useful energy cannot
be converted tow
only a fraction
of it can be converted
Ngai :&
I steady flow energy equation
hkwp
%
= =
-

Qi ,

Boiler →
Yto 1

hy -12 ,
= h ,

Q ,
= hi -

hn
Turbines 1h02
h, =
With 2

Condenser → 2h03

QT=hz -
h 3

Pump → stay
h]
Wp=hy -

wt
Y=Wgt_
s -

Wp
Q,

= 1h , hz) -
-
1h , -
his )
1h ,
-

HD
 STEAM RATE : For unit power output how much steam is needed

%/ J
¥
=

HEPTRn wook output

: amount
of heat input too unit
"
KJ
/ Rws efoesent heat energy
Fna ¥
→ •
=

KW wook output
^

↓ constant pressure and

s -6
} constant temperature
T

QECO
=

Is try-

QEVAP
QEVAP
=

46 hs -

Qsn
QELO
QSH hog @ hi ho
=
=

state 6
-

> soo
s

ap
^
1-
> No two face region for
heat addition process .

* usually not with steam

with
working fluid
us
.
but co , as a .

3 28 n

>
&
SUPERCRITICAL RANK NIE CYCLE

ⁿᵈ
There are two kind
of irreversibilities : P"

→ Internal : all the pressure drops ,

"
p,
loss of Kamp work , turbine wook

→ External : boiler ,
condenser shows } 2s 2

antennal

INTERNAL ? > s

To
quantify these losses >
isoentoofsic efficiency >
efficiency as
compared
hus h}
Mp
4=1:* isoentoopic
= -

to the ideal

him .
Carl .
 EXTERNAL :
^

#-÷
:
I

>
s
✗

COMPARISON WITH CARNOT CYCLE

a

T
diff possibilities : I → 2 → 3 → u

"
.

I → 2 → s - 6
"
For both the cases in Carnot
cycle :

^
1=1 ¥
^ u -

< -12 Issues in 3h04 :

compressing fluid ( mixture
of gas tliq )
- - - - - - -
-

a-
-

s 3 .

with significant
} vapour traction .

→
specific volume will be high
→
wook input& pump size will be larger .

* stob
again will lot of work input due to
require very high pressure of 6.
a

""

÷::: → same
heat addition
area under 3-4-1 with another

3100 To is the mean temperature of

heat addition
n
.

1=1 ¥
, -

.
 Superheat degree of ! ! T '
-

,
-
TB T, > T,
↳
degree of selah
weather to to :B to I B-to 1 ' thus
go
00
increasing the

efficiency .

increases pinch points

as
degree of superheat
mean
addition
temperature of heat
increases
Ta ↑ →
Ti ↑ → better material ☐
higher
y improvement to be enough
* has
"
to
justify
2
ot •

vapour fraction of ni
> %
constant
fraction
dryness
lines
# Suppose 2
"
has wet steam then inside the saturation
very
u

bigger ( )
droplets dome **
hair
↳ that of water
may
cause
eroding of turbine blades at high speed .

pressure :p < Pz
>
Inlet ,

the material
often declared as
*
Te is
limit at which the properties of
turbine blades are favourable .

Pressure determines both

of the boiler
→

Im & n at the turbine exit Pd -1m ↓ but 49 ,

choose p
accordingly
•
.

Engineering
>

the
standards
keeping metallurgical limit or

highest T in consideration .

REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE

 reheating process
2s → 3 :

- after reheating
&
partial expansion
Nys> MY 's

Turbines will be
safer under this condition
*
By reheating we are able to accommodate
boiler pressure without
higher sacrificing
the vapour
quality at the turbine
exhaust .

Low
High - - Pressure
Pressure Turbine
Turbine

Tm↑ R↑
Turbine life ↑

Installation cost ↑

What reheat pressure exactly to use ( Rn ) ?

Qi =

hi -

his hs his
+
-

* Heat rejection is also higher for retreat

in
cycle .

- heat addition in the retreats

that
rejection =

has -

hs
WHPT =
hi hzs
-

Wip ,
=
ʰ3 -

hys WT =
WHAT + WLPT

y
H his) +1ns hast lhrhs ) Heat oath 1-
( Kyros )
-
= -
=
-

(h ,
-

host + 1h} has ) R

Multistage reheating is not steam rate =

why
cost effective

Factors that
affect :
Y ,
n
,
Tzs :
If Isis too low then again the
,

↑
irreversibility due to HT with fluegas
 redesign constraint Pan should
n -0-88 considered
be
accordingly
-

>
preferable region of
consideration .

Tmax =
538°C

D- consider the
way Pru
is considered
heating
REGENERATION

Reducing external heating by losing the heat internal to the

cycle .

> Some past of the hot steam of the turbine is used

in the boiler .

In
principle we are
trying to reduce external irreversibility .

°'

pwnmp [ Stirling cycle >

Is ,
=

Rama
→ Turbine

far

is ^
= Ideal
regeneration
never possible exhst .pt should
• •
Reversible heat addition is superslow Pwmf .

lead to the turbine easing :

•

not compai table w/ power requirement directly steam

→
Turbine exhaust is too wet erosion
-
gets heat from expanding
blades .
 # steam taken the turbine
out from
in between is known as bleed steam
and process is called bleeding .

> A fraction of
steam lost

OPEN HEAT EXCHANGER

Steam at looses heat to

stage 3

water at
stage 6 to get to
a saturated mixture at stage 7
but some work output is also reduced as all the mass is
not
going into the cycle .

The
open heater
-

" hi hi) -14 ) 14 h ,) (l ) (& .h , )

We streams
getting
= -

mi ,
-

+ -
m -
m,
,
,

wp
=
( l -
m
,
-

me) Pho hs ) -1
-
G-m , ) Chs -

halt 11h ,
-
ha) mixed but how .

( mi mi ) ( try hs ) Ch , his
Q, 1 Q, )
-
-
-
- = -

Improve efficiency
-1mL with
reg ) .
=
hit Tmlwlo reg ) .
=
hi ho-

b, $,
-

bio -

So

Ideal be assumed
reg flowsate can to be
[
.

cycle same if the expansion process

is drawn with loss of heat in
consideration .

' ' " '

I → 2- 2 - 3 → 3 →
4

Wi -
Chi ha ) -14 mi ) Chih } ) ell
-
- -

m ,
-

match, -

4)
> 1h hi ( hi hi ) + 1h " h ;)
,
-
+ - -

,
 in the above
As shown
diagram : ur are
getting a stepped expansion
instead of the ideal built up one .

# we can get rid of additional pumps using CLOSED HEATER

6- 7 is
getting heat
from 3-8

but no
mixing is
happening .

6 that balance
saving one
pump mlhih ) -1hr hid ,
-

contribution for , Mr 1h ,
-

hsi-m-hy-h.t-4-mimzllhi.tn ) ,

the drip
-
.

1 (efficiency ) increases when

number
of closed heater
increases .

Achieved caonotisation cycle by multiple

of Rankine

regenerative steps .
 Irr %
>

Optimum regeneration pressure

assumptions :
get this analytically
mlhiho) =
G- m ) ( he hs ) -

m =
hb hs -

hi hs -
-

hs=h ,
Pump is
often neglected compared to turbine work →
work
↓

m=ʰb his
assumption Turbine expansion line follows
-

: a
path
that th h , ) ha h ,
-

constant =p
-

so - =

1-2-3 line → Turbine expansion line ( TEL )

hi -48 =p
he he at Pressure the
difference b/w enthalky
B
any
- =

on

h, -

try =p a TEL and saturated liquid line is

fixed .

G-mllhshu )
( ʰg;÷ 1h54 )
1-
1=1
- = 1-

( hi -46 ) ,

h ,
-

hb

1 Cha b) Ch hn )
y
-
- -
=
,

(hihu ) 1h ,
-

hot

hihn heat added in the generator

thighs highs]
=
+

# total rise in feedwater heating hs

enthalpy -
h, =
a

h ,
-
h
,
= hi -

hg +
hg hythy- -
h, >
p
-12-8
in
-
P ✗ ¥

y
=
1- Ñ NOTE →
panda are fixed
( BH ) (✗ + B-8) variable that be controlled
8 is the can
only
 be maximised !
what
dang
8
Ito for = 0

> pi [ 4 + p -

8) _

p( +851--0
+

The best
regeneration pressure is the
8--42 one where the
enthalpy rise in the

regenerator is shared equally with the

economists .

for fixed CP :
on ratio =
0T ratio I half the 0T taken by regenerator)

Mma
=

£+42B compare this with

efficiency % w/o regeneration
ʰ¥→
,
(✗ + 2ps )2 vi. 1-

a¥p= Iip
=
= 1-

oh 22ps Both ✗ and

Mma %
> = -
=

p are

,
Ktp ) k+2p)2 positive on > 0

PHILOSOPHY : divide the

heating load
equally among the heaters .

> economizes entry point

n →
heater
reg .

1 → economists

◦
how >
for each
n -11 heater
How many such heaters to choose ?
> The law of diminishing return .

>
usually 5 to 6
reg .
heaters
are used .

SUPER CRITICAL POWER CYCLE

For steam : CP =
221.2bar

this is
high and
risky
*

for coz → CP 73bar =

Super critical boiler

>

> it about at increment

gives -

in n

>
Boiler is higher than
pressure the

↑::::::
•

} high pressures
are swam
multiple expansion
• •

is favoured .
Efficiency of a
power plant Power available at the

gem Output
Morrall
= .

Rate released
of energy
boom µ .

=
MWe
Wf
✗
CI
calorific value
Rate of
] ↳

burning fuel

Rate heat absorption wslh hu )

Mbaye of
=
-

,
Rate heat energy adhere
of wgxcv
Ws → steam generation rate

B◦aklOatkat_ 103
Massine Mgm
= =
M we ✗

Ws Chi -

ha ) brake output of Turbine

loverall 1 boiler Iya I 1 generator

= " " ✗

Turbine