Llarenas, Kimberly Kaye P.

BSN 4A1b
NCM118a

Assignment:
1. What are the parts of O2 Regulator?

Oxygen tank – is a heavy metal tank

that keeps the oxygen under pressure

Pressure gauge – this shows how

much oxygen is left in the tank

Flow meter – this controls the rate

(how fast) the oxygen comes out of the
tank

Humidifier cup – Water is mixed with

the oxygen and the oxygen is warmed
before you breathe it; this helps to
prevent your nose, mouth, and throat
from becoming too dry

2. What is the difference between Trendelenburg and reverse Trendelenburg position?

- In Trendelenburg position, the patient's head is positioned down, and feet positioned
up. In Reverse Trendelenburg, their head is up, and feet are positioned down.
Trendelenburg position is typically used for lower abdominal surgeries including
colorectal, gynecological, and genitourinary procedures as well as central venous
catheter placement. While, Reverse trendelenburg position is used for neck and head
surgery and gynecological procedures because it reduces the flow of blood to those
areas. The reverse trendelenburg position is also used to improve surgical exposure of
the prostate and minimally invasive upper abdominal procedures.

3. What are the things to watch out in amniotomy?

- Cord prolapse – This commonly occurs as a consequence of the sudden and rapid
flow of amniotic fluid, which is why the doctor has to control the flow once the sac
has been ruptured.
- Ruptured vasa previa – If this occurs, the patient will have to undergo an emergency
caesarean section.
 - Cord compression - This refers to a condition wherein the baby’s umbilical cord
becomes compressed or flattened, usually as a result of the movement of amniotic
fluid as it is released. When this occurs, the fetus may not get enough oxygen and
blood, and this in turn places him at risk of heart problems and birth injuries. If mild
cord compression is suspected, the patient may simply be given additional oxygen or
asked to change position to relieve the compression. However, if these do not work
and the fetal heart rate changes drastically, the patient will undergo an emergency
caesarean section.
- Fetal blood loss – This can be a life-threatening complication, one that warrants an
emergency caesarean section to save the fetus.
- Infection – The pregnant patient may need to be given antibiotics preemptively after
an amniotomy is performed. This is because once the amniotic fluid is released, there
is a high risk of intrauterine infection.
- Fetal scalp trauma – If the head of the fetus is positioned too closely to the amniotic
membrane, it may be possible for some scalp trauma to occur, but this is often very
mild.
- Chorioamnionitis – This is associated with prolonged membrane rupture.

4. Why is dexamethasone is given to pregnant women?

- Dexamethasone accelerates maturation of fetal lungs, decrease number of neonates

with respiratory distress syndrome and improves survival in preterm delivered
neonates. Optimal gestational age for use of dexamethasone therapy is 31 to 34 weeks
of gestation.

5. What is the difference between APGAR score and BALLARD score?

- The Ballard score is commonly used to determine gestational age. Here's how it
works: Scores are given for 6 physical and 6 nerve and muscle development
(neuromuscular) signs of maturity. The scores for each may range from -1 to 5.
- The Apgar score provides an accepted and convenient method for reporting the status
of the newborn infant immediately after birth and the response to resuscitation if
needed. The Apgar score helps find breathing problems and other health issues. It is
part of the special attention given to a baby in the first few minutes after birth. The
baby is checked at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth for heart and respiratory rates,
muscle tone, reflexes, and color. A baby who needs help with any of these issues is
getting constant attention during those first 5 to 10 minutes.

6. 4 grips of Leopold’s maneuver:

1. Fundic Grip
2. Umbilical Grip
3. Pawlik’s grip
4. Pelvic grip

7. What's the difference between placenta abruptio and placenta previa?

 - With placenta abruptio, the placenta partially or completely detaches itself from the
uterine wall before delivery. With placenta previa, the placenta is located over or near
the cervix, in the lower part of the uterus.

8. What are the differences between epidural and spinal anesthesia?

- Spinal anesthesia is often used for genital, urinary tract, or lower body
procedures. Epidural anesthesia is often used during labor and delivery, and surgery
in the pelvis and legs. Epidural and spinal anesthesia are often used when: The
procedure or labor is too painful without any pain medicine. Spinal anesthesia
involves the injection of numbing medicine directly into the fluid sac. Epidurals
involve the injection into the space outside the sac (epidural space).