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Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. iv
List of Tables ......................................................................................................... vii
List of Figures.......................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
Background.............................................................................................................. 1
Business Problem .................................................................................................... 3
Research Purpose..................................................................................................... 5
Research Question ................................................................................................... 6
Rationale .................................................................................................................. 7
Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................... 9
Significance ........................................................................................................... 11
Definition of Terms ............................................................................................... 12
Assumptions and Limitations ................................................................................ 15
Summary................................................................................................................ 16
Organization for Remainder of the Study ............................................................. 16
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 17
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 17
Entrepreneurship.................................................................................................... 18
Theories ................................................................................................................. 25
Entrepreneurship Development Programs ............................................................. 42
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 68
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Introduction ........................................................................................................... 68
Design and Methodology ...................................................................................... 69
Participants ............................................................................................................ 70
Setting ................................................................................................................... 71
Analysis of Research Questions ............................................................................ 71
Data Collection ...................................................................................................... 72
Data Analysis......................................................................................................... 74
Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................... 76
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS................................................................................................... 78
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 78
Data Collection Results ......................................................................................... 78
Data Analysis and Results ..................................................................................... 91
Summary................................................................................................................ 98
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 99
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 99
Evaluation of Research Question ........................................................................ 100
Fulfillment of Research Purpose ......................................................................... 101
Contribution to Business Problem ....................................................................... 102
Recommendations for Further Research ............................................................. 103
Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 103
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 105
APPENDIX A. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS .................................................................. 119
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In the United States, 13% of the adult population claimed to be involved in a new
business venture (Mickiewicz et al., 2017). Additionally, small businesses in the United States
constituted 9.9% of all firms, and since 1996, these firms have resulted in 61.8% of the net new
jobs (Small Business Administration [SBA], 2017). These statistics show that small businesses

have been the main driver of economic development and job creation in the United States;
however, according to the SBA, approximately 50% of small businesses survive longer than 5
years. Further, only about one-third of these businesses survived past their tenth year.
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More than 3,000 business incubators have been opened worldwide, with about 1,000 in
the United States alone (Stokan et al., 2015). Despite this large number of business incubators
and other entrepreneurship programs, entrepreneurs' failure rates and small businesses are still
high. Only about half of all small businesses survive longer than 5 years, with only about one-
third of these businesses surviving past their 10th year (SBA, 2017). Participation in business
incubation and other entrepreneurship development programs was intended to improve the
chance of survival for small businesses, suggesting that these programs are a potential solution to
this problem (Mubarak AL-Mubaraki & Busler, 2014; ,=:D9DG6@DEDJADH:I6A

). However,
few studies have shown the effects of entrepreneurship development programs on the
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The research questions below explore how entrepreneurship development programs
impact start-up businesses. The study will include questions that explore how start-up businesses
gain knowledge from these programs and other entrepreneurs by applying the KSTE. With these

goals in mind, a generic qualitative inquiry design was selected to best fit these criteria
(Kennedy, 2016; Percy et al., 2015). This design was chosen to identify, analyze, and report on
themes and patterns within the data. This design was also selected to understand the factors that
may affect start-ups and small businesses participating in entrepreneurship development
programs. Additional detail on the research methodology will be provided in Chapter 3.
The research question for this study is:
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This study’s results can assist implementers of
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Lamine et al., 2015;
Ratih et al., 2018)

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HNHI:BHBrand et al., 2018).
One entrepreneurship network model suggests a platform business model (Yun et al.,
2017). Comparing entrepreneurial ecosystems to the Apple App Store and Hotels.com platforms,
Yun et al. (2017) suggested that while older models set up networks specific to particular
industries, a diversified industry network can yield greater results as each business can feed off

the others. However, this model can also take focus from regional development on focused areas
to a wider and more diverse pool of multiple regions. This model has been designed to better
prepare businesses for the Internet age, where knowledge can be widespread and spillover even
without proximity (Yun et al., 2017).
The need for internationalization within start-up ventures has shown an increased demand
for networks, as networks are the only way to gain the knowledge to accomplish this goal
(Oparaocha, 2015). Small businesses need assistance in attaining market information, contacts,
and financial support to allow them to reach a wider customer footprint. Though the internet has
made it easier to operate a business within an international context, entrepreneurs struggle with
how to enter the global market, succeed, and survive as a business within a much smaller
context. Entrepreneurship development programs are a common solution for building these
networks and spreading knowledge to entrepreneurs about how to overcome these considerable
new challenges for small businesses.
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The focus of this study is to explore how entrepreneurship development programs impact
their success through SLT. The study then explores how start-up businesses gain knowledge
from these programs and other entrepreneurs by applying the KSTE. With these goals in mind, a
qualitative inquiry design was selected to best fit these criteria (Kennedy, 2016; Percy et al.,
2015).
A generic qualitative inquiry using thematic analysis is used when I=:96I6C::9HID7:
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Kennedy, 2016; Percy et al., 2015
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This study utilizes a general strategy of relying on theoretical propositions during
analysis, as already described. The study builds on this strategy using the analytical techniques of
pattern matching and explanation building. Pattern matching uses the data collected in the study
to find patterns and compares them to predict patterns that were determined during the literature
review and development of the research questions. Explanation building utilized the theory
lenses described in previous chapters to explain why or how the outcomes from the study may
have occurred. A comparison of the data to the original propositions is included while explaining

why they could match and how the revision or match may have occurred based on similar studies
and theories (Yin, 2018).
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(Braun & Clarke, 2006; Kennedy, 2016; Percy et al., 2015)

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An analysis of the research question created for this qualitative study is as follows:
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• This research question addresses a gap in understanding these programs' impact
on start-up businesses' success.
• This question helped point out how SLT is applied during program participation
may be a significant part of successful learning and application for these
businesses.

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Table 1 provides the summarized responses to Question 1: Describe the type of
entrepreneurship development program you participated in? The participants in this study had a
range of program types. Participant P1 was involved in an online accelerator that did not function

with the same framework as the other participants. Participant P3 was in a cohort program model
that included aspects of other entrepreneurship development programs but was not as refined and
did not have a specific end. Participant P8 was in a different cohort model through a membership
organization.
Table 1
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Table 2 provides the summarized responses to Question 2: Describe the length of time,
curriculum, and program content you participated. The length of time spent in the participants’
respective programs varied. The shortest programs lasted 3 months, while Participants P2 and P3
were in their programs for over 2 years. However, Participants P2 and P3 also expressed high
satisfaction in their programs and the resources they had been provided, while others who spent
less time in a program were not satisfied. The program curriculum was varied. All participants
stated that the curriculum included general business assistance such as finance, marketing, and
operational processes. Participant P2 stated that their program provided a curriculum specific to
their company’s industry.

Table 2
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Table 3 summarizes the responses to Question 2 Part a: Who did you interact with in the
program, what were their roles, and did they give you a specific mentor? Participants P1 and P6
did not interact with anyone in the program that they felt was a mentor or guiding person for
their companies. All other participants interacted with established CEOs, previous program
graduates, and program personnel. Participants P1, P2, P6, P8, and P12 were not given a specific
mentor during the program. Each of the five expressed disappointment in not having a specific
mentor and felt that it would have improved the experience.
Table 3
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Table 4 provides the summarized responses for Question 3 Part a: Did the program
provide you with any specific goals you had to meet? Participants P2, P4, P5, P7, P9, P10, and
P12 explained that their programs gave them specific goals by allowing the companies to define
their own goals and then measured the company’s success by completing those goals. P9 said,
“So in the beginning, you met with the head of the program, and he helped you lay out a plan for
you and what some of the data was that you should provide.”
P11 had set goals from the program that were the same goals for each company in the
program. P11 said, “They kind of had every session with something to complete by [the end of]
that session… it was just different every week.” P8 said, “On the intake, you had to set three
goals that you want, and that was kind of how they paired you with the classes, and then there
was an outcome [for that class].
Table 4
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Question 3 Part a Subquestion i asked: How did the program measure success for your
business? Several participants stated that the program was focused on preparing them for a
demonstration day where they presented to a group of leaders, mentors, stakeholders, and
potential investors and did not have measurable successes beyond their successful participation

on that day. Some demonstration days included potential investors, and some success was
measured by whether any of those investors wanted to invest actual money in the business.
Participants P3 and P12 said that the measure of success in their programs was that the business
stayed open during the program.
Table 5 provides summarized responses to Question 3 Part a Subquestion ii. Did you
create any new strategies or change your original plan while in the program? Describe them.
Participants P3, P7, and P10 felt there was little to no change in their plan during or after their
program. Participants P1, P2, P4, P5, P6, P8, P9, and P12 described large pivots in their
business. Some pivots were complete changes to what their company provided, while others
described changes to how they packaged or sold their product and services. However, Participant
P4 stated that the large changes were not good for their business. Participant P4 explained that
the program pushed them to change their model and add services to become more attractive to
investors. The participant felt this harmed their customers' ability to provide quality service.
Table 5
Summarized Responses – Question 3 Part a Subquestion ii
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Question 3 Part a Subquestion iii asked: What was the role of the person who discussed
your business strategy with you? How did those conversations go? While Participants P1 and P6
stated that these conversations never occurred, Participants P2, P3, P4, P5, P7, P9, P10, P11, and

P12 had these types of conversations with either a specific mentor or other leaders in the
program who were all chief executive officers (CEO), past program graduates, or experts in their
field. Often, they were volunteers or potential investors. Participants described these
conversations as helpful and insightful for the most part. Some conversations were described as
too general, and some of these leaders did not seem to know enough about their specific business
or industry to give them specific advice.
Table 6 provides a summarized response to Question 3 Part b: Describe the data that the
program required you to provide during your participation in detail. Participants P1, P6, and P8
were not required to provide any business data to their program. The remainder of the
participants (P2, P3, P4, P5, P7, P9, P10, P11, and P12) were all required to provide specific data
during their involvement in the program. P12 said, “We did a big quarterly 2 hour meeting where
we went over our goals, but it was a lot of metrics around our first big goals.” P7 said, “Yeah, we
provided a lot of data. Of course, sales were the top metric for our business. Cost per acquisition
was a key metric we were providing.”
Table 6
Summarized Responses – Question 3 Part b
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Question 3 Part c asked: What could the program have offered as a service or advice to
help your business be more successful than it did not do?” Most participants were unsure how to

respond to this question. Most responses were vague or simply suggested they were unsure what
else the program could have offered them. Participant P9 said that they wished their program had
mentors that had a business in the same industry so that they could provide more specific
examples, advice, and strategies for surviving in that particular industry.
Table 7 summarizes Question 3 Part d: Describe your motivation to participate in the
program. How long were you in business prior to entering the program? How many years have
you been in business as of today?” The participants' motivations again varied, though 10 of 12
described a need for resources such as software, people, funding, or network growth through the
program. P4 stated that others pushed them to participate. Participant P6 indicated that they
enjoyed learning, and the program acted as a means to increase their business knowledge. All
participants entered the entrepreneurship development program within their first 3 years of
business, regardless of the type of program. Every business is currently at least 3 years old.
Table 7
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Table 8 summarizes Question 3 Part e: How did the program help you ensure your
business survived? The responses to this question varied significantly. Seven of the participants
stated that the program did help the business survive. However, how the program helped was
different. The remaining five participants stated that the program did not help them survive,
despite most saying the program was helpful in general. These participants thought that their
business would have survived without the program but stated that the program impacted their
business direction.

Table 8
Summarized Responses – Question 3 Part e
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Table 9 provides a summarized response to Question 3 Part f: Describe any changes you
made after your program that you believe may have contributed to your success. All participants
besides P1 and P4 stated that the entrepreneurship development program contributed to their
success. However, each response varied in how the program contributed to their success.
Participants P3, P6, P8, and P11 said the educational seminars contained information that
benefited them. Other participants (P9 and P10) stated that a mentor was the main factor in their
success. Participants P4. P5, P7. P8. Moreover, P12 also mentioned that their programs included
pitch days with investors that helped them financially. Participants P1 and P10 said their
programs gave them access to discounted software through Amazon Web Services, Salesforce,
and Hubspot, which contributed to their successes.
Table 9
Summarized Responses – Question 3 Part f
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Table 10 provides the summarized responses for Question 3, Part g, How many
employees did you have when you started the entrepreneurship development program, and how
many employees do you have currently? All participants (P1 through P12) saw an increase in
employee count from the beginning of their program. Participants P4 and P6 had the lowest
increase in employee count. P3 mentioned that they had more employees than 6, but the COVID-
19 pandemic had recently forced them to cut staff.
Table 10
Summarized Responses – Question 3 Part g
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Table 11 provides a summarized response for Question 3 Part g Subquestion i and
Question 3 Part g Subquestion ii, which asks how the program helped increase the employee
count or if the program did not help increase the employee count and its impact. Many
participants stated that the program did help improve the employee count. Three participants
specifically mentioned that they hired people in the same program. Participants P1, P6, and P8
did have an increase in employee count but stated that it happened after the program was over.
The program did not specifically help them increase the number of employees.
Table 11
Summarized Responses – Question 3 Part g Subquestions i and ii
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Table 12 provides the summarized responses for Question 3 Part h: What suggestions or
advice did you incorporate from the program that you believed helped to increase profitability?
All participants except one stated that their program helped to increase profitability. The answers
varied from specific examples to broad statements when the participants described how this
occurred. One participant said that the program taught how to determine and adhere to customer
acquisition costs, increasing their margins. Another participant thought that the financial mentor
they were provided helped develop budgets and cut unnecessary costs.

Table 12
Summarized Responses – Question 3 Part h
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Albort-Morant, G., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2015). A bibliometric analysis of international impact
of business incubators. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 1775-1779.
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perspective. International Business Review, 24(5), 861-873.
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Patton, D. (2014). Realising potential: The impact of business incubation on the absorptive
capacity of new technology-based firms. International Small Business Journal, 32(8),
897-917. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613482134

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2015-0487
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Yun, J. J., Won, D., Park, K., Yang, J., & Zhao, X. (2017). Growth of a platform business model
as an entrepreneurial ecosystem and its effects on regional development. European
Planning Studies, 25(5), 805-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1282082
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1. Describe what type of entrepreneurship development program did you participated in?
2. Describe the length of time, curriculum, and program content you participated in.
a. Who did you interact with in the program, what were their roles, and did they give
you a specific mentor to work with?
b. What kind of position did the people you interacted with hold (mentor, peer,
team)?
3. Tell me about your experiences in the program.
a. Did the program provide you with any specific goals you had to meet? Describe
these goals.
i. How did the program measure success for your business?
ii. Did you create any new strategies or change your original plan while in
the program? Describe them.
iii. What was the role of the person who discussed your business strategy with
you? How did those conversations go?
b. Describe the data the program required you to provide during your participation in
detail.
c. What could the program have offered as a service or advice to help your business
be more successful that it did not do?
d. Describe your motivation to participate in the program. How long were you in
business before entering the program? How many years have you been in business
as of today?
e. How did the program help you ensure your business survived?
f. Describe any changes you made after your program that you believe may have
contributed to your success.
g. How many employees did you have when you started the entrepreneurship
development program, and how many employees do you have currently?

i. If there was an increase, describe how the program helped increase the
number of employees you have?
ii. If there was a decrease, did the program have anything to do with the
decline in the employee count?
h. What suggestions or advice did you incorporate from the program that you
believed helped to increase profitability?

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Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. iv

List of Tables ......................................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1

Business Problem .................................................................................................... 3

Research Question ................................................................................................... 6

Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................... 9

Significance ........................................................................................................... 11

Definition of Terms ............................................................................................... 12

Assumptions and Limitations ................................................................................ 15

Organization for Remainder of the Study ............................................................. 16

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 17

Introduction ........................................................................................................... 17

Theories ................................................................................................................. 25

Entrepreneurship Development Programs ............................................................. 42

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 68

Introduction ........................................................................................................... 68

Design and Methodology ...................................................................................... 69

Participants ............................................................................................................ 70

Setting ................................................................................................................... 71

Analysis of Research Questions ............................................................................ 71

Data Collection ...................................................................................................... 72

Data Analysis......................................................................................................... 74

Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................... 76

CHAPTER 4. RESULTS................................................................................................... 78

Introduction ........................................................................................................... 78

Data Collection Results ......................................................................................... 78

Data Analysis and Results ..................................................................................... 91

CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 99

Introduction ........................................................................................................... 99

Evaluation of Research Question ........................................................................ 100

Fulfillment of Research Purpose ......................................................................... 101

Contribution to Business Problem ....................................................................... 102

Recommendations for Further Research ............................................................. 103

Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 103

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 105

APPENDIX A. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS .................................................................. 119

this problem (Mubarak AL-Mubaraki & Busler, 2014; ,=:D9DG6@DEDJADH:I6A

entrepreneurship environment (=6GGN:I6A

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The research questions below explore how entrepreneurship development programs

may affect start-ups and small businesses participating in entrepreneurship development

programs. Additional detail on the research methodology will be provided in Chapter 3.

The research question for this study is:

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