Org Culture

.
=:;;:8ID;)G<6C>O6I>DC6AJAIJG:DCI=:,:I:CI>DCD;'>AA:CC>6ABEADN::H

7N
=6GA:C:DAIDC

W

IE

EV

CEEA>:9>HH:GI6I>DC-J7B>II:9IDI=:
PR
7G6=6B- >H8=A:GDAA:<:D;9J86I>DC
>C*6GI>6A JA;>AAB:CID;I=:,:FJ>G:B:CIH
;DGI=::<G::D;D8IDGD;9J86I>DC

(DK6-DJI=:6HI:GC/C>K:GH>IN

ProQuest Number: 22587782

All rights reserved

INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.

In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed,
a note will indicate the deletion.

W

IE

EV
ProQuest 22587782

Published by ProQuest LLC (2019 ). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author.

All rights reserved.
PR
This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code
Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.

ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346

11307"-"(&

.=>H6EEA>:99>HH:GI6I>DCL6HHJ7B>II:97N=6GA:C:DAIDCJC9:GI=:9>G:8I>DCD;I=:
E:GHDCHA>HI:97:ADL#IL6HHJ7B>II:9IDI=:7G6=6B- >H8=A:GDAA:<:D;9J86I>DC
6C96EEGDK:9>CE6GI>6A;JA;>AAB:CID;I=:G:FJ>G:B:CIH;DGI=:9:<G::D;D8IDGD;
9J86I>DC6I(DK6-DJI=:6HI:GC/C>K:GH>IN

!ADG>6$%>:A:N 9
DBB>II::=6>G

!>C6&*:NIDC 9
DBB>II::':B7:G

%>B7:GANJG=6B *HN
#CI:G>B:6C

W

IE
EV
PR
>>

5"5&.&/50'3*(*/"-!03,

#9:8A6G:I=:;DAADL>C<

#=6K:G:69I=:D9:D;-IJ9:CIDC9J8I6C9869:B>8,:HEDCH>7>A>IN6H9:H8G>7:9>CI=:
$;<,-5;)5,*662D;(DK6-DJI=:6HI:GC/C>K:GH>IN.=>H6EEA>:99>HH:GI6I>DCG:EG:H:CIH
BNDG><>C6ALDG@ :M8:EIL=:G:#=6K:68@CDLA:9<:9I=:>9:6H LDG9H DGB6I:G>6AD;
DI=:G6JI=DGH

1=:G:6CDI=:G6JI=DGWH>9:6H=6K:7::CEG:H:CI:9>CI=>H6EEA>:99>HH:GI6I>DC #=6K:
68@CDLA:9<:9I=:6JI=DGWH>9:6H7N8>I>C<I=:B>CI=:G:FJ>G:9HINA:

1=:G:6CDI=:G6JI=DGWHLDG9H=6K:7::CEG:H:CI:9>CI=>H6EEA>:99>HH:GI6I>DC #=6K:
68@CDLA:9<:9I=:6JI=DGWHLDG9H7NJH>C<6EEGDEG>6I:FJDI6I>DC9:K>8:H6C98>I6I>DCH>C
I=:G:FJ>G:9HINA:

#=6K:D7I6>C:9E:GB>HH>DC;GDBI=:6JI=DGDGEJ7A>H=:GV>C688DG96C8:L>I=I=:G:FJ>G:9
W
<J>9:A>C:HVID>C8AJ9:6CN8DENG><=I:9B6I:G>6A:< I67A:H ;><JG:H HJGK:N>CHIGJB:CIH
A6G<:EDGI>DCHD;I:MI>CI=>H6EEA>:99>HH:GI6I>DCB6CJH8G>EI
IE

=6GA:C:DAIDC
555555555555555555555555555
(6B:

EV
'6G8=
555555555555555555555555555
6I:

PR

>>>

$,/08-&%(.&/54
'NC:K:G
:C9>C<EJGHJ>I;DG@CDLA:9<:7:<6C6I6C:6GAN6<:.=>H8JG>DH>IN6C9
=JC<:G;DG<GDLI=L6H6G:HJAID;BNBDI=:G /C6DAIDC L=D8DCHI6CIAN:C8DJG6<:9B:
IDG:696C9H:6G8=;DGI=:6CHL:GHIDBNFJ:HI>DCH":G8DCI>CJ:9HJEEDGII=GDJ<=6AAD;
BN:C9:6KDGH6C9E6GI>8JA6GANI=GDJ<=DJII=:?DJGC:ND;I=>HEGD<G6B=6H7::C
JCL6K:G>C<6C9>I>H<G:6IAN6EEG:8>6I:9'N8=>A9G:C .G>HINC -=6NC: 6C9=:N:CC:
6G:BNE:GB6C:CI8=::GA:69:GH.=:>G8DCHI6CIHJEEDGI6C96AL6NH7:A>:K>C<>CB:<6K:
B:I=:BDI>K6I>DCIDEJH=I=GDJ<=I=:8=6AA:C<:HI=6I6GDH:7:;DG:6C9L=>A:EJGHJ>C<
I=>H9:<G::#I>HBN=DE:I=:NL>AAH:: I=GDJ<=BN688DBEA>H=B:CIH I=:EDHH>7>A>IN;DG
W
I=:BID6AHDDK:G8DB:6CND7HI68A:6C968=>:K:I=:>G<D6AH.=>H9>HH:GI6I>DC6C99:<G::
IE
6G:9:9>86I:9IDI=:B
#I>HG6G:ID;>C9;G>:C9HL=DIGJANJC9:GHI6C9NDJ6C9I=:?DJGC:NNDJ6G:
EV
IG6K:A>C<3:I #6B7A:HH:9ID=6K:>C9>K>9J6AH>CBNA>;:L=D=6K:9DC:7DI= >C8AJ9>C<
:C8DJG6<>C<B:ID7:67:II:GE:GHDC.DA9:G'>AIDC.DBA>CHDC I=6C@NDJ;DGH=DL>C<
B:L=6I>HIGJ:=G>HI>6C>INVIG:6I>C<DI=:GH=DL$:HJHLDJA9 9:HE>I:L=6II=:N9DID
PR
NDJDGH6N67DJINDJ.=6C@NDJ;DGNDJG:C8DJG6<:B:CII=GDJ<=I=:9>;;>8JAII>B:H6C9
;DGH=DL>C<B:6!D9L=D>H;JAAD;8DBE6HH>DC6C9B:G8N
.DEG>A'JG96J<= I=6C@NDJ;DGIG6K:A>C<I=>H?DJGC:NL>I=B:;DGI=:E6HI
N:6GH#ILDJA9H::B6H>;!D9=6H6AADL:9JHIDIG6K:AH>B>A6GE6I=HHDI=6IL:86C7:6
HDJG8:D;:C8DJG6<:B:CI;DG:68=DI=:G#I=6C@">B;DGNDJG;G>:C9H=>E-::NDJ6II=:
C:MI% =6A;
B6G6I=DC DGHNBE=DCN >C6AAN #I=6C@!D9;DG">HADK: 8DBE6HH>DC 6C9
B:G8N#8DJA9CDI=6K:688DBEA>H=:9I=>H;:6IL>I=DJI">B'N9:H>G:>HIDA>K:;DG">B
6C9IDJH:I=>HHIJ9NID=:AEDG<6C>O6I>DCH6C9A:69:GH7J>A98JAIJG:HI=6I=:AEE:DEA:;::A
688:EI:96C9K6AJ:9
>K

#453"$5
.=:;;:8ID;)G<6C>O6I>DC6AJAIJG:DCI=:,:I:CI>DCD;'>AA:CC>6ABEADN::H=6GA:C:
DAIDC EEA>:9>HH:GI6I>DC (DK6-DJI=:6HI:GC/C>K:GH>IN 7G6=6B-
>H8=A:GDAA:<:D;9J86I>DC%:NLDG9HDG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG: LDG@:CK>GDCB:CI
:BEADN:G:BEADN::G:A6I>DCH=>E <:C:G6I>DC6A9>;;:G:C8:H

.=>HFJ6CI>I6I>K:G:H:6G8=B:I=D9HIJ9ND;I=:DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:EG:;:GG:97N
E=NH>8>6C6HH>HI6CI<G69J6I:HIJ9:CIHL6H9:H><C:9ID:MEADG:=DLDG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:
86C6;;:8II=:G:I:CI>DCD;'>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::H'>AA:CC>6AHL>AAB6@:JE6EEGDM>B6I:AN
D;I=:<AD76ALDG@;DG8:7N HD>I>H>BEDGI6CIIDJC9:GHI6C9=DLDG<6C>O6I>DC6A
8JAIJG:86C>C;AJ:C8:'>AA:CC>6AHWL>AA>C<C:HHIDHI6NL>I=6CDG<6C>O6I>DC.=:EGD7A:B
699G:HH:9>CKDAK:9I=:>C67>A>IND;DG<6C>O6I>DCHIDG:I6>C'>AA:CC>6AH7:NDC9I=:>G
N:6GHD;7:>C<=>G:9 L=>8=D88JGH7:86JH:I=:K6AJ:HD;I=:DG<6C>O6I>DCH9DCDI6A><C
L>I=I=:LDG@K6AJ:HD;'>AA:CC>6AH

;I:G:MI:CH>K:A>I:G6IJG:G:K>:LDCI=:8=6G68I:G>HI>8H6C9LDG@K6AJ:HD;'>AA:CC>6AH
W
*:GHDC
)G<6C>O6I>DC >I DBE:I>I>K:06AJ:H G6B:LDG@ 6C9DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG: I=:
G:H:6G8=:G9:K:ADE:9I=>HHIJ9NID699IDI=:8JGG:CIA>I:G6IJG:6C9ID=:AEBDK:I=:
G:H:6G8=8ADH:GIDB6@>C<<:C:G6A>O6I>DCHG:<6G9>C<I=:LDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9
IE
DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:EG:;:G:C8:HD;'>AA:CC>6AH.=:&NDCH1DG@06AJ:H-JGK:NL6H
JH:9ID:MEADG:L=6ILDG@K6AJ:HL:G:>BEDGI6CIID'>AA:CC>6AE=NH>8>6C6HH>HI6CI
<G69J6I:HIJ9:CIH99>I>DC6AAN I=:G:H:6G8=:G9:K:ADE:96H>C<A:
>I:BFJ:HI>DCHJGK:N
I=6IL6HJH:9ID9>H8DK:GI=:EG:;:GG:9DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:D;I=:H:'>AA:CC>6A<G69J6I:
EV
HIJ9:CIH)G<6C>O6I>DCHI=6I6G:6L6G:D;I=>H>C;DGB6I>DCL>AA7:L:AA:FJ>EE:9ID8G:6I:
I=:INE:D;8JAIJG:C::9:9IDG:I6>C'>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::HADC<:GI=6CN:6GH6;I:GI=:N
6G:=>G:9

.=:;>C9>C<H;GDBI=>HG:H:6G8=HIJ9N86C7:JH:9ID8G:6I:68JAIJG:I=6IL>AAG:I6>C
PR
'>AA:CC>6AH:86JH:LDG@K6AJ:H6C9DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:6EE:6GID=6K:6HIGDC<
EDH>I>K:G:A6I>DCH=>E >IB6N7:7:C:;>8>6A;DGDG<6C>O6I>DCHID>C>I>6AAN>9:CI>;NI=:>G
DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:6C9I=:C:MEADG:I=:LDG@K6AJ:HD;I=:>GEDI:CI>6A6C98JGG:CI
:BEADN::H.=:H:68I>DCHL>AA<>K:DG<6C>O6I>DCHI=:>C;DGB6I>DCC::9:9ID6H8:GI6>C>;
K6AJ:8DC<GJ:C8::M>HIH7:IL::C:BEADN::6C9I=:DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:#;K6AJ:
8DC<GJ:C8:9D:HCDI:M>HI I=:CI=:DG<6C>O6I>DC=6HID9:8>9:L=6IC::9HID7:9DC:ID
@::E>IH:BEADN::H

K

"#-&0'0/5&/54

*6<:
=6EI:G#CIGD9J8I>DC
-I6I:B:CID;I=:*GD7A:B
:;>C>I>DCD;.:GBH
*JGEDH:D;I=:-IJ9N

=6EI:G&>I:G6IJG:,:K>:L
.=:DG:I>86A G6B:LDG@
!:C:G6I>DC6A>;;:G:C8:HH,:A6I:9ID1DG@06AJ:H
'>AA:CC>6A.G6>IH6C9=6G68I:G>HI>8H
'>AA:CC>6A1DG@06AJ:H6C9ME:8I6I>DCH
,:I6>C>C<'>AA:CC>6AH
)G<6C>O6I>DC6AJAIJG:
,:H:6G8=+J:HI>DCH
W
=6EI:G':I=D9DAD<N
*6GI>8>E6CIH
#CHIGJB:CI
IE
*GD8:9JG:H

=6EI:G,:HJAIH
:BD<G6E=>8#C;DGB6I>DC
EV
,:H:6G8=+J:HI>DC
,:H:6G8=+J:HI>DC
,:H:6G8=+J:HI>DC
,:H:6G8=+J:HI>DC

PR
=6EI:G>H8JHH>DC
-JBB6GND; >C9>C<H
#CI:GEG:I6I>DCD; >C9>C<H
DCI:MID; >C9>C<H
#BEA>86I>DCHD; >C9>C<H
&>B>I6I>DCH
,:8DBB:C96I>DCH;DG JIJG:,:H:6G8=
-JBB6GN

,:;:G:C8:H

EE:C9>8:H
-JGK:N
-DGI>C<-IGJ8IJG:;DGI=:&NDCH1DG@06AJ:H-86A:

.67A:H
:BD<G6E=>8#C;DGB6I>DCD;!G69J6I:-IJ9:CIH
':6CH;DG DJG1DG@
06AJ:.NE:H
K>

DGG:A6I>DCHD;*G:;:GG:9)G<6C>O6I>DC6AJAIJG:6C91DG@06AJ:
#CI:G8DGG:A6I>DCHD;1DG@
06AJ:.NE:H6C9JAIJG:.NE:H

W
IE
EV
PR
K>>

)"15&3/530%6$5*0/
5"5&.&/50'5)&30#-&.
)G<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:G:;A:8IHI=:6HHJBEI>DCH K6AJ:H 6C97:A>:;HI=6I6G:H=6G:9
L>I=>C6CDG<6C>O6I>DCI=GDJ<=BNI=H6C9HIDG>:HDAB6C:6A -8=C:>9:G
#I6;;:8IH6AA8DBEDC:CIHD;6CDG<6C>O6I>DC6C9>HG:8D<C>O:96HDC:D;I=:BDHI
>BEDGI6CI;68IDGH>CHIGJB:CI6A>C6CDG<6C>O6I>DCWHHJ88:HHDG;6>AJG:Rawashdeh, Al-
saraireh, & Obeidat, 2015). ,:H:6G8=HIJ9>:HG:K:6AI=6IDG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:>H
EDH>I>K:ANG:A6I:9IDjob satisfaction and impacts employee performance. #I86C6;;:8I
:BEADN::8DBB>IB:CIID68=>:K>C<DG<6C>O6I>DC6A<D6AH6C9=6H6C:;;:8IDC:BEADN::
W
G:I:CI>DCRawashdeh et al., 2015; -67G> #AN6H B?69 -=6=O69
IE
.=:G:;DG: DG<6C>O6I>DCHH=DJA968@CDLA:9<:I=:>BEDGI6C8:D;I=:G:A6I>DCH=>E7:IL::C
DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:6C9?D7H6I>H;68I>DC7:86JH: L=:CI=:8JAIJG:HD;DG<6C>O6I>DCH
EV
C:<A:8II=:C::9HD;I=:>G:BEADN::H I=:NL>AAD;I:C;6>ARawashdeh et al., 2015).
Furthermore, when employees experience job satisfaction, performance levels will likely
PR
improve and attrition rates decrease; thus, I=:HJGK>K6AD;8DBE6C>:H=6K:7::C;DJC9ID
G:HIDCH6I>H;>:9:BEADN::HL=DHI6NL>I=I=:BRawashdeh et al., 2015).
.D96NWHDG<6C>O6I>DCH6G:8DBEDH:9D;I=:;DAADL>C<;DJG<:C:G6I>DCH6
.G69>I>DC6A>HIH7DGCID767NDDB:GH ID8!:C:G6I>DC2
ID6C99'>AA:CC>6AH ID D<>C K:GHDA: 06CC:7:G<
GDL9:G &:HI:G -I6C9>;:G -8=JAIO 1>C9HDG DCH:FJ:CIAN 69NC6B>8
6C98DCHI6CIAN8=6C<>C<LDG@EA68::M>HIH7:86JH:DA9:G:BEADN::H6G:G:I>G>C<6C9
NDJC<:GDC:H6G:I6@>C<I=:>GEA68:POR:A>@ JGG:CIAN I=:NDJC<:G:BEADN::H
I=:'>AA:CC>6AH B6@:JED;I=:LDG@;DG8: 6C9>I>HEGD?:8I:9I=6I 7N I=:N

L>AAB6@:JE D;I=:<AD76ALDG@;DG8:*G>8:
16I:G=DJH:DDE:GH +J:>G>
3JHD;; L6>@6I *G:H:CIAN I=:G:>H8DCH:CHJHL>I=>CI=:A>I:G6IJG:I=6I
'>AA:CC>6AHL:G:7DGC68GDHH6
N:6GHE6CI=6I7:<>CH>CI=: H=DL:K:G I=:G:>H
CD8DCH:CHJHDCL=:CI=6II>B:7:<>CHDGL=:C>I:C9H+J:>G>:I6A
.=>H>H:K>9:CI7NI=:;DAADL>C<9>;;:G:C8:H;DJC9>CI=:A>I:G6IJG:G:<6G9>C<L=:C
I=>HI>B:E:G>D97:<>CH6C9L=:C>I:C9H6ID 7 ID 8 ID
9ID :ID 6C9:IDD<>C K:GHDA::I
6A ":HH$:EH:C %696@>6 %J7QIDKQ%J@:A@DKQ
'>AA:CC>6A#BE68I POR:A>@ *G>8:

16I:G=DJH:DDE:GH ":C8: ;DG
W
I=:EJGEDH:HD;I=>HG:H:6G8=HIJ9N '>AA:CC>6AH6G:9:;>C:96H>C9>K>9J6AH7DGC ID
IE
7:86JH:I=>HI>B:E:G>D9L6H9D8JB:CI:9BDHID;I:C>CI=:A>I:G6IJG:
AI=DJ<='>AA:CC>6AH6G:G:EA68>C<67NDDB:GH I=:NA:6K:I=:LDG@EA68:
EV
L>I=>CN:6GHD;7:>C<=>G:97:86JH:DG<6C>O6I>DCH9DCDIEGDK>9:6CDG<6C>O6I>DC6A
8JAIJG:I=6I6A><CHL>I=I=:>GLDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCHPOR:A>@
*GD@DE:6@ "DL:K:G 9:HE>I:G:H:6G8=HIJ9>:HI=6I9D8JB:CILDG@EA68:K6AJ:H

PR
6C9:ME:8I6I>DCHD;'>AA:CC>6AH6C9I=:>G6IIG>I>DCG6I: BDG:G:H:6G8=>HC::9:97:;DG:
<:C:G6A>O6I>DCH86C7:B69:'DG:>C;DGB6I>DC>HC::9:9DC'>AA:CC>6AHL>I=G:<6G9ID
6I=:>GDG<6C>O6I>DC6AI:CJG: 7D88JE6I>DCHI=:N8=DH: 8DG<6C>O6I>DCH;DGL=>8=
I=:N8=DH:IDLDG@ 6C99I=:>G:BEADNB:CIHI6IJHPOR:A>@ -DAC:I %G6A?
%6C96BEJAAN .=:G:;DG: ID:ME6C9I=:G:H:6G8=A>I:G6IJG:67DJI'>AA:CC>6A
LDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH6C9I=:>GLDG@EA68:6IIG>I>DCG6I:H I=>HHIJ9N;D8JH:9
DCI=:LDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCHD;'>AA:CC>6AE=NH>8>6C6HH>HI6CI*<G69J6I:
HIJ9:CIH
1>I=>CI=:C:MI N:6GH I=:CJB7:GD;B>AA:CC>6A*HL>AA8DCI>CJ:ID<GDL

6C9 7:86JH:'>AA:CC>6AHL>AAB6@:JE=6A;D;I=:<AD76ALDG@;DG8:L>I=>CI=:C:MI
N:6GH 6AADG<6C>O6I>DCHH=DJA9B6@::;;DGIHIDG:I6>CI=:B JGI=:GBDG: I=:6K:G6<:8DHI
IDG:EA68:'>AA:CC>6AHA>:H7:IL::C 6C9 6C9I=:ADHHD;I=:H::BEADN::H
86CA:69IDDG<6C>O6I>DC6A;6>AJG:*GD@DE:6@ )G<6C>O6I>DCHH=DJA9 I=:G:;DG:
;>C9L6NHID9>H8DK:GI=:;DAADL>C<67DJI'>AA:CC>6AH6I=:>G8=6G68I:G>HI>8H 7I=:>G
LDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH 6C98I=:DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:C::9:9IDG:I6>C
I=:B.=>H>C;DGB6I>DC86C7:JH:9ID9:K:ADEHIG6I:<>:H6C9EGD<G6BHIDHJEEDGII=:
G:I:CI>DCD;'>AA:CC>6AH
"$,(306/%"/%+645*'*$"5*0/88DG9>C<IDK:GHDA::I6A 9JG>C<I=:
W
9:869:D; ID '>AA:CC>6AHL>AAB6@:JEBDHID;I=:LDG@;DG8:EDEJA6I>DC
IE
I=:G:;DG: >CI=>H6<:D;69K6C8>C<I:8=CDAD<N6C99NC6B>8DG<6C>O6I>DCH 8DBE6C>:H
H=DJA99:K:ADEL6NHIDG:B6>C8DBE:I>I>K:ID6IIG68I6C9G:I6>CI6A:CI:9B>AA:CC>6A
EV
:BEADN::HDGI=:NB6NCDIHJ88::9.=:8=6AA:C<:DG<6C>O6I>DCH6G:;68>C<>HI=6I
'>AA:CC>6AH6G:A:6K>C<I=:LDG@EA68:6;I:G6H=DGII:CJG:7:86JH:I=:>GK6AJ:H6C9
:ME:8I6I>DCH6G:9>;;:G:CI;GDBI=:EG>DG<:C:G6I>DCH 6C9DG<6C>O6I>DCH=6K:CDIN:I
PR
A:6GC:9=DLID688DBBD96I:I=:BK:GHDA::I6A DCH:FJ:CIAN DG<6C>O6I>DCH
6G:=6K>C<69>;;>8JAII>B:HJEEDGI>C<I=:C:LK6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCHD;'>AA:CC>6AH
/CA>@:EG>DG<:C:G6I>DCH '>AA:CC>6AH6G:FJ>G:8DCHI6CI;::9768@;GDBI=:>G
B6C6<:GH 79:H>G:;A:M>7A:LDG@=DJGH 8H::@LDG@

A>;:76A6C8: 9EG:;:G
CDCGDJI>C:LDG@ ::ME:8IIDEGD<G:HHK:GNFJ>8@ANJEI=:86G::GA699:G ;L6CII=:
DG<6C>O6I>DC;DGL=>8=I=:NLDG@IDEGDK>9:I=:BL>I=DEEDGIJC>I>:H;DGE:GHDC6A
A:6GC>C<6C99:K:ADEB:CII=GDJ<=IG6>C>C<G:HDJG8:H <6A><CL>I=8DBE6C>:HI=6I6G:
HD8>6AANG:HEDCH>7A: 6C9=G:;JH:IDLDG@;DG6CDG<6C>O6I>DCL=DH:8JAIJG:9D:HCDI
B::II=:>GC::9H%J7QIDKQ%J@:A@DKQ '>AA:CC>6A#BE68I *G>8:

16I:G=DJH:DDE:GH 99>I>DC6AAN '>AA:CC>6AHLDJA9G6I=:GI6@:6E6N8JII=6C
HI6N6I6?D7I=6I9D:HCDIB::II=:>GC::9H!>K:CI=6I D;I=:BEA6CIDA:6K:I=:
LDG@EA68:7:86JH:I=:>GC::9H6G:CDI7:>C<B:I*GD@DE:6@ .=:G:;DG: >;
DG<6C>O6I>DCHL6CIIDG:I6>C'>AA:CC>6AH 6C:;;DGIBJHI7:B69:ID69?JHII=:8JAIJG:ID
B::II=:>GC::9HK:GHDA::I6A *G>8:
16I:G=DJH:DDE:GH
1>I=>CI=:C:MI N:6GH I=:CJB7:GD;B>AA:CC>6A*HL>AA8DCI>CJ:ID<GDL6C9
I=:N A>@:DI=:GB>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::H 6L6CI;G:FJ:CI6C9>CHI6CI;::9768@ 79:H>G:
BDG:;A:M>7>A>IN>CI=:LDG@EA68: 6C986G:I:8=CDAD<>86AA:69:GH:86JH:I=:H:
:ME:8I6I>DCH6EE:6GID7:H>B>A6GIDDI=:G'>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::H I=>HHIJ9N;D8JH:9DC
W
9>H8DK:G>C<I=:LDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCHD;'>AA:CC>6A*<G69J6I:HIJ9:CIH6I
IE
6JC>K:GH>IN>CCDGI=:GC ADG>96ID7:II:GJC9:GHI6C9L=6I8JAIJG:>HC::9:9ID9:8G:6H:
I=:6IIG>I>DCG6I:JGG:CIAN 6EEGDM>B6I:AND;*H>C ADG>966G:8A6HH>;>:96H

EV
'>AA:CC>6AH 6C9I=>HE:G8:CI6<:>H:ME:8I:9ID>C8G:6H:L>I=>CI=:C:MI N:6GH(6I>DC6A
DBB>HH>DCDC:GI>;>86I>DCD;*=NH>8>6CHH>HI6CIH .=>HEDEJA6I>DCD;HIJ9:CIH
L6H8=DH:C7:86JH:I=:NG:EG:H:CIEDI:CI>6A'>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::HL=DL>AA8=DDH:ID
PR
LDG@;DGDG<6C>O6I>DCHL=DH:8JAIJG:H6A><CL>I=I=:>GK6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH.=>H
HIJ9NL>AA=:AEID:ME6C9I=:8JGG:CIG:H:6G8=DC'>AA:CC>6AHG:<6G9>C<I=:>GLDG@EA68:
K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH-J7H:FJ:CIAN I=>HL>AA8DCIG>7JI:ID6BDG:8DBEA:I:
JC9:GHI6C9>C<D;I=:>GK>:LHD;I=:LDGA9D;LDG@ID6HH>HI>CI=:9:K:ADEB:CID;
DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:HI=6IL>AA9:8G:6H:I=:>G6IIG>I>DCG6I:;GDBI=:LDG@EA68:
.=:*H6G:C6I>DC6AAN8:GI>;>:96C9HI6I:
A>8:CH:9B:9>86AEGD;:HH>DC6AHL=D
LDG@>C=:6AI=
86G:I:6BHL>I=E=NH>8>6CH6C9DI=:G=:6AI=
86G:EGDK>9:GH.=DH:L=D
6HE>G:ID7:*HC::9ID68DBEA:I:IDBDCI=HD;B:9>86AIG6>C>C< 7D7I6>C
8:GI>;>86I>DC7NE6HH>C<I=:*(6I>DC6A:GI>;>86I>DCM6B>C6I>DC 6C98D7I6>C

A>8:CHJG:>CI=:HI6I:;DGL=>8=I=:NL6CIIDLDG@B:G>86CHHD8>6I>DCD;*=NH>8>6C
HH>HI6CIH .=:*EGD;:HH>DC7:<6C>CI=:/C>I:9-I6I:H>CI=: HII=6I
I>B: I=:G:L6H6H=DGI6<:D;<:C:G6AB:9>86AEG68I>I>DC:GH 6C9I=:DG><>C6IDGHD;I=:
EGD;:HH>DC7:A>:K:9EGDK>9>C<G:IJGC>C<K:I:G6CHL>I=B:9>86AIG6>C>C<8DJA9HJEEA:B:CI
I=:LDG@D;<:C:G6AEG68I>I>DC:GH6LA:N 6LI=DC "DD@:G
=6GA:H"J9HDC L=DL6HI=:CI=:EG:H>9:CID;I=:(6I>DC6AD6G9D;':9>86A
M6B>C:GH 86B:JEL>I=I=:>9:6D;:MI:GCH;DGE=NH>8>6CH 7JI>IL6HGJ<:C:-I:69
$G =6>GB6CD;':9>8>C:6IJ@:/C>K:GH>IN L=D:C=6C8:9"J9HDCWH>9:66C9 >C
9:K:ADE:9I=:;>GHI;DGB6A*EGD<G6B6IJ@:/C>K:GH>IN99>I>DC6AAN ,>8=6G9
W
-B>I= 6CDI=:GE>DC::GD;I=:*EGD<G6B 9:K:ADE:96H>B>A6G8DC8:EI86AA:9I=:':9M
IE
EGD<G6B6II=:/C>K:GH>IND;16H=>C<IDCDI=EGD<G6BH8DCH>HI:9D;6A6G<:CJB7:GD;
B>A>I6GN
IG6>C:9B:9>86AE:GHDCC:A 7JI L=:CI=:0>:IC6B16G<G69J6AAN:C9:9>CI=:
EV
H I=:CJB7:GD;B>A>I6GN
IG6>C:9B:9>86AE:GHDCC:A9:8G:6H:9DCH:FJ:CIAN 7N
D;I=: *HL:G::M

B>A>I6GNB:9>86A8DGEHB:C 7JID;*H9JG>C<
I=6II>B:L:G:;GDBDI=:G86G::GHHJ8=6HB:9>86AI:8=C>8>6CDGI:8=CDAD<>HI6LA:N:I
PR
6A
88DG9>C<ID"DD@:G ,6BDH 6AN 6C9 6C< B6A:H;GDBI=:67N
DDB:G<:C:G6I>DCB69:JEI=:EDEJA6I>DCD;*H6I>IH>C8:EI>DC.=:H:>C9>K>9J6AH
:CI:G:9I=:*EGD<G6BH6;I:GDC:DGILDDI=:G86G::GHI=6I>C8AJ9:9CJGH>C<DGE=NH>86A
I=:G6EN6C9L:G:8DCH:FJ:CIANDA9:GHIJ9:CIHDCK:GH:AN *HIJ9:CIHID96N=6K:A:HH
768@<GDJC9>C=:6AI=DGEG>DG86G::G:ME:G>:C8:6C9I:C9ID7:NDJC<:GI=6CHIJ9:CIH>C
I=:EG>DGN:6GH DG>CHI6C8: I=:6K:G6<:6<:D;;>GHI

N:6G*HIJ9:CIH>C6 ID
L6H 7 ID G6C<:97:IL::C6C9 8 ID L6H 9
ID L6H : ID L6H 6C9; ID L6H

*=NH>8>6CHH>HI6CI9J86I>DCHHD8>6I>DC 6 7
.=:G:L:G: 8:GI>;>:9*H6II=::C9D; 6C9 6II=::C9D;
G:EG:H:CI>C<6>C8G:6H:A6HIN:6G6ADC:-J7H:FJ:CIAN >C I=:*
EGD;:HH>DCL6HC6B:9DC:D;I=: 7:HI?D7H7N&$->:)5,(693,#-769; 6C9I=:
JG:6JD;&67DG-I6I>HI>8HEGD?:8IHI=::BEADNB:CID;*HL>AA<GDL ;GDB ID
BJ8=;6HI:GI=6C6K:G6<:;DG6AAD88JE6I>DCH JGI=:GBDG: 6HI=:9:B6C9;DG
=:6AI=
86G:H:GK>8:H>C8G:6H:H *HL>AA7:C::9:9IDEGDK>9:E6I>:CI86G: I=JH
:HI67A>H=>C<I=:>BEDGI6C8:D;G:I6>C>C<B>AA:CC>6A*HJG:6JD;&67DG-I6I>HI>8H
(6I>DC6ADBB>HH>DCDC:GI>;>86I>DCD;*=NH>8>6CHH>HI6CIH 6 7
W
#CHJBB6GN '>AA:CC>6AHL>AA8DCI>CJ:IDA:6K:I=:>G?D7H7:IL::CBDCI=H6C9
IE
N:6GHD;7:>C<=>G:9 8DHI>C<8DBE6C>:H7>AA>DCHD;9DAA6GH>CADHIG:K:CJ: EDI:CI>6A
EGD;>IH 6C9I6A:CI>;DG<6C>O6I>DCH9DCDI68I>K:AN8G:6I:8JAIJG:HI=6IHJEEDGI6C96A><C
EV
L>I='>AA:CC>6ALDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCHK:GHDA::I6A "DAI '6GFJ:H
16N &:HI:G:I6A POR:A>@ *GD@DE:6@ +J:>G>:I6A
-J?6CH@N :GG>
,::9 )G<6C>O6I>DCHI=6I6G:8D<C>O6CID;I=:G:6HDCHL=N
PR
'>AA:CC>6AH8=DDH:IDHI6NDGA:6K:L>AA8G:6I:68JAIJG:I=6IL>AA>C;AJ:C8:I=:BID7:
8DBB>II:9IDI=:?D7;DGL=>8=I=:N6G:=>G:9.=>HHIJ9NL>AA8DCIG>7JI:IDI=:A>I:G6IJG:
6C9EDI:CI>6AAN=:AEB6@:<:C:G6A>O6I>DCH67DJI'>AA:CC>6ALDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9
:ME:8I6I>DCH
)&3&4&"3$)130#-&..=:EGD7A:B:MEADG:9L6HI=:>C67>A>IND;DG<6C>O6I>DCH
IDG:I6>CI=:>G'>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::H.=:G:H:6G8=G:K:6AHI=6I'>AA:CC>6AHA:6K:I=:
LDG@EA68:L>I=>CN:6GHD;7:>C<=>G:97:86JH:DG<6C>O6I>DCH9DCDIEGDK>9:6C
DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:I=6I6A><CHL>I=I=:>GLDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH:86JH:
:68=<:C:G6I>DC8DB:HL>I=>IHDLCLDG@EA68:9:B6C9H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH 6

B>HJC9:GHI6C9>C<6C9B>H8DBBJC>86I>DCD;I=DH:9:B6C9H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH86CA:69ID
ADLEGD9J8I>K>IN6C9=><=IJGCDK:GG6I:H E6GI>8JA6GAN6H>IG:A6I:HID'>AA:CC>6A
:BEADN::H
-DB:LDG@EA68::ME:8I6I>DCH=:A97N'>AA:CC>6AH>C8AJ9:6>CHI6CI6C:DJH
;::9768@;GDBI=:>GHJE:G>DGH 9;A:M>7A:LDG@=DJGH :I=:7:A>:;I=6IG:HE:8I>H<>K:C
IDI=DH:L=DH=DLI=:B6EEG:8>6I>DC 6C9;DG<6C>O6I>DCHH=DJA97:HD8>6AAN
G:HEDCH>7A:.=JH DG<6C>O6I>DCHL>AA8DCI>CJ:IDADH:'>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::H>;I=:N9DCDI
8G:6I:68JAIJG:I=6I6A><CHL>I='>AA:CC>6ALDG@EA68:K6AJ:HPOR:A>@ *GD@DE:6@
.=:G:;DG: >C6C:;;DGIID9>H8DK:G=DLDG<6C>O6I>DCH86C8G:6I:68JAIJG:I=6IB6N
W
9:8G:6H:I=:6IIG>I>DCG6I:D;'>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::H I=:LDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH
IE
D;*B>AA:CC>6A<G69J6I:HIJ9:CIHL=DL>AA7::CI:G>C<I=:LDG@EA68:L6H:M6B>C:9
6ADC<L>I=I=:EDHH>7A::;;:8IHE:8>;>8INE:HD;DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:B6N=6K:DC
EV
G:I6>C>C<I=:B
&DE:O6C9:A:AA>H H::B:9ID8DC;>GBI=6IJC9:GHI6C9>C<6II>IJ9:H6C9
BDI>K6I>C<;68IDGHD;:BEADN::H=:AEH>CHJ88:HH;JAANG:8GJ>I>C<6C9G:I6>C>C<I=:B.=:
PR
6>BD;I=:HIJ9NL6HID>9:CI>;NI=:>BEDGI6CILDG@EA68:BDI>K6IDGH6BDC<EG68I>8>C<
*H6C9IDH::=DL8ADH:ANI=DH:H:A:8I>DCHB>GGDG:9I=DH:D;H>B>A6G8D=DGIH.=:HIJ9N
6H@:9*H6II:C9>C<I=: 6CCJ6A;6AADCI>CJ>C<':9>86A9J86I>DC8DC;:G:C8:D;
'>8=><6C869:BND;*HIDG6C@I=:>BEDGI6C8:D;BDI>K6I>DC;68IDGH.=:G:HJAIH
G:K:6A:9I=6II=G::8D=DGIH>: 67NDDB:GH !:C:G6I>DC2 6C9'>AA:CC>6AHG6C@:9
I=:H6B:H>M;68IDGH=><=:HIDCI=:>GA>HI
.=:;DAADL>C<9D8JB:CIH=DL:68=<:C:G6I>DCG6C@:9I=:H:H>MBDI>K6I>C<
;68IDGH6-I67A:6C9H:8JG:;JIJG:L6HG6C@:9;>GHI7N6AAI=G::<:C:G6I>DCH 78=6C8:
ID7:C:;>IHD8>:INL6HG6C@:9H:8DC97N'>AA:CC>6AH6C9;DJGI=7N67NDDB:GH6C9

!:C:G6I>DC2:GH 8;G>:C9AN6C98DC<:C>6A6HHD8>6I:HL6HG6C@:9I=>G97N'>AA:CC>6AH
6C9H:8DC97N67NDDB:GH6C9!:C:G6I>DC2:GH 98=6C8:IDA:6GCC:LI=>C<HL6H
G6C@:9;DJGI=7N'>AA:CC>6AH6C9!:C:G6I>DC2:GH6C9I=>G97N67NDDB:GH:
LDG@>C<6HE6GID;6I:6BL6HG6C@:9;>;I=7N'>AA:CC>6AH6C967NDDB:GH6C9I=>G97N
!:C:G6I>DC2:GH 6C9;8=6C8:IDB6@:68DCIG>7JI>DCID>BEDGI6CI9:8>H>DCHL6HG6C@:9
H>MI=7N6AAI=G::<:C:G6I>DCH&DE:O:A:AA>H A:6GAN I=>HHIJ9NG:K:6A:9
9>;;:G:C8:H>CL=6I:68=<:C:G6I>DCK6AJ:H>CI=:LDG@EA68:.=JH HE:8>;>86AAN
JC9:GHI6C9>C<L=6II=:LDG@EA68::ME:8I6I>DCH6C9K6AJ:HD;'>AA:CC>6AH6G:86C=:AE6C
DG<6C>O6I>DC8G:6I:68JAIJG:I=6IL>AAEDHH>7ANEG:K:CII=:B;GDBA:6K>C<6?D7L>I=>C
W
N:6GHD;7:>C<=>G:9"DAI:I6A &:HI:G:I6A POR:A>@ *GD@DE:8@

IE
&'*$*&/$*&4*/5)&&7*%&/$&.=:8=6G68I:G>HI>8IG6>IHD;'>AA:CC>6AH6C9I=:>G
EV
LDG@EA68::ME:8I6I>DCH6G:L:AAG:H:6G8=:9 6C9I=:G:6G:HIJ9>:H9:H8G>7>C<I=:HI:EH
B6C6<:GH6C9HJE:GK>HDGH86CI6@:IDG:I6>C'>AA:CC>6AH%6>;> (6;:> %=6C;6G %6>;>
%J7QIDKQ%J@:A@DKQ '>AA:CC>6A#BE68I POR:A>@ *G>8:
PR
16I:G=DJH:DDE:GH +J:>G>:I6A -B>I=!6A7G6>I= -DAC:I:I6A
"DL:K:G CDG:H:6G8=L6H;DJC99:H8G>7>C<L=6IHE:8>;>8DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:
*B>AA:CC>6A<G69J6I:HIJ9:CIHADD@;DG>C6;JIJG:LDG@EA68:88DG9>C<ID"DD@:G
%J>AB6C 6C9K:G:II JI>A>O6I>DCD;*H>H>C8G:6H>C< 7JI>C;DGB6I>DCDC=DLID
G:I6>CI=:B>CB:9>86AEG68I>8:H=6HCDI7::C8DCHDA>96I:9>CI=:A>I:G6IJG:.=:HIJ9N
G:K:6A:9I=6IH6A6GNL6H>9:CI>;>:96H?D7H6I>H;N>C<>C=6A;D;I=DH:HIJ9>:H 6C9
6JIDCDBNL6HI=:C:MI?D7
H6I>H;N>C<;68IDG.=>HA>I:G6IJG:E::GG:K>:LD;
HIJ9>:HHE6CC:9 N:6GH 6C9>IL6H:K>9:CII=6II=:*?D7

H6I>H;68I>DC;>:A9G:B6>CH
B:I=D9DAD<>86AAN6C9I=:DG:I>86AANJC9:G9:K:ADE:9

.=:H:HIJ9>:HG:K:6A:9>C;DGB6I>DCI=6I8DJA9CDI7:JH:9ID<:C:G6A>O:DG
:HI67A>H=HJ7HI6CI>6A86JH6AG:A6I>DCH=>EH7:86JH:HDB6CNK6G>67A:HD;>CI:G:HIH:M>HI
G:HJAI>C<>C6HJ7DEI>B6A9:;>C>I>DC6C9EDDGJC9:GHI6C9>C<D;I=:G:A6I>DCH=>E7:IL::C
*6H6CD88JE6I>DC6A8=D>8:6C96H6I>H;N>C<86G::G.=JH ;68IDGHI=6I86C:MEA6>C?D7
H6I>H;68I>DC=6K:CDI7::C;JAAN:A67DG6I:9>CBJAI>K6G>6I::BE>G>86ABD9:AH"DD@:G:I
6A JGI=:GBDG: G:H:6G8=:GH=6K:CDI>9:CI>;>:9L=:I=:GDGCDII=:;DAADL>C<
;68IDGH=6K:6CN7:6G>C<DC*H6HG:A6I:9ID?D7H6I>H;68I>DC6C9JAI>B6I:ANG:I:CI>DC6
9:BD<G6E=>8H 76<: 8>CI:AA:8IJ6A8JG>DH>IN 9;6B>AN :E6I>:CIE:G8:EI>DCH ;
;DGB6A6C9>C;DGB6AHD8>6A8DCI68I <E:GHDC6A>INEGD;>A:H =HE:8>6AIN 6C9>
W
HJE:GK>HDGNGDA:HI=6II=:ND88JEN"DL:K:G JC9:GHI6C9>C<L=6I>BEGDK:H:BEADN::?D7
IE
H6I>H;68I>DCB6NA:69ID68A:6G:GK>:LDC=DLIDG:I6>C:BEADN::HRawashdeh et al.,
2015).
EV
88DG9>C<IDPOR:A>@ BDG:G:H:6G8=I=6IADD@H6II=:LDG@EA68:
:ME:8I6I>DCH6C9K6AJ:D;'>AA:CC>6AHLDG@>C<>CDGEA6CC>C<IDLDG@>C6K6G>:IND;
DG<6C>O6I>DCH>HC::9:9ID:MI:CH>K:AN>9:CI>;NI=:9>HI>C8ILDG@:CK>GDCB:CI6C9K6AJ:H
PR
D;'>AA:CC>6AH.=:G:;DG: I=>HHIJ9NL>AA=:AE9>H8DK:G>;<:C:G6A>O6I>DCH86C7:B69:
G:<6G9>C<I=:E:GHDC6A9:K:ADEB:CIC::9HD;'>AA:CC>6AH-J7H:FJ:CIAN I=:G:HJAIH;GDB
I=>HHIJ9NL>AA699IDI=:G:H:6G8=HDI=6I<:C:G6A>O6I>DCH86C7:B69:67DJII=:
LDG@EA68::ME:8I6I>DCHD;'>AA:CC>6AH6C9L>AA7:JH:9ID9:H8G>7:69>HI>C8I
DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:I=6IB6N9:8G:6H:I=:IJGCDK:GG6I:D;'>AA:CC>6AH>CI=:
LDG@EA68:
6%*&/$&,:69:GHL>AA7:8DB:6L6G:D;I=:8JAIJG:DG<6C>O6I>DCHC::9ID
:HI67A>H=IDG:I6>C'>AA:CC>6AH7:86JH::MEADG>C<I=:LDG@EA68:K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH
D;*B>AA:CC>6A<G69J6I:HIJ9:CIHL>AA7G>C<I=:G:H:6G8=8ADH:GIDB6@>C<6

<:C:G6A>O6I>DC67DJI=DL'>AA:CC>6AHK>:LI=:LDG@EA68:,:8GJ>IB:CIHI6;;B6N7:II:G
JC9:GHI6C9L=6I'>AA:CC>6AHK6AJ:>CI=:LDG@EA68:6C9B6NJH:I=:G:HJAIH;GDBI=>H
HIJ9NIDB6G@:II=:>GDG<6C>O6I>DCH>C6L6NI=6IL>AA6IIG68I'>AA:CC>6AH9B>C>HIG6I>K:
HI6;; >C8AJ9>C< 7JICDIA>B>I:9ID 68=>:;:M:8JI>K:D;;>8:GH 7B6C6<:GH 6C98
HJE:GK>HDGHD;6CNDG<6C>O6I>DC B6NJH:I=>H>C;DGB6I>DCID8G:6I:68JAIJG:I=6IL>AA
G:I6>C'>AA:CC>6AH 68JAIN;GDBJC>K:GH>I>:H 8DAA:<:H 6C9KD86I>DC6AH8=DDAHI=6I6G:
>CKDAK:9>CI=::9J86I>DCD;'>AA:CC>6AHB6N6AHD6EEANI=>H>C;DGB6I>DCIDI=:>G
>CHI>IJI>DCHIDG:I6>CB>AA:CC>6AHIJ9:CIH99>I>DC6AAN 6CNDG<6C>O6I>DC9:6A>C<L>I=I=:
8=6AA:C<:HD;=><=IJGCDK:GD;'>AA:CC>6AHL>AA6AHD7:C:;>I;GDBI=>HG:H:6G8=HIJ9N
W
7:86JH:>IL>AA=:AE>CI=:9:K:ADEB:CID;EDA>8>:H6C9EGD8:9JG:HI=6I86C7:EJI>CEA68:
IE
ID9:8G:6H:I=:6IIG>I>DCG6I:D;'>AA:CC>6AH>CI=:LDG@EA68:
&'*/*5*0/0'&3.4
EV
DGI=:EJGEDH:D;I=>H6EEA>:99>HH:GI6I>DC I=:;DAADL>C<I:GBH6G:9:;>C:9
*--&//*"-4.=>HI:GBG:;:GHIDI=DH:>C9>K>9J6AH7DGC ID '>AA:CC>6A
#BE68I *G>8:
16I:G=DJH:DDE:GH
PR
3("/*;"5*0/"-$6-563&.=>HI:GBG:;:GHID:BEADN::
>C;:GG:9K6AJ:H 7:A>:;H
6C96HHJBEI>DCHD;6E6GI>8JA6GH:II>C<8DBBJC>86I:9IDC:L:BEADN::HK>6HIDG>:H
BNI=H 6C9HD8>6A>O6I>DC:ME:G>:C8:HA9:G;:G DAB6C:6A 6B:GDC
+J>CC DCCDGH-B>I= +J>CC,D=G76J<= -8=C:>9:G
63104&0'5)&56%:
(>C:IN
DC:E:G8:CID;DK:G C:L8DAA:<:=>G:HHJGK:N:9G:K:6A:9I=:NLDJA9
7:ADN6AIDI=:DG<6C>O6I>DC;DGL=>8=I=:NLDG@"DL:K:G 8DGEDG6I:G:8GJ>I:GHD;
>C9>K>9J6AHL>I=B6HI:GWH9:<G::H>C7JH>C:HH69B>C>HIG6I>DCHJGK:N:9G:EDGI:9I=6I
G:I:CI>DCD;'>AA:CC>6AH>H6B6?DG6G:6D;8DC8:GC7:86JH:6'>AA:CC>6AWH9:8>H>DCID
Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Org Culture

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Org Culture

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

.

=JC<:G;DG<GDLI=L6H6G:HJAID;BNBDI=:G /C6DAIDC L=D8DCHI6CIAN:C8DJG6<:9B:

JCL6K:G>C<6C9>I>H<G:6IAN6EEG:8>6I:9 'N8=>A9G:C .G>HINC -=6NC: 6C9=:N:CC:

I=>H9:<G:: #I>HBN=DE:I=:NL>AAH:: I=GDJ<=BN688DBEA>H=B:CIH I=:EDHH>7>A>IN;DG

:C8DJG6<>C<B:ID7:67:II:GE:GHDC .DA9:G'>AIDC.DBA>CHDC I=6C@NDJ;DGH=DL>C<

HDJG8:D;:C8DJG6<:B:CI;DG:68=DI=:G #I=6C@">B;DGNDJG;G>:C9H=>E -::NDJ6II=:

B:G8N #8DJA9CDI=6K:688DBEA>H=:9I=>H;:6IL>I=DJI">B 'N9:H>G:>HIDA>K:;DG">B

)G<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:G:;A:8IHI=:6HHJBEI>DCH K6AJ:H 6C97:A>:;HI=6I6G:H=6G:9

saraireh, & Obeidat, 2015). ,:H:6G8=HIJ9>:HG:K:6AI=6IDG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:>H

EDH>I>K:ANG:A6I:9IDjob satisfaction and impacts employee performance. #I86C6;;:8I

improve and attrition rates decrease; thus, I=:HJGK>K6AD;8DBE6C>:H=6K:7::C;DJC9ID

G:HIDCH6I>H;>:9:BEADN::HL=DHI6NL>I=I=:BRawashdeh et al., 2015).

ID6C99'>AA:CC>6AH ID D<>C  K:GHDA: 06CC:7:G< 

GDL9:G   &:HI:G -I6C9>;:G -8=JAIO 1>C9HDG   DCH:FJ:CIAN 69NC6B>8

NDJC<:GDC:H6G:I6@>C<I=:>GEA68:POR:A>@   JGG:CIAN I=:NDJC<:G:BEADN::H

I=:'>AA:CC>6AH B6@:JED;I=:LDG@;DG8: 6C9>I>HEGD?:8I:9I=6I 7N  I=:N

3JHD;; L6>@6I   *G:H:CIAN I=:G:>H8DCH:CHJHL>I=>CI=:A>I:G6IJG:I=6I

I=>HI>B:E:G>D97:<>CH6C9L=:C>I:C9H6ID 7 ID 8 ID

 9ID :ID 6C9:IDD<>C  K:GHDA::I

6A   ":HH$:EH:C  %696@>6  %J7QIDKQ%J@:A@DKQ  

'>AA:CC>6A#BE68I  POR:A>@  *G>8:

*GD@DE:6@   "DL:K:G 9:HE>I:G:H:6G8=HIJ9>:HI=6I9D8JB:CILDG@EA68:K6AJ:H

6I=:>GDG<6C>O6I>DC6AI:CJG: 7D88JE6I>DCHI=:N8=DH: 8DG<6C>O6I>DCH;DGL=>8=

I=:N8=DH:IDLDG@ 6C99I=:>G:BEADNB:CIHI6IJHPOR:A>@  -DAC:I %G6A? 

%6C96BEJAAN   .=:G:;DG: ID:ME6C9I=:G:H:6G8=A>I:G6IJG:67DJI'>AA:CC>6A

1>I=>CI=:C:MI N:6GH I=:CJB7:GD;B>AA:CC>6A*HL>AA8DCI>CJ:ID<GDL

N:6GH 6AADG<6C>O6I>DCHH=DJA9B6@::;;DGIHIDG:I6>CI=:B JGI=:GBDG: I=:6K:G6<:8DHI

IDG:EA68:'>AA:CC>6AHA>:H7:IL::C 6C9 6C9I=:ADHHD;I=:H::BEADN::H

86CA:69IDDG<6C>O6I>DC6A;6>AJG:*GD@DE:6@   )G<6C>O6I>DCHH=DJA9 I=:G:;DG:

"$,(306/%"/%+645*'*$"5*0/88DG9>C<IDK:GHDA::I6A    9JG>C<I=:

A:6GC:9=DLID688DBBD96I:I=:BK:GHDA::I6A    DCH:FJ:CIAN DG<6C>O6I>DCH

B6C6<:GH 79:H>G:;A:M>7A:LDG@=DJGH 8H::@LDG@

CDCGDJI>C:LDG@ ::ME:8IIDEGD<G:HHK:GNFJ>8@ANJEI=:86G::GA699:G ;L6CII=:

B::II=:>GC::9H%J7QIDKQ%J@:A@DKQ  '>AA:CC>6A#BE68I  *G>8:

HI6N6I6?D7I=6I9D:HCDIB::II=:>GC::9H !>K:CI=6I  D;I=:BEA6CIDA:6K:I=:

LDG@EA68:7:86JH:I=:>GC::9H6G:CDI7:>C<B:I*GD@DE:6@   .=:G:;DG: >;

1>I=>CI=:C:MI N:6GH I=:CJB7:GD;B>AA:CC>6A*HL>AA8DCI>CJ:ID<GDL6C9

I=:N A>@:DI=:GB>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::H 6L6CI;G:FJ:CI6C9>CHI6CI;::9768@ 79:H>G:

BDG:;A:M>7>A>IN>CI=:LDG@EA68: 6C986G:I:8=CDAD<>86AA:69:GH :86JH:I=:H:

I=:6IIG>I>DCG6I: JGG:CIAN 6EEGDM>B6I:AN D;*H>C ADG>966G:8A6HH>;>:96H

DBB>HH>DCDC:GI>;>86I>DCD;*=NH>8>6CHH>HI6CIH   .=>HEDEJA6I>DCD;HIJ9:CIH

K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH -J7H:FJ:CIAN I=>HL>AA8DCIG>7JI:ID6BDG:8DBEA:I:

HH>HI6CIH   .=:*EGD;:HH>DC7:<6C>CI=:/C>I:9-I6I:H>CI=: H II=6I

I>B: I=:G:L6H6H=DGI6<:D;<:C:G6AB:9>86AEG68I>I>DC:GH 6C9I=:DG><>C6IDGHD;I=:

I=:LDG@D;<:C:G6AEG68I>I>DC:GH6LA:N 6LI=DC "DD@:G  

M6B>C:GH 86B:JEL>I=I=:>9:6D;:MI:GCH;DGE=NH>8>6CH 7JI>IL6HG J<:C:-I:69

$G =6>GB6CD;':9>8>C:6IJ@:/C>K:GH>IN L=D:C=6C8:9"J9HDCWH>9:66C9 >C

 9:K:ADE:9I=:;>GHI;DGB6A*EGD<G6B6IJ@:/C>K:GH>IN 99>I>DC6AAN ,>8=6G9

 D;I=:  *HL:G::M

88DG9>C<ID"DD@:G ,6BDH 6AN 6C9 6C<  B6A:H;GDBI=:67N

I=:G6EN6C9L:G:8DCH:FJ:CIANDA9:GHIJ9:CIH DCK:GH:AN *HIJ9:CIHID96N=6K:A:HH

I=:EG>DGN:6GH DG>CHI6C8: I=:6K:G6<:6<:D;;>GHI

L6H  7 ID G6C<:97:IL::C6C9 8 ID L6H  9

 ID L6H  : ID L6H  6C9; ID L6H 

.=:G:L:G: 8:GI>;>:9*H6II=::C9D; 6C9  6II=::C9D;

  G:EG:H:CI>C<6 >C8G:6H:A6HIN:6G6ADC: -J7H:FJ:CIAN >C  I=:*

EGD;:HH>DCL6HC6B:9DC:D;I=: 7:HI?D7H7N&$->:)5,(693,#-769; 6C9I=:

JG:6JD;&67DG-I6I>HI>8HEGD?:8IHI=::BEADNB:CID;*HL>AA<GDL ;GDB ID

  BJ8=;6HI:GI=6C6K:G6<:;DG6AAD88JE6I>DCH JGI=:GBDG: 6HI=:9:B6C9;DG

(6I>DC6ADBB>HH>DCDC:GI>;>86I>DCD;*=NH>8>6CHH>HI6CIH  6  7  

16N  &:HI:G:I6A  POR:A>@  *GD@DE:6@  +J:>G>:I6A  

;::9768@;GDBI=:>GHJE:G>DGH 9;A:M>7A:LDG@=DJGH :I=:7:A>:;I=6IG:HE:8I>H<>K:C

G:HEDCH>7A: .=JH DG<6C>O6I>DCHL>AA8DCI>CJ:IDADH:'>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::H>;I=:N9DCDI

  .=:G:;DG: >C6C:;;DGIID9>H8DK:G=DLDG<6C>O6I>DCH86C8G:6I:68JAIJG:I=6IB6N

=JC<:G;DG<GDLI=L6H6G:HJAID;BNBDI=:G /C6DAIDC L=D8DCHI6CIAN:C8DJG6<:9B:

JCL6K:G>C<6C9>I>H<G:6IAN6EEG:8>6I:9'N8=>A9G:C .G>HINC -=6NC: 6C9=:N:CC:

I=>H9:<G::#I>HBN=DE:I=:NL>AAH:: I=GDJ<=BN688DBEA>H=B:CIH I=:EDHH>7>A>IN;DG

:C8DJG6<>C<B:ID7:67:II:GE:GHDC.DA9:G'>AIDC.DBA>CHDC I=6C@NDJ;DGH=DL>C<

HDJG8:D;:C8DJG6<:B:CI;DG:68=DI=:G#I=6C@">B;DGNDJG;G>:C9H=>E-::NDJ6II=:

B:G8N#8DJA9CDI=6K:688DBEA>H=:9I=>H;:6IL>I=DJI">B'N9:H>G:>HIDA>K:;DG">B

G:HIDCH6I>H;>:9:BEADN::HL=DHI6NL>I=I=:BRawashdeh et al., 2015).

ID6C99'>AA:CC>6AH ID D<>C K:GHDA: 06CC:7:G<

GDL9:G &:HI:G -I6C9>;:G -8=JAIO 1>C9HDG DCH:FJ:CIAN 69NC6B>8

NDJC<:GDC:H6G:I6@>C<I=:>GEA68:POR:A>@ JGG:CIAN I=:NDJC<:G:BEADN::H

I=:'>AA:CC>6AH B6@:JED;I=:LDG@;DG8: 6C9>I>HEGD?:8I:9I=6I 7N I=:N

3JHD;; L6>@6I *G:H:CIAN I=:G:>H8DCH:CHJHL>I=>CI=:A>I:G6IJG:I=6I

I=>HI>B:E:G>D97:<>CH6C9L=:C>I:C9H6ID 7 ID 8 ID

9ID :ID 6C9:IDD<>C K:GHDA::I

6A ":HH$:EH:C %696@>6 %J7QIDKQ%J@:A@DKQ

'>AA:CC>6A#BE68I POR:A>@ *G>8:

*GD@DE:6@ "DL:K:G 9:HE>I:G:H:6G8=HIJ9>:HI=6I9D8JB:CILDG@EA68:K6AJ:H

6I=:>GDG<6C>O6I>DC6AI:CJG: 7D88JE6I>DCHI=:N8=DH: 8DG<6C>O6I>DCH;DGL=>8=

I=:N8=DH:IDLDG@ 6C99I=:>G:BEADNB:CIHI6IJHPOR:A>@ -DAC:I %G6A?

%6C96BEJAAN .=:G:;DG: ID:ME6C9I=:G:H:6G8=A>I:G6IJG:67DJI'>AA:CC>6A

1>I=>CI=:C:MI N:6GH I=:CJB7:GD;B>AA:CC>6A*HL>AA8DCI>CJ:ID<GDL

IDG:EA68:'>AA:CC>6AHA>:H7:IL::C 6C9 6C9I=:ADHHD;I=:H::BEADN::H

86CA:69IDDG<6C>O6I>DC6A;6>AJG:*GD@DE:6@ )G<6C>O6I>DCHH=DJA9 I=:G:;DG:

"$,(306/%"/%+645'$"5*0/88DG9>C<IDK:GHDA::I6A 9JG>C<I=:

A:6GC:9=DLID688DBBD96I:I=:BK:GHDA::I6A DCH:FJ:CIAN DG<6C>O6I>DCH

B6C6<:GH 79:H>G:;A:M>7A:LDG@=DJGH 8H::@LDG@

CDCGDJI>C:LDG@ ::ME:8IIDEGD<G:HHK:GNFJ>8@ANJEI=:86G::GA699:G ;L6CII=:

B::II=:>GC::9H%J7QIDKQ%J@:A@DKQ '>AA:CC>6A#BE68I *G>8:

HI6N6I6?D7I=6I9D:HCDIB::II=:>GC::9H!>K:CI=6I D;I=:BEA6CIDA:6K:I=:

LDG@EA68:7:86JH:I=:>GC::9H6G:CDI7:>C<B:I*GD@DE:6@ .=:G:;DG: >;

1>I=>CI=:C:MI N:6GH I=:CJB7:GD;B>AA:CC>6A*HL>AA8DCI>CJ:ID<GDL6C9

I=:N A>@:DI=:GB>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::H 6L6CI;G:FJ:CI6C9>CHI6CI;::9768@ 79:H>G:

BDG:;A:M>7>A>IN>CI=:LDG@EA68: 6C986G:I:8=CDAD<>86AA:69:GH:86JH:I=:H:

I=:6IIG>I>DCG6I:JGG:CIAN 6EEGDM>B6I:AND;*H>C ADG>966G:8A6HH>;>:96H

DBB>HH>DCDC:GI>;>86I>DCD;*=NH>8>6CHH>HI6CIH .=>HEDEJA6I>DCD;HIJ9:CIH

K6AJ:H6C9:ME:8I6I>DCH-J7H:FJ:CIAN I=>HL>AA8DCIG>7JI:ID6BDG:8DBEA:I:

HH>HI6CIH .=:*EGD;:HH>DC7:<6C>CI=:/C>I:9-I6I:H>CI=: HII=6I

I=:LDG@D;<:C:G6AEG68I>I>DC:GH6LA:N 6LI=DC "DD@:G

M6B>C:GH 86B:JEL>I=I=:>9:6D;:MI:GCH;DGE=NH>8>6CH 7JI>IL6HGJ<:C:-I:69

$G =6>GB6CD;':9>8>C:6IJ@:/C>K:GH>IN L=D:C=6C8:9"J9HDCWH>9:66C9 >C

9:K:ADE:9I=:;>GHI;DGB6A*EGD<G6B6IJ@:/C>K:GH>IN99>I>DC6AAN ,>8=6G9

D;I=: *HL:G::M

88DG9>C<ID"DD@:G ,6BDH 6AN 6C9 6C< B6A:H;GDBI=:67N

I=:G6EN6C9L:G:8DCH:FJ:CIANDA9:GHIJ9:CIHDCK:GH:AN *HIJ9:CIHID96N=6K:A:HH

L6H 7 ID G6C<:97:IL::C6C9 8 ID L6H 9

ID L6H : ID L6H 6C9; ID L6H

.=:G:L:G: 8:GI>;>:9*H6II=::C9D; 6C9 6II=::C9D;

G:EG:H:CI>C<6>C8G:6H:A6HIN:6G6ADC:-J7H:FJ:CIAN >C I=:*

EGD;:HH>DCL6HC6B:9DC:D;I=: 7:HI?D7H7N&$->:)5,(693,#-769; 6C9I=:

JG:6JD;&67DG-I6I>HI>8HEGD?:8IHI=::BEADNB:CID;*HL>AA<GDL ;GDB ID

BJ8=;6HI:GI=6C6K:G6<:;DG6AAD88JE6I>DCH JGI=:GBDG: 6HI=:9:B6C9;DG

(6I>DC6ADBB>HH>DCDC:GI>;>86I>DCD;*=NH>8>6CHH>HI6CIH 6 7

16N &:HI:G:I6A POR:A>@ *GD@DE:6@ +J:>G>:I6A

;::9768@;GDBI=:>GHJE:G>DGH 9;A:M>7A:LDG@=DJGH :I=:7:A>:;I=6IG:HE:8I>H<>K:C

G:HEDCH>7A:.=JH DG<6C>O6I>DCHL>AA8DCI>CJ:IDADH:'>AA:CC>6A:BEADN::H>;I=:N9DCDI

.=:G:;DG: >C6C:;;DGIID9>H8DK:G=DLDG<6C>O6I>DCH86C8G:6I:68JAIJG:I=6IB6N

G:K:6A:9I=6II=G::8D=DGIH>: 67NDDB:GH !:C:G6I>DC2 6C9'>AA:CC>6AHG6C@:9

H>MI=7N6AAI=G::<:C:G6I>DCH&DE:O:A:AA>H A:6GAN I=>HHIJ9NG:K:6A:9

9>;;:G:C8:H>CL=6I:68=<:C:G6I>DCK6AJ:H>CI=:LDG@EA68:.=JH HE:8>;>86AAN

B6C6<:GH6C9HJE:GK>HDGH86CI6@:IDG:I6>C'>AA:CC>6AH%6>;> (6;:> %=6C;6G %6>;>

%J7QIDKQ%J@:A@DKQ '>AA:CC>6A#BE68I POR:A>@ *G>8:

16I:G=DJH:DDE:GH +J:>G>:I6A -B>I=!6A7G6>I= -DAC:I:I6A

"DL:K:G CDG:H:6G8=L6H;DJC99:H8G>7>C<L=6IHE:8>;>8DG<6C>O6I>DC6A8JAIJG:

%J>AB6C 6C9K:G:II JI>A>O6I>DCD;*H>H>C8G:6H>C< 7JI>C;DGB6I>DCDC=DLID

HIJ9>:HHE6CC:9 N:6GH 6C9>IL6H:K>9:CII=6II=:*?D7

*6H6CD88JE6I>DC6A8=D>8:6C96H6I>H;N>C<86G::G.=JH ;68IDGHI=6I86C:MEA6>C?D7

6A JGI=:GBDG: G:H:6G8=:GH=6K:CDI>9:CI>;>:9L=:I=:GDGCDII=:;DAADL>C<

9:BD<G6E=>8H 76<: 8>CI:AA:8IJ6A8JG>DH>IN 9;6B>AN :E6I>:CIE:G8:EI>DCH ;

;DGB6A6C9>C;DGB6AHD8>6A8DCI68I <E:GHDC6A>INEGD;>A:H =HE:8>6AIN 6C9>

D;'>AA:CC>6AH.=:G:;DG: I=>HHIJ9NL>AA=:AE9>H8DK:G>;<:C:G6A>O6I>DCH86C7:B69:

G:<6G9>C<I=:E:GHDC6A9:K:ADEB:CIC::9HD;'>AA:CC>6AH-J7H:FJ:CIAN I=:G:HJAIH;GDB

HI6;; >C8AJ9>C< 7JICDIA>B>I:9ID 68=>:;:M:8JI>K:D;;>8:GH 7B6C6<:GH 6C98

>CHI>IJI>DCHIDG:I6>CB>AA:CC>6AHIJ9:CIH99>I>DC6AAN 6CNDG<6C>O6I>DC9:6A>C<L>I=I=:

--&//"-4.=>HI:GBG:;:GHIDI=DH:>C9>K>9J6AH7DGC ID '>AA:CC>6A

BNI=H 6C9HD8>6A>O6I>DC:ME:G>:C8:HA9:G;:G DAB6C:6A 6B:GDC

+J>CC DCCDGH-B>I= +J>CC,D=G76J<= -8=C:>9:G

7:ADN6AIDI=:DG<6C>O6I>DC;DGL=>8=I=:NLDG@"DL:K:G 8DGEDG6I:G:8GJ>I:GHD;