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11
General Chemistry 1

Photo credit: Royalty-free stock vector ID: 1454418578

Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

 Senior High School

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 – Lesson Exemplar 001
Properties of Matter and Its Various Forms

Photo credit: Royalty-free stock vector ID: 1454418578

Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

 Senior High School

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

This lesson exemplar was collaboratively written by Rowena M. Mingi and

Menandro M. Merlin , DEM of Marinduque National High School Senior High
School Department at Boac Marinduque. Parents , guardians and other
stakeholders are encouraged to email all their comments and suggestions ,
to rowena.mingi@deped.gov.ph/menandro.merlin2018@deped.gov.ph.
Your comments and suggestions are important to us.
ur comments and suggestions are important to us.
Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

n Exemplar was written by Ma. Jessica L. Semilla. Parents, guardians

and other stakeholders are encouraged to e-mail all their co This lesson
exemplar was collaboratively wriiten by Rowena M. Mingi and Menandro M. Merlin , DEM of
Marinduque National High School Senior High School Department at Boac Marinduque.
Parents , guardians and other stakeholders are encouraged to email all their comments and
suggestions , to rowena.mingi@deped.gov.ph/menandro.merlin2018@deped.gov.ph.

Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

mments and suggestions

Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

Lesson Exemplar 001
Content: The Properties of Matter and its Various Forms
Content Standard: Performance Standard:
The learners demonstrate understanding of The learners should be able to design
the properties of matter and its various multimedia , demonstrations , or
forms. models ,a representation or simulation
of any of the following :
A. atomic structure
B. Gas behavior
C. Mass Relationships
D. Reactions
Topic: Learning Competencies and Code:
Properties of Matter and Its Various Forms 1. Use properties of matter to identify
1. Properties of matter substances and to separate them
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter STEM_GC11MPIa-b-5
a. Extensive property 2. Recognize the formulas of common
b. Intensive property chemical substances STEM_GC11MPIa-
2. Common Chemical b-9
Substances 3. Compare consumer products on the
3. Simple separation basis of their components for use , safety ,
techniques quality and cost STEM_GC11MPIa-b-11
ex. distillation, 4. Describe the various simple separation
chromatography techniques such as distillation ,
chromatography STEM_GC11MPIa-b-12

LESSON 1

PROPERTIES OF MATTER and ITS VARIOUS FORMS

WHAT’s NEW

In this lesson you will learn about the properties of matter –physical and chemical , as
well as simple separation techniques of mixtures . Your understanding of these concepts
will be used to learn about matter . Almost every area of human needs has benefited the
application of this . These areas include basic needs such as food , water ,shelter , clothing
energy, health ,sanitation , education ,travel , and exploration , arts , sports and recreation ,
security and defense.
Matter can be classified according to its observed properties .The two types of properties
associated with matter are physical properties and chemical properties.
Physical Properties are properties that can be measured and observed without
changing the material’s composition. This includes the properties that you easily identify just
by mere observation such as the appearance , color, texture ,and odor of the material .
Other physical properties of matter are melting point , boiling point ,solubility , and density of
the material.
Chemical Properties , on the hand , describe a material’s possibility to undergo
chemical change in its chemical composition. Examples of chemical properties include
flammability , toxicity , reactivity to water and oxygen like rusting , heat of combustion , pH ,
enthalpy of formation , oxidation states , chemical stability , salt formation ,and types of
chemical bonds a material forms.
Examples of physical and chemical properties
Physical Properties Color, odor, texture , shape , density , melting and boiling
points , solubility
Chemical Properties Flammability , toxicity , reactivity to water and oxygen like
rusting , heat of combustion , pH , enthalpy of formation ,
oxidation states , chemical stability , types of chemical bonds
that materials can form.

Intensive and Extensive Properties

Physical properties of matter can further be classified as intensive or extensive.
Intensive properties are substance-specific properties that do not depend on the amount of
the substance . Example is the density of water. If you put different amounts of water in three
different sizes of cups , the density of water will still be the same .
On the other hand , Extensive properties are properties that depend on the amount of
substance of the material . Whenever the amount of substance changes , the substance’s
extensive properties also change . Example is the mass of table salt . As you put more salt
into a container , the mass of the salt also changes .
Certain properties of matter serve as identification of substances .Knowing the
properties of a substance can help you decide which materials are safe to use.
Intensive and Extensive Properties
Extensive Properties Weight , volume , length ,mass
Intensive Properties Density , color , luster , malleability , conductivity , hardness
, melting point, freezing point , boiling point

Matter takes many forms . Mixtures are forms of matter with no definite properties and
are not combined chemically . This means that the materials in a mixture retain their
characteristics , or they have no uniform composition. They can be homogeneous such as
solutions or heterogeneous such as suspensions and colloids..Meanwhile , examples of
heterogeneous mixtures wherein the particles are not evenly distributed and can be easily
seen by the unaided eye are halo-halo , salad and even liquid medicines or vitamins that you
shake first before you take.
Halo-halo (from “halo” = mix ) is one of the favorite Filipino desserts . Knowing the
ingredients of halo-halo how can you differentiate one ingredient from one another? Do all
the have the same properties? When you mix the ingredients , do the ingredients react with
one another? Or do the properties of each ingredient remain the same. How would you
separate the components of halo-halo? What method of separating mixture you are going to
use? The following are the different techniques of separating mixtures
What are the Different Techniques of Separating Mixtures?
1. Dissolution in water- ability to dissolved in water
2. Chromatography – process of separating mixtures of different affinities for two
phases and thus move through the system at different rates.
3. Distillation – a process that depends on differences in volatility.
4. Filtration – used when a mixture consist of solid and liquid using a filter paper.
5. Evaporation – a process of separating mixtures consists of a non-volatile solid and
a volatile liquid.
6. Decantation – a process of separating mixtures consists of heavy solid and liquid
by pouring the liquid.
 7. Using a magnet – A process of separating mixture consist of a substance
attracted to magnet.
8. Using separatory funnel – separating two immiscible liquids
9. Sublimation – a process of separating mixture consist of a substance which can
be transformed from a solid state to a gaseous state.

When you visit or go to a supermarket you can even encounter mixtures which is already
separated through physical or chemical means .The separation technique applied or used
depends upon on their properties. These consumer products includes shampoo , soap
,(personal care products) , health and sanitation , clothing and food.
You maybe using personal care products ----soaps , lotions , lipsticks eye shadows
shaving creams , hair gels , hair colors ; Face powder contains talc , chalk , kaolin , zinc
oxide , titanium oxide and selected pigments . Nail polish is pigmented cellulose nitrate
lacquer . Nail polish remover contains either acetone or ethyl acetate . It is important for you
to know whether these products are safe enough to use or not . The use of chemical
compounds to enhance one’s appearance has been practiced since ancient times. Some
cosmetics materials used earlier were found out to have toxic effects . For example Kohl was
used by the early Egyptians to darken their eyelashes , eyelids , eyebrows . Kohl is a mixture
of graphite and galena (lead sulphide ). We know that compounds containing lead have toxic
effects. Poisonous substances llike red mercuric sulphide and mercuric chloride were used
in the 17th century as components of skin lotion and lipsticks.
In terms of health and sanitation detergents have replaced soaps for laundry uses
because of the better cleaning quality , especially when using hard water like well-water.
Detergent use , however , introduces environmental problems . Certain types of detergents
(branched alkyl benzene sulfonates ) are non-biodegradable . Large mass of detergent foam
covers the surface of waterways , obstruct the entry light , and thus , prevent photosynthesis
by aquatic plants. Tripolyphosphate (TPP) builders in detergents contribute to eventual
eutrophication of bodies of water .
Furthermore , the study of chemical compounds have made significant contributions in the
development of drugs and medicines such as sulfa drugs , antibiotics , anesthetics , steroids
,and synthetic vitamins. Many chemist are currently working with medical doctors in
searching for cures for cancer ,AIDS , SARS , HIN1 , and COVID -19, and other incurable or
infectious diseases . The field of biochemistry provides a better understanding of the
chemical processes in the body for better maintenance of health

WHAT CAN I DO
Activity 1: Think & Try if it is C , PI and PE
Directions: Write C if the given property is chemical , PI if Physical Intrinsic , PE if Physical
Extrinsic

_____1. Ability to corrode ______6. Specific gravity

_____2. Diameter ______7. Color
_____3. Mass 8. Ability to ignite
_____4. Melting point 9. Height
_____5. Temperature 10. Ability to tarnish
 Activity 2: Matter is Found Everywhere........
Directions:. Give the formula of the following common substances.

Common Substances Chemical formula Specific use

1. table salt
2. sugar
3. muriatic acid
4.ethyl alcohol
5. chlorine
6. vinegar
7.baking soda
8. Vitamin C
9. monosodium glutamate (MSG)
10. Gold

Activity 3 : A Revisit ....

Reflect Upon .....
1. Constants such as boiling point and freezing point are intensive properties . Can you think
of intensive characteristics or values that best describe your family – those that are
constant or unchangeable?

2. Gold panning is done in such areas as Marinduque , Baguio , Surigao , and Davao .
Make a research on how gold particles are removed from mixtures of soil , sand and
gravel. Describe the separation technique used .

3. A mixture containing the following composition :sand ,sodium chloride (table salt)
activated Carbon and naphthalene powder. Construct a flow diagram using the different
techniques of separating mixtures. Note: the diagram to be constructed will show the
process of separating the components of the given mixture.

4. Majority of the products that we use everyday are mixtures . examples of these are the
compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and the battery . These products , though useful , may
contain harmful substances . CFLs contain mercury , a heavy metal that is toxic to living
things , and batteries contain cadmium (Cd) , which is also a toxic chemical . As a
student how can you help decrease the potential harmful effects of CFLs?

ASSESSMENT
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Write the letter of your answer:

1. Which of the following is an extensive property of matter?

A. volume B. ductility C. conductivity D. malleability
2. In separating the mixture of ethanol and water by distillation , which of the following
properties
are evident?
A. smell and taste only C. boiling point only
B. flammability only D. smell , taste , flammability , and boiling point
3. Which of the following is the reason why ethanol separates from water ?
A. Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water
B. Ethanol has a higher boiling point than water
C. Water distills before ethanol
 D. Some of the ethanol distills before water starts to distill
4. A black , crystalline solid forms a purple vapor when it is heated . The solid is
A. iodine B. Copper ( II) sulfate C. sulfur D. phosphorus
5. Which of the following statements describe physical properties and which describe
chemical
properties? Write PP & CC
____Iron has the tendency to rust.
____Rainwater in industrialized regions tends to be acidic
____Hemoglobin molecules have a red color.
____When a glass of water is left out in the sun , the water gradually disappears
____Carbon dioxide in air is converted to more complex molecules by plants during
photosynthesis

6-10 Write five (5) reasons why the following product/ were used
A. Aluminum is used for beverages cans
B. Copper is used for electrical wiring

11-15 Describe the process of chromatography 5 pts.

_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Chang , R . (2005) . Chemistry . 8th edition .New York :McGraw –Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Abadicio, C.L. (1997) Chemistry for Filipinos. Manila: Saint Bernadette Publishing, Inc.

3. Cervantes ,C.V.R, Dizon , R.D.(2016) General Chemistry 1.Manila .Lorimar Publishing

Inc.

4. Tabujara Jr.G.D.( 2016) . General Chemistry .1st edition. Manila: JFS Publishing Services
 Senior High School

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 – Lesson Exemplar 002
Atoms , Molecules and Ions

Photo credit: Royalty-free stock vector ID: 1454418578

Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

 Senior High School

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

This lesson exemplar was written by Rowena M. Mingi of Marinduque

National High School Senior High School Department at Boac Marinduque.
Parents , guardians and other stakeholders are encouraged to email all their
comments and suggestions , to rowena.mingi@deped.gov.ph.
Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

ur comments and suggestions are important to us.

Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

n Exemplar was written by Ma. Jessica L. Semilla. Parents, guardians

and other stakeholders are encouraged to e-mail all their co This lesson
exemplar was collaboratively wriiten by Rowena M. Mingi and Menandro M. Merlin , DEM of
Marinduque National High School Senior High School Department at Boac Marinduque.
Parents , guardians and other stakeholders are encouraged to email all their comments and
suggestions , to rowena.mingi@deped.gov.ph/menandro.merlin2018@deped.gov.ph.
Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

mments and suggestions

Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

LESSON EXEMPLAR 002
CONTENT:
Atoms , Molecules and Ions
1. Molecules and Ions
2. Chemical formulas
3.Naming Compounds

CONTENT STANDARD: PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

The learners demonstrate
understanding of the atomic
structure , formulas and
names of compounds
TOPIC :
1. Isotopes
2. Formulas and names of
compounds
The learners should be able to design multimedia , demonstrations
, or models ,a representation or simulation of any of the following :
A. Atomic structure
B. Gas behavior
C. Mass Relationships
D. Reactions
LEARNING COMPETENCIES and CODE:
1. Recognize common isotopes and their uses
STEM_GC11AMIc-e-19
2. Represent compounds using chemical formulas , structural
formulas and models STEM_GC11AMIc-e-21
3. Name compounds given their formula and write formula given
the name of the compound . STEM_GC11AMIPIc-c-23

LESSON 2

ATOMS , MOLECULES and IONS

WHAT’S NEW
In this lesson you will learn isotopes and their uses , writing and naming chemical
formulas . In each topic you are provided with activities that will deepen your understanding
in learning the concepts presented.
Isotopes are elements with similar atomic number ,(Z) and different mass number , (A).
This also means that the atoms of an element have the same number of protons but they
may differ in number of neutrons. For example , there are some atoms of oxygen that have
8 neutrons, some have 9 and some have 10.
Examples of isotopes and their uses:
➢ C-14 used in archaeological dating
➢ U -238 is used for dating rocks
➢ Fe- 59 and Fe -55 are used to study the absorption of iron
➢ Sodium chloride containing sodium -24 can be injected into the bloodstream to study
blood circulation
➢ A thalium -201 compound injected into the bloodstream will concentrate in normal
heart muscle but will not remain in damaged tissue.
➢ Technetium -99 m is used for locating brain tumors and damaged heart cells
➢ Radium-226 and cobalt -60 are used in cancer therapy
➢ Iodine -131 measuring of thyroid activity and treatment of thyroid disorders
➢ Americium -241 smoke detectors

The name of substances, their formulas ,and chemical equations are part of the language
of chemistry . Formulas and equations are “shorthand” tools. They are communication tools.
In this lesson , you will learn the chemical language to the extent that you will be able to
write it , read it , and interpret its meaning.
HOW TO WRITE /NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA?
Before you learn the steps for writing a chemical formula , I’d like to remind you how to
determine the charge of an ion. For the representative elements , the charge of the ion is
related to the column or group that the element is. NOTE: Pls. refer to the periodic table of
elements (PTE). Transition metals are elements found in groups IB to XB . These metals are
capable of losing different numbers of electrons and can take multiple ionic forms . The
names of transition metal ions contain Roman numerals to indicate the ions charge
For example , lead (II )nitrate contains a +2 lead ion : Pb 2+, Vanadium (IV ) oxide
contains a +4 vanadium ion V 4+ . The following procedures may be followed in writing the
formula of a compound:
The symbol of the element or radical which is positive valence is written first followed by the
symbol of the ion or radical of negative valence
1. The criss-cross method. The valence number of the positive ion becomes the subscript of
the negative atom. If the subscript is one it is written .If the subscript of the radical is more
than 1 , the radical is enclosed in the parenthesis , and the subscript is written outside the
parenthesis .

Example:
1. potassium bromide K+ Br- = KBr
2. barium chloride Ba +2 Cl-1= Ba +2 Cl -1 = BaCl2
3.aluminum hydroxide Al +3 OH -1 = Al +3 OH -1 = Al(OH)3
2. If the valence of the positive ion or radical is numerically equal to the valence of the
negative ion or radical, the valence is cancelled.
Example :

1. magnesium oxide Mg +2 O -2 = Mg +2 O -2 = MgO

2. calcium carbonate Ca +2 CO3 -2 = CaCO3

3. All subscript must be reduced to the lowest ratio

Example :
1 2
a. copper silicate Cu +2 SiO4 -4 = Cu +2 SiO -4 = Cu2SO4

Rules of Naming Compounds

I. IONIC COMPOUNDS
Binary Compounds of Metals and Nonmetals
➢ In naming binary compounds containing metal and non-metal , the name of the metal
is written first followed by the name of the non-metal ending in ide
Example:
a. KCl = Potassium chloride
b. CaO = Calcium oxide
➢ The binary compound contains metal of variable valence , two methods of naming
compound may be employed : Traditional and Stock method
1. In the Traditional method , the traditional name of the metal in ous if the lower
oxidation number , and ic if referring to higher oxidation number followed by name of
the non-metal ending in ide.
 Example :
a. FeO = Ferrous oxide (the oxidation number is Fe +2 )
b. Fe2O3 = Ferric Oxide ( the oxidation number Fe is +3 )

2. In the Stock method , the English name of the metal is used followed by
the oxidation state written in Roma numeral ( enclosed in parenthesis)
then the name of the non-metal ending in ide
Example:
a. FeO = Iron ( II ) oxide
b. Fe2O3 = Iron (III) oxide
➢ If the compound is composed of more than two elements ( or ternary compounds) ,
the name of the positive ion is written first then followed by the name of the negative
ion which ends in ite or ate .The ite is used when the middle ion is in its lower
oxidation number and ate is used when the middle ion is in its higher oxidation
number

Example :

a. Na2SO4 = Sodium sulphate

b. Na2SO3 = Sodium sulphite
c. KNO3 = Potassium Nitrate
d. KNO2 = Potassium Nitrite
II. COVALENT COMPOUNDS
For covalent compound containing two non-metals , the name of the positive ion is written
first followed by the name of the negative ion ending in ide.
If no subscript in each ion this means that it is one (1) . For the first ion no prefix is
required but the second ion a prefix is always necessary . In cases that the positive ion
contained more than 1, prefix is used to denote the number of positive ions.
Commonly used prefixes:
Mono 1 Hexa 6
Di 2 Hepta 7
Tri 3 Octa 8
Tetra 4 Nona 9
Penta 5 Deca 10
Examples :
a. CO Carbon Monoxide
b. CO2 Carbon Dioxide
c. P2O5 Diphosphorus Pentoxide
d. N6O4 Hexanitrogen Tetroxide
III. ACIDS
➢ Binary Acids
The word hydro is written first followed by the name of the negative ion which ends in
ic and then add the word acid .
 Example :
a. HCl Hyrodochloric Acid
b. HF Hydrofluoric Acid

➢ Oxy or Ternary Acids

The name of the radicals which end in ate is changed to ic and the word acid is
added .
The name of the radicals which end in ite is changed to ous and the word acid is
added .
Example
a. HNO2 Nitrous Acid
b. H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid
What is Structural Formula ?

Structural formula shows how the atoms are arranged and bonded together in a
molecular formula of a chemical compound . Lets take a look at the compounds vinegar and
ethyl alcohol , and compare their molecular formulas with their structural formulas :

Compound Molecular formula Structural formula

Acetic Acid C2H3O2

Ethyl Alcohol C2H6O

Without the structural formula , we wouldn’t know that acetic acid has a carbon atom
double bonded- together with oxygen . By looking at the structural formula , we can see the
spatial arrangement of the atoms in the compound.

WHAT I CAN DO

ACTIVITY 1 : Most Common ISOTOPES and Their Uses

Give the uses of the following isotopes.
1. Americium -241
2. Carbon -14
3. Uranium - 238
4. Thallium -201
5. Radium – 226

Are isotopes beneficial or harmful to living organisms? Explain your answer. 10 pts

________________________________________________________________
 ACTIVITY 2 : Writing and Naming Compounds

Binary and Ternary Compounds

1. Write the formula of the binary compound formed by each of the following pairs:
Please use the Periodic Table of Elements (PTE)

a) Ca +2 + Cl -1 =
b) K +1 + S -2 =
c. Na +1 + O -2 =
d. C + I =
e. Al +3 + O -2 =
f. Mg and Br =
g. Ca and S =
h. K and O =
i. Al and F =
j. Na and Cl =

2. Give the formulas of the following binary compounds:

a. Calcium carbide
b. Hydrogen iodide
c. Cobalt (II) chloride
d. Copper ( I ) Sulfide
e. Carbon tetraiodide
f. Barium telluride
g. Vanadium (III) oxide
h. Potassium phosphide
i. Chromium (VI) oxide
j. Diphosphorous pentoxide

3. Name the following binary compounds

a. CaI2
b. K2O
c. AlF3
d. CO
e. P2O5
f. CuCl2
g. Fe2O3
h. SnS2
i. AuCl3
j. MnO

4. Give the formulas of the following ternary compounds

a )Sodium oxalate
b) Potassium permanganate
c. Thallium (I ) sulfite
d. Ammonium dichromate
e. Cobalt (II) cyanide
f. Indium (III) bisulphate
g. Aluminum nitrite
h. Nickel (II) hydroxide
Acids

Name the following binary acids:

a. H2S
b. HC
c. HF
d. HI
Name the following oxyacids:
a. H3BO3
b.HIO4
c. HClO
d. HMnO4
Write the formulas of the following acids:
a. Hydrobromic acid
b. Nitrous acid
c. Oxalic acid
d. Phosphorus acid

Activity 3: Naming & Formula Writing

Fill the blanks in the following table

Cation Anion Formula Name

Magnesium bicarbonate
SrCl2
Fe3+ NO2-
SnBr4 Manganese (II ) chlorate
Co2+ PO43-
Hg22+ I-
Cu2CO3
Lithium nitride
Al3+ S2-

ASSESSMENT

Write your answer in your answer sheet:

1. Isotopes are substance with the same atomic number and different atomic mass ,
which is NOT same in isotopes?
a. chemical properties c. masses
b. number of neutrons d. number of protons
2. Which of the following isotope is used in radiotherapy , also referred as radiation
therapy, where cancerous cells are targeted and terminated.
a. Uranium -238 c. Cobalt- 60
b. Iodine – 131 d. Carbon -14
3. Which of the following isotopes is used as medical tracer , usually in the form of
compound to investigate activity of the thyroid and effectively treat thyroid cancer
a. Uranium -238 c. Cobalt- 60
b. Iodine – 131 d. Carbon -14
4-6 . Write the formula of the following
a. Potassium chloride -
b. Barium hydroxide-
c. Copper sulfate-
7-9 . Name the following :
a. HI (aq) -
 b. SrF2 -
c. HBrO3 –
10. Write the structural formulas for each molecule given
a. Br2 -
b. HI -
c. NI3 -
d. H3 CCH3 –
e. CH4 –

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Chang , R . (2005) . Chemistry . 8th edition .New York :McGraw –Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Abadicio, C.L. (1997) Chemistry for Filipinos. Manila: Saint Bernadette Publishing, Inc.

3. Cervantes ,C.V.R, Dizon , R.D.(2016) General Chemistry 1.Manila .Lorimar Publishing

Inc.

4. Tabujara Jr.G.D.( 2016) . General Chemistry .1st edition. Manila: JFS Publishing Services

5.Espinosa , A.A., Fernandez ,K.N., Rivera ,T.A. (2016) . General Chemistry 1.1st ed.
.Manila: Diwa Learning Sytems Inc.
 Senior High School

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 – Lesson Exemplar 003
Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas

Photo credit: Royalty-free stock vector ID: 1454418578

Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

 Senior High School

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

This lesson exemplar was written by Rowena M. Mingi of Marinduque

National High School Senior High School Department at Boac Marinduque.
Parents , guardians and other stakeholders are encouraged to email all their
comments and suggestions , to rowena.mingi@deped.gov.ph.
Your comments and suggestions are important to us.
ur comments and suggestions are important to us.
Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

n Exemplar was written by Ma. Jessica L. Semilla. Parents, guardians

and other stakeholders are encouraged to e-mail all their co This lesson
exemplar was collaboratively wriiten by Rowena M. Mingi and Menandro M. Merlin , DEM of
Marinduque National High School Senior High School Department at Boac Marinduque.
Parents , guardians and other stakeholders are encouraged to email all their comments and
suggestions , to rowena.mingi@deped.gov.ph/menandro.merlin2018@deped.gov.ph.
Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

mments and suggestions

Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

Lesson Exemplar 003
Content:
1. Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas

Content Standard: Performance Standard:

The learners demonstrate understanding of the The learners should be able to design
relationship of percent composition and multimedia , demonstrations , or models ,a
chemical formula representation or simulation of any of the
following :
A. atomic structure
B. Gas behavior
C. Mass Relationships
D. Reactions
Topic: Learning Competencies and Code:
1.Percent Composition and Chemical formulas 1.Calculate the empirical formula from
2.Empirical formula percent compound of a compound
3.Molecular formula STEM_GC11PCIIf-32
2. Calculate molecular formula given molar
STEM_GC11PCIf-33

LESSON 3

PERCENT COMPOSITION and CHEMICAL FORMULAS

WHAT’S NEW

Preparation and identification of new compounds are one of the biggest excitements that
happen in a chemical laboratory . The identification of such a compound is achieved by
establishing its formula. To do this , the initial step is determine its percent composition. This
is the percentage by mass of each element in a compound.
If the percent composition of a compound is known , its empirical formula can be
determined. An empirical formula indicates the lowest whole number ratio of elements in a
compound . Generally , it represents the actual number of atoms of each element in the
formula unit of an ionic compound.

How to Calculate the Percentage Composition of a Compound?

➢ Atoms of elements are represented and distinguish from each other by the use of
symbols
➢ When atoms combined , they form molecules and these are represented by formulas
➢ A formula indicates the relative number of atoms each element in a substance
➢ For example in H2O refers to a compound in which two atoms of hydrogen for every
one atom of oxygen
➢ Formula implies that fixed relationships exist between mass of any two elements
present in a compound or between the mass of any element and the mass of the
compound as a whole
➢ If these relationships are fixed , they can be used as basis for computing the
percentage composition of the formula .
➢ The percentage of a given element is 100 times the mass of the element divided by
molar mass of the compound
➢
➢
 ➢ % composition of any element in a compound = Number of atoms x mass number x100

Molar mass

Example :

Determine the percentage composition of AgNO3

a. Determine the molar mass of AgNO3
Ag = 1x 108 = 108
N= 1x 14 =14
O = 3x 16 = 48
170 g/mol
b. The % composition of each element present
% Ag = (108 /170 ) x 100 = 63.53 %
% N = (14 /170 ) x 100 = 8.24%
% O = (48/170)x 100 = 28.24 %

Finding the Empirical and Molecular Formulas of a Compound

When chemists synthesize or discover a new compound , the compound is analyzed

quantitatively to determine its percent composition . From the compound’s percent
composition, the empirical formula is the determined. An empirical formula consists of the
symbols of all the elements present in the compound , with subscripts showing the smallest
whole- number ratio of the atoms in the compound. On the other hand, the molecular
formula gives the actual number of each kind of atom present in a molecule of the
compound . For example, hydrogen peroxide has the molecular formula H 2O2 . The actual
number of hydrogen atom and oxygen atom in one molecule of H 2O2 , as shown by the
subscripts in the chemical formula , are both 2 . The lowest ratio , however , of hydrogen to
oxygen in hydrogen peroxide is 1:1 . Therefore , the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide
is HO .

Sample Problem:
Imagine yourself as an analytical chemist who analyzed a sample of a compound that is
found to contain 40.05 % sulfur and 59.95 % oxygen. What is the empirical formula of the
compound?
Since you are given the percent composition of the compound and must find the empirical
formula, you can assume 100.0 g of the compound. Based on the given percentage this
mean 40.05 g S and 59.95 g O.
The mass of each element in the compound is used to find the number of moles of sulfur
and oxygen

moles of S = 40.05 g S x 1 mol S = 1.249 mol S

32.07 g S
moles of O = 59.95 Ox 1 mol O = 3.747 mol O
16.00 g O

The mole ratio of sulfur to oxygen atoms as computed is 1.249:3.747. However , subscripts
in a chemical formula should be whole numbers. Therefore , these values should be
converted to whole numbers . So how do you do that? To start , which do you think will have
a smaller whole number subscript between sulfur and oxygen ? Since sulfur has the smaller
number of moles, it will have the smallest subscript possible , 1 . Thus, you can divide the
mole values of sulfur and oxygen by the mole ratio of sulfur (1.249). Take note that dividing
the mole values of sulfur and oxygen by the same number (1.249) does not change the ratio
between the two elements.
 whole number ratio of S = 1.249 mol S/1.249 = 1 mol S

whole number ratio O = 3.747 mol O/1.249 = 3 mol O

The simplest whole number mole ratio of S and O atoms is 1:3 . Hence , the empirical
formula of the compound is SO3

As you already learned , the molecular formula may or may not be the same as the
empirical formula . Although two or more compounds may have the same percent
composition and the same empirical formula , their physical and chemical properties are
different . This is because the identity of a compound , hence its properties, depend on the
arrangement of the actual number of atoms in the compound.

Sample Problem :
What is the molecular formula of a compound with a molar mass of 60.0 g/mol and an
empirical formula of CH4N?
Solution :
The first step is to calculate the molar mass of CH 4N. Then , divide the given molar mass
by the empirical formula molar mass to determine n which is the number of times the
empirical formula is found in the molecular formula. Then , the subscripts of the symbols in
the empirical formula are multiplied by the value of n to determine the actual subscripts in
the molecular formula .

molar mass CH4N= 12.0 g +4.0 g = 30.0 g/mol

molar mass of compound is 60.0 g/mol

solving for n ,

n = 60.0 g/mol = 2
30.0 g/mol

Multiplying the subscripts of CH4N by 2, the molecular formula is , therefore , C2H8N2 .

WHAT I CAN DO
Activity 1: Percentage Composition
1. Determine the percentage composition of the following compound:
a. CoBr3 -
b. PCl3 –
c. P2O5 -
d. CaO-
e. AgNO3 -

2. A 250 g steel contains Ca2C . what is the % of C in the steel ?

3. What is the percentage composition of H2O?
4. Find the percent composition of sodium carbonate.
5. Determine the percent of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate.

Activity 2: Finding the Empirical Formula

1.Methyl acetate is a solvent commonly used in some paints , inks ,and adhesives . What is
the empirical formula for methyl acetate , which has a percent composition of 48.64%
carbon, 8.16 % hydrogen , and 43.20% oxygen ?
2. A blue solid is found to contain 36.84 % nitrogen and 61.16% oxygen . Find the empirical
formula for this solid.
3. What is the empirical formulas of the compounds with the following compositions? A)
40.1 % C, 6.6 % H ,53.3 % O, B. 18.4 % C, 21.5 % N, 60.1 % K.
4. By chemical analysis , the composition of Potassium phosphate is 55.19 % K, 14.63 %P,
and 30.1 % O . Determine the empirical formula of the compound.
5. Nitrogen oxide was found to contain 30.43 %N, and 69.57% O. Its molar mass is found to
be 92. Determine the empirical formula

Activity 3: Determining the Molecular Formula

1. Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C ) contains 40.92 % C, 4.58 % H and 54.50 % O by mass . its
molecular mass is 176 g/mole .What is the molecular formula of ascorbic acid ?
2. Monsodium glutamate (MSG ) , a food – flavor enhancer , has been blamed for “Chinese
restaurant syndrome” , the symptoms of which are headaches and chest pains . MSG has
following composition by mass:35.51% C , 4.77% H, 37.85% O , 8.29 % N, and 13.60 %
Na . What is the molecular formula if its molar mass is about 169 g?
3. The empirical formula of a compound is CH . If the molar mass of this compound is about
78 g , what is the molecular formula?
4. Peroxyacylnitrate (PAN) is one of the components of smog . It is a compound of C,H , N
and O. 19.8 % C, 2.50 % H , 11.6 % N. What is the molecular formula given that its molar
mass is about 120 g?
5. A compound contains 47. 08 % C , 6.59 % H , and 46. 33% Cl by mass . The molar mass
of the compound is 153 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of the compound?

Reflect Upon:
Formulas of a compound always come in fixed ratios, How about in life ?Do you think there
are some things that are fixed and unchangeable? Explain

ASSESSMENT

1. What is the percent composition of the following compounds?

a. Napthalene ( C10H8)
b. Sucrose ( C12H22O11)
c. Aluminum sulfate ( Al2(SO4)3

2. Complete the table by writing the empirical formula of the given compounds.

MOLECULAR FORMULA EMPIRICAL FORMULA

Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Ribose (C5H10O5)
Ethyl Butyrate ( C6H12O2)
DEET , or diethyl toluamide (C12H17ON)
Cholorophyll (C55H72MgN4O5)

3. The chemical analysis of aspirin indicates that the molecule is 60.0% carbon, 4.44 %
hydrogen, and 35.56%oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of aspirin.
4. The compound methyl butanoate smells like apples . Its composition is 58.8% C,
9.8 %H,and 31.4 % O . Its molar mass is 102 g/mol. What is the empirical formula of methyl
butanoate?
What is its molecular formula?

BIBLIOGRPAHY

1. Chang , R . (2005) . Chemistry . 8th edition .New York :McGraw –Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Abadicio, C.L. (1997) Chemistry for Filipinos. Manila: Saint Bernadette Publishing, Inc.

3. Cervantes ,C.V.R, Dizon , R.D.(2016) General Chemistry 1.Manila .Lorimar Publishing

Inc.

4. Tabujara Jr.G.D.( 2016) . General Chemistry .1st edition. Manila: JFS Publishing Services

5.Espinosa , A.A., Fernandez ,K.N., Rivera ,T.A. (2016) . General Chemistry 1.1st ed.
.Manila: Diwa Learning Sytems Inc.
6. Luciana I.V., Lontoc , B.M. , Gayon –Paderna, E.E.S. , General Chemistry 1st ed.Manila :
Rex
Bookstore Inc.