Objectives:

• State the different hypotheses

explaining the origin of the
universe.
• Identify and differentiate the
layers of the Earth
• Explain that the Earth consists
of four subsystems, across
whose boundaries matter and
energy flow.
CHAPTER 1:
Origin and
Structure of
the Earth
LESSON 1:
Formation of the Universe

 Cosmology
• The understanding of
the origin, evolution,
structure, and fate of
the universe.
 Different
hypotheses
explaining the
origin of the
Universe
 Big Bang Theory
• The event about 13.7 billion
years ago when time, space,
matter, and energy came into
existence.
• This event started from a hot,
dense state that has
undergone inflation – a short
but rapid expansion – to
become the universe that is
known today.
 Steady State Theory
• Based on the cosmological principle
that the universe is uniform in space
and has unchanging time.
• States that the universe is uniform
through out time and space.

Universe expand, density constant

 Contributions of
different people or
personalities on
the understanding
of the universe,
solar system
1. Philolaus
(470-385 B.C.)
• First to propose that Earth
was not the center of the
universe, but a central fire,
around which other celestial
objects such as the Sun,
moon, and other planets
revolved uniformly.
Philolaus (470-385 B.C.)
2. Aristarchus
(310-230 B. C.)
• Seconded Philolaus, but said
that the central fire was
actually the Sun.
• This claim by Aristarchus was
the first to propose a
heliocentric model of the
universe.
Heliocentric Model
3. Aristotle
(384-322 B.C)
• One of the greatest
minds in Greek
Classical Antiquity,
that the center of the
cosmos is Earth.
Aristotle (384-322 B.C)
4.Claudius Ptolemy
(100-170 A.D)
• A Greco-Egyptian
mathematician, geographer,
astrologer and astronomer,
popularized/furthered/elabora
ted the geocentric model,
wherein celestial bodies
revolved around the Earth.
Formation of the Solar System

How did the

Solar System
Formed?
The Solar Nebula Hypothesis
Basis of modern theory
of planet formation:

• Planets form at the

same time from the
same cloud as the
star.

• Planet formation sites

can be observed
today as dust disks of
T Tauri stars.

• The sun and our solar

system formed ~5
billion years ago.
 Two Kinds of Planets
Planets of our solar system can be
divided into two very different kinds:

1. Terrestrial 2. Jovian(Jupiter-
(earthlike) planets: like) planets: Jupiter,
Mercury, Venus, Saturn, Uranus,
Earth, Mars Neptune
 1.Terrestrial Planets
• Four inner
planets of the
solar system
• Relatively
small in size
and mass
(Earth is the
largest and
most massive)
• Rocky surface

• The surface of Venus can not be

seen directly from Earth because of
its dense cloud cover.
 2. Jovian Planets
• Much larger in mass and size than terrestrial
planets • Much lower
average
density

• All have rings

(not only
Saturn!)

• Mostly gas;
no solid surface
 Objects in the
Solar System
(Space Debris)
In addition to planets, small bodies orbit the Sun:

Asteroids, Comets,
Meteoroids
 Asteroids
minor planets, especially those of the
inner Solar System. The larger ones
have also been called planetoids.
 Comets
Icy bodies in space
that release gas or
dust. They are often
compared to dirty
snowballs, though
recent research has
led some scientists
to call them snowy
dirt balls.
Contain dust, ice,
carbon dioxide,
ammonia, methane
and more.
 Comets

Icy nucleus, which

Mostly in highly elliptical
evaporates and gets
orbits, occasionally
blown into space by
coming close to the Sun
solar wind pressure
 How Did Our
Planet Come to
be?
 Like it’s neighbors, Mercury,
Venus, and Mars, Earth was
formed during the formation
of the solar system.
• During the earlier formation of
the Earth, heavier elements
like iron and nickel settled
down at its center, while lighter
materials occupied the
surface.
• This gave rise to the core as
the innermost layer and the
crust or lithosphere as the
outer rock layer. The middle
layer is the mantle.
 THE
COMPOSITION
OF EARTH
The Earth is made up of
3 main layers:
Crust

Mantle

Core
Ocean Land

Crust
Crust Ocean Land

• Thinnest layer of the Earth that ranges from

only 2 miles in some areas of the ocean floor to
75 miles deep under mountains
• Made up of large amounts of silicon and
aluminum
• Two types of crust: oceanic crust and
continental crust
• Composed of plates on which the continents and
oceans rest.
The Earth’s crust is like the
skin of an apple.
 Upper Mantle

Convection
Middle
Currents
Mantle

Lower Mantle

Mantle
 Upper Mantle

Convection
Mantle Currents
Middle
Mantle
Lower Mantle

• Thickest layer of the

Earth (making up 70% of
the Earth’s mass)
• Solid but capable of flow
(like hot asphalt or fudge)
Outer
Core

Inner
Core

Core
 Outer
Core
• Molten (liquid) metal that is about
4,700°C (8,500°F)
• Located about 1,800 miles beneath
the crust and is about 1,400 miles
thick
• Composed of the melted metals
nickel and iron
Inner
Core
• Solid sphere composed mostly of iron
• It is believed to be as hot as
6,650°C (12,000°F)
• It is solid because of the pressure
from the outer core, mantle, and crust
compressing it tremendously
Subsystem of the
Earth
1. Geosphere
• Comprises the solid layer of the Earth.
• Major sphere of Earth that deals with the solid
components , such as landforms, rocks, and
layers of the earth.
2. Hydrosphere
• Comprises the
70% of the Earth’s
surface that is
water.
• It includes
freshwater found in
glaciers, rivers,
streams, lakes,
and underground
aquifers and
stream.
3. Atmosphere
• Comprises the air that we breathe.
• The thin, life-giving gaseous envelope of earth.
• It’s composition is divided into the major
components and the variable components.
4. Biosphere
• Pertains to every
life form, which
includes us
humans
• It includes all the
microbes, plants,
and animals that
can be found 1 km
above sea level
down to the
deepest parts of
the oceans.