-bf(a) 0(- 2) - l(I) ==--=-!_ == 0.

333
af(b) - == 2-1 - 3
x1 == - f( b)-f(a) -
3 4(0 333) + I == -0 .2950 < 0
f(x1 ) == (0. 33~) ~ . 333
10 0
:. the '.oot h:_S (O, ·= ) b = 0 _333 , f(b) = - 0.2950
0
w takmg a- 0, f(a) 1 '
N · a f( b) - b(fa) _ 0(- 0. 2950) - (0 .333) (1)
Th e 2 nd approximation x2 == f (b) - f(a) - - 0.2950 - 1

_ -0.333 = 0.333 = 0.2571

X 2 - -1. 2950 1. 2950

f(x ) = (0. 2571) 3 -4(0.2571) + 1 = -0.0114 < 0

2
:. The root lies in (0 , 0.2571)
a= 0 , f(a) = 1 ; b=0.2571, f(b)= -0.0114
rd . • • af(b) -bf(a) _ 0(-0.0114) - (0.2571) .1
The 3 approximation x3 = f(b)-f(a) - -0.0114 -1

= -0.2571 = 0.2571 = 0.2542

-1.0114 1.0114

f(x3 ) = (0 .2542) 3 -4(0.2542) + 1 = -0 .0003 < 0

:. The root lies in (0, 0.2542)
a= 0 , f(a) = 1 ; b = 0.2542 f(b) = - 0.0003
th • • a f(b) -bf(a) _ (-0.2542) (1) _ 0. 2542
_
The 4 approximation x4 - f(b)-f(a) - _ _
0 0003 _ 1 - l.000 3
,'. X4 = 0.2541.
Hence the root is x4 = 0.2541 .

Example 3 : Compute the real root of xlog 10 x - 1. 2 =0 by the method of false position
correct to 3 decimal places.
Solution : Let f (x) =x log10 x -1.2, f(l) =-1.2, f(2) = -0.6 < 0 , f(3) = 0.23 > 0
Therefore the real root lies in (2, 3)
st
1 Step : a = 2, f(a) = - 0.6 ; b = 3 ; f(b) = 0.23
_ af(b)-bf(a) _ 2(0.23) -3(-0.6) 0.46 + 1.8 2.26
XJ - - - - - - - - - ~___:_ = - - - =- = 2 7228
f(b)-f(a) . 0.23- (-0. 6) 0.23+0.6 0.83 .

2nd Step : f( x1) = f(2. 7228) = 2. 7228 log 2. 7228 -1. 2 = - 0. 0155 < 0
10
: . The root lies in (2. 7228 , 3)
Now a = 2.7228 f(a) = - 0.015 5 ; b = 3, f(b)= 0.23
x = a~( b) ~bf(a) = 2.7228 (0.23) - 3(- 0.0155) _ 0.672 7 = _
2 2 7401
t(b) - f(a) 0.23-(- 0.01 55) - 0 .2455
~ matics S ix th
t,4.JtfJS ~
- -
S e m e s te r
-- - -
--
~----- - - - - - - - - i l l 235

, ~., . {(2 ,74 0 1 ) =

2 . 7 401 log1
1 , 3)
0 2 . 7401 -1 2
_
· - -O . 000
47 < o
r4 5teP · t Jjes in (2 .740 ) -
; b = 3 ' fi\'b - 0 23
= - 0 .0 0 0 4
'(b e roo flY\a) ) - 3 (- 0 0 0 0 4
' 40I _ b f (a) _ 2 . 7401 (0 .23 ) = 0 .6302 +
0 .0012
·~;. 1 b 0 0 4 ). - 2 7404
0 .2 3 -( -0 .0 0 23 ~ .
~- upt th . 04
3r d d . the r equ1. red
:: f (b) x 3 we have
the sa m e value o e place o f ec1mal. Hence
IJ . x and
aflTlg 2 ot is 2 . 740.
or ·ma te ro
tJP
to find the ,;ourth root o f 12 ' perform 4 iterations
protl • use the reguJa fa ls i method
P 12 ⇒ x 4 -1 2 == O
4,.-;l ;1.L.2 ⇒ x 4 =
4·
,,m Pie -
. . Let x - -ii -11<0
wt1on . 0 ) = - 1 2 , f( l) = l- 1 2 =
- x 4 -1 2 , f( al ro o t lies in (1
, 2)
a re
t = f( t) 12 == 4
>0 : .
, f(b) = 4
ff2) ;:: 16 = J , f(a) = - 11 ; b = 2 1) = 4+22
26
L . a= b ) - b f( a ) =
1 (4 ) -2 (- 1
= = I. 73 33
st
steP · _ a f(
4 -( -1 1 ) 15 15
leh ave XJ - f( b ) - f( a )
ie s in (l .7 3 3
,2 )
4 = - 2 .9 8 0 2 < 0 th e ro o tl
) -1 2
f( xi) = (l .7 3 3 4
"step: a) = = -2 .9 8 0 , b = 2 , f( b )= 2 (- 2 .9 8 0 )
12.892 46
:: J. 733
f(
b ) - b f( a ) _ l. 7 3 3 (4 ) -
= 6 .9 8 = 1. 8
a f(
a ) - 4 -( -2 .9 8 0 )
) - f (
x2 = f( b
4
-1 2 = - 0 .3 8
74<0
)= (1 .8 4 6 )
f( l. 8 4 6
t step: f( x 2 )=
46 , 2 )
be root lies in ( I. 8 .846 f(a) = - 0 .3 8 7 4 , b
= 2 f(b) = 4
a= 1 0 .3 8 7 ) 8.158 = l. 860
1 .8 4 6 (4 )- 2 (-
af(b)-bf(a) - ( - 0 .3 8 7 ) = 4 .3 8 7
4
x3 = f( b ) -
f(a) =
8<0
(1 .8 5 9 )
4
- 1 2 = - 0 .0 5 6
l. 8 5 9 )=
t step: f(x3 )= f(
59 , 2 )
~e root lies in (1.8 ) =4 = 1. 861
f(a) = - 0 .0 5 6 8 , b = 2 f( b .0 5 6 ) = 7 .5 4 8 = 1. 8609
Fl.859 1 .8 5 9 (4 ) - 2 (
-0
f( b )- b f( a ) = 4.056
x == a 4 - ( - 0 .056 )
4
f( b ) - f( a ) d e c·im aJ
t o f 1 2 is 1. 861 to th re e
t th h ro o o rr e c t
· e required fourt q u a ti o n c o s x = 3x - I c
th e e
fplxaacmpJe. 5• : Find th e re a l ro o t o f
.
es using· r falsi m e th o d fi1\ l) = - 1.4 6
~,1 . . L regula 3 · · ra d ,a · ns \ fi
1 0 ) = .2 ,
Uhon - cosx + 1 - x m
~ ·
erefore a ,. et f(·r) -
li es in (0, 1)
lqste . ea } roo t .4 6
P,a "' O fl(a) ==2 ; b = 1, f(b ) = -1 2 = 0 .5780
( ___ _
- 1. 4 6 )- -1 (2 ) _ -2 _ - -
xi ::c ~r--~-
b f( a ) _ _ = - 3 . 46 3 .4 6
- 1. 4 6 - 2
( b) - f (a ) -
 236
. Nurnerica1 ~

2
nd step : f(xi )
The root lies in (0.578, 1)
= f(0 .5780) = cos 0.578 - 3(0 .578)+ l = 0.1035 > O ~~-11
a= 0.578 f (a)= 0.1035 ; b = 1 f(b) = -
1.46
0.578 (-1. 46) -1(0 .10 35) _ -0 .8438 - 0.10
~= 35 ·0.9473
-1.4 6-0 .10 35 -
-1.5 635 1.5635::: 0.6058 ~ 0
3rd Step : f(x 2 ) = f(0 .606) = cos 0.6 06- . 6Q6
3(0 .60 6) + l = 0.0039 > O
the root lies in (0.606, l)
a= 0.606 f(a) = 0.0039 ; b = l, f(b) = -
1.46
X = 0.606 (-1 .46 )-1 (0.0 039
3
) = 0.8886 = _
-1.4 6 -0.0 039 0 607
1.4639
th
4 Step : f(0.607) = cos (0.607) - 3(0.607) +
l = 0.00036 > 0
the root lies in (0.607, l)
a= 0.607 f(a) = 0.0003 ; b = 1 f(b) = -
1.46
X = 0.607 (-1. 46) -1( 0.0 003
4
) = 0.8865 = _
-1.4 6 - 0.0003 0 607
1.4603
Hence the real root correct to 3 decimals is
0.607.

Example 6 : Use the method of false positio

n to find the fourth root of 32 correct to three
decimal places
I
Solution: Let x=( 32) 4 ⇒ x 4 =32 or x 4 -32 = 0
f( x) = x 4 - 32 ; f(2) = - 16 < 0 and
f(3) = 49 > 0
i.e a root lies between 2 and 3.
1st step : a= 2 f(a )=- 16 ; b= 3 f(b) = 49
We hav e x _ af( b) -bf (a) _ 2(4 9)- 3(-
1
16) = 98+ 48
- f(b) - f (a) - 49- (-1 6) 65
146
x1 = - = 2.24 62
65
Now f(x 1 ) = (2.2 462) 4 -3 2 = -6.5 43 8
i.e the roo t lies between 2.2462 and 3
2nd step: :. taki ng a=2 .246 2, f(a) =-= - 6.543 8
b =3 f( b) = 49
_
X2 - -af( b)- : . a)
- - . .bf( 2 .24 62( 49) -3( - 6.5438)
~ = - -_ ; _ _ ; __
_ __
f (b) -f(a ) 49- (-6 .5438)
X2 = 2.335
Now f (x3 ) = f (2.335) = -2.2 732
i.e the root lies between 2.335 and 3
 r,1athematics Sixth Semester
6
.sc,,
. • taking a=2 .335 , f(a) = - 2.2732
l step . .. b =3 , f(b) = 49
_ a f(b )-bf (a) = 2.335(49) - 3(-2 .2732)
Xz - f(b) -f(a ) 49- (-2. 273 2)

x3 ::: 2.3645. Now f(x 3 ) = (2.3645)4-32 == -o.7423

f(a) = - 0.7423
th Step : taking a = 2.364,
4 b =3, f(b) = 49
af(b )-b f(a) = 2.364(49) -3(-0.7423)
x4 === f(b )-f( a) 49- (-0. 742 3)
x4 ::: 2.3734
Now f(x 4) = (2.3734)4-32 = -0. 2690
. the root lies between 2.3 734 and 3
1.e
g a=2.373, f(a) = -0.2690
51h step: takin f(b) = 49
b=3 ,
af(b )-bf (a) _ 2.373(49) -3(- 0.2 69)
x5 = f(b) -f(a ) - 49- (-0. 269 )

Now f(x 5) = (2.376)4-32 = -0.1 30

i.e the root lies between 2.376 and 3
6th Step: taking a=2.376, f(a) = -0.130
b=3 , f(b) =49

af(b)-bf(a) 2.376(49)-3(-0.130)
x6 = =
f(b) -f(a ) 49- (-0. 130 )
x6 = 2.378
Now f(x6 ) = (2.378)4-32 = -0.0 22
i.e the root lies between 2.378 and 3
I
th step : taking a=2.378 , f (a)= - 0.022
b=3 , f(b) =49
x = af(b )-bf (a) = 2.378(49)-3(-0.022
)
7
f(b) -f(a ) 49- (-0 .22 )
X7 = 2.378
Since
x6 = x1 up to 3 decimal places

We take (32} = 2.378 · method

• h Regula-fa Is1
E n cosx = xe:c using t e
XarnpJe 7 : Find the root of the equatio
correct t0 "iour decimal places.
Soiutt
on : Let f( x) = cos x- xex = 0
 238

-rking a;::: 0, b ::; \ we hav e

la _ f' . f'b)
f(a) - 'O) : : : \ > O , , == f .(\) =. cos \ - e = - 2 .\
Since f(a) and ) of oppos1te s1 T79 < o
R\, gn
a ::;Q ' b ::; \ ' a)~: \ f(b) = -2 .\ 119
s , .
the gwen eq .
uation has a
i.,a '
root lies be~
af(b)-bf(a) ~
1,, approximation : x, = _ 0(-2 .\119
) - \(\) '-ttt ~a
flb)-fla) -
- 2 .\119 - \ %\
x1 :::: () .3 \ 461 "" _-_3__j_
{( x,)=cos0.3 .\119
\461-0.3\ 461 IU\4b1 f\ 5
i.e the root \,e e = ,i. l9 i1
s between OJ
\4
> ()
Nowta\dng a 61 and \
=0.3\461, b
= \ , f(a)=
{(b) = f( l) = f(0.3\461)
-2.\119 = 0 .5\9i7

l"d approxim
ation: x = -af(b)-bf(a)
2 -___ _;_~ 0.3\461(-2 \119)
f(b)-f(a) = · -1(0.S\9~7)
- 0 .6 ~ - 2 .\ 1 1 9 - 0 .5
S \- 0.5 \ 1981
- -- 981
X2 = - -
-2.69111 -
-\.205 \1
= -2.69111
f( x ) = f(0.4 = 0.4 4612
2 A612) = cos
(0.44612) -
f( x2) = 0.20 () .44612 ellA<\
356 > 0 612
1\ie roo t Hes
between (O
AA612 , \)
a= 0.44612 ~
b= \
f(a) = f(0.446
12) = 0.2G3
f( b ) = f( \) = 56
-2.\119
3 rd approximati
on: x, = af(b)-bf(a)
- 0.44612(-
f(b)-f(a) 2.\ 179) -\(0.20
-2.\179-0.2 356)
-0
= -.9129 l- .2 0 3 5 0356
- -0 - --6
- 2 .3 8 \4 6
= - -\ .\ 1 641
X
=
- 2 .3 8 \4 6 0.494()2
3
Re-peafmg th
1s -process,
the successiv
X = 0.5
4 0995 , x e a\)\)TOXim
5 = 0 .5 \5 2 0 ,
ations are
X 1 = 0 .5 x = 0 .5
\1 4 8 , X i= 6 \6 9 2
Hence \ne m 0 .5\11 ,
o t ts \\.S\ 1 X 9 = 0 .5 \1 7
1 correct to
¥.xamp\e \\ 4 d e c,ma\ p\aces
: Same \lr .
ob\em cosx
sma\\ see th
e d\Uerenc
= xex is work . the interv
al \a,
b\ sufficient\\ \
e. ed by takmg
So\ut\on :
Let f \x ) =
1 'a k1n g a = cos x - x e x = 1
OA anc.\ o = 0
L 0 .6 w e fm
d th
 r
·cs s,xth Se mes te ---
t
- - - - - -- - - - 2
r1~tl1' ,r,a -
' : . :
=!!
5c,, · M 433 >·o
f
4) co s0 .4 -0 .4e06 = 0.32
===
;:: f(0' 0.26793 <0
[(O. ) 6) === co s0 .6 - 0.6e · = -
b);:: f( 0. .
gns, the given equatio
f( d f(b ) ar e of op po si te si n f(x) == 0 h e a real root betw
av een
to.) afl .
•flee f l'd b ::= o.6 • • •
,, 4 9,11 ro ot 1s
~- o:dm at io n o f th is
' r,rI st apP' f( a) = 0. 4( -0 .2 67 93 ) -0 .6 (0 .3 2433)
.·be af(b) -b
)- f( a) 0.26793-0.32433
x, ::=: f( b
-0 .3 01 76
,10111-0.19459 _
0 -0 .5 92 26
::;:- ---0 .5 92 26
_ .so951
.x, - 0 (0.50951)eo.s09s1 .
f(x,) ::=: f(0 .50951) = cos(0.50951) -
.
f(x,) == o.024916> 0
f( .x1) an•d f(b) are
of opposite signs
at
tenote th tw ee n 0.50951 and 0.6
The req uired root lies be
a= 0.50951, b = 0.6

f(a) = 0.02491 f( b)
= 0.26793
besecond ap pr ox im
at io n is gi ve n by
(a ) _ 0.50951 (- 0. 26 79 3) -0 .6 (0 . 02491)
af (b )- bf
-f (a ) - 0.26793-0.02491
Xi = f( b)
-0 .1 51 45 6
-0.13651 -0 .0 14 94 6 -
x2 - -0.29284 -0 .2 92 84
-

X2 = 0.5172 0 172
) = co s( 0. 51 72 )- 0. 51 72 e .s
72
efindthat f( x2 ) = f( 0. 51
f( x2 ) = 0.001694 >
0
are o f opposite signs.
enote that f(x 2 ) and f( b)
qu ire d ro ot lies be tw een 0.5172 and 0.6
,such the re b= 0. 6
a = 0.5172
f( b) = f(0.6) = -0 .2 67
93
72 ) = 0. 00 16 94
f(a) = f(0.51
iethird •
ve n by
approximation is gi
0. 51 72 (- 0. 26 79 3) -0 .6 (0 .0 01 69 4)
x1 :: :~ b) -b f( a)
(a ) - -0 .2 67 93 -0 .001694
f( b) -f
X3 ::: -0 . 13 95 8
1ffi ~ 2 4 = 0. 51 77
'ndth at f ( 7
7 e 0517
' X3 ) :::: f( 0.5177
) = COS 0.5177 -0 .5 17
f(x3 ) == 0.0001745
>o
We note that f(x 3) and f(b) are of opposite signs
.
As such that required ro
ot lies between 0.5177
a = 0.5177 and 0.6
b= 0. 6
f (a) = f(0.5177) = 0. 00
01745 f(b) = f(0 .6) =
- 0.26793
The fourth approximat
ion is given by
af (b) -b f (a) _ 0.5177
X4 = (-0. 26793) -0 .6 (0 .000
f (b) -f (a ) - 1745)
-0 .2 67 93 -0 .0001745
X
4
= - 0.1388 = 0.5177
-0 .2681
We observe th at x an
3 d x4 are equal upto th
the required root correct 4 decimal place. Ther
to four decimal places. efore we take
O•5177 as
Example 9 : Using Reg
ula-falsi method compu
correct to three decimal te the real root of the
places. equation xex==l
Solution: Let f(x) = xe
x-2 = 0
Taking a= 0 and b =
l we get
f( a) =f (0 ) = -2 < 0
f(b) = f( l) = e- 2 = 2.
7183 -2 = 0.7183 > 0
Since f(a) and f(b) are
of opposite signs, the
a= 0 and b= l equation f(x~ = 0 has
a real root in between
The first approximation·
of the root is
af (b )- bf (a
X ---- ) 0(0.7183)-1(-2)
1 -
- f( b) -f (a ) -- 0. 71 83 -( -2 )
2
X
l
= ---
0.7\83+ 2
= -2- = 0.7357
2.7183
f( x 1) = f(0.7357) = (0.7
357)e0.7 357 -2 = - 0.4646
Note that f (x ) and f(b <0
1 ) are of opposite signs.
The required root lies in
the interval (0.7357, l)
a= 0.7357 b= l
f( a) = -0.4646 f(b)
= 0.7183
The second approximat
ion of the root is
_ af
X2 - - -
(b ) -b f(a) 0.7357(0.7183) - 1(- 0.4
-- = _ _.:.___ ...:....__~ -646)
f (b) -f (a) 0.718 3- (-0.4646) -
= (0.5284) +0.4646 = 0.9
93 = 0.8395
1.1829 1.1829 .
W e fin d that , f( x ) =
2 f( 0 .8395) = 0.839Se0 11395
· - 2 = - 0.0 56 38 < O
 .,,ester 241
;~h se
tiCS
S
e~~ .
~st~ f opposite signs.
t ) and f(b) are o O8395 and l
t f(X i t Jjes between .
1~1n8 the roO . b:::: 1
,~fore 8395 ' fi(b):::: O.7 I 83
• 8~ 0. 638 ; •
~ ,o.05 . of the roots 1s
ffa) dmation
,~ird ~ppro (0.8395)(0.7183)-1(-0.05638)
1
~ :::: - 0.7183-( --0.05638)
x/ f(b)-f(a)

--~::::0.8512 ·
Q.7746
Xi ,,
512 e0.8512 -- 2 = - 00
. 061 < 0
f(x) == f(0.8512) = 08 .
find that, J • •
, ) and f (b) are of opposite signs.
·ethat f(-' J .
· oot hes between 0.8512 and 1
, efore t11e r
.r a==0.8512 ; b = l
f(a)==-0.0061 ; f(b) = 0.7183
efourth approximation of the root is
af(b)-bf(a) _ (0.8512)(0.7183)-1(-0.0061)
x4 == f(b)-f(a) - 0.7183-(-0.0061)

X = 0.61}4+0.0061 = 0.6175 = 0_8524

4
0.7244 0.7244
:find that, f(x 4 ) = f(0.8524) = (0.8524)e
0 8524
· -2 = - 0.000893 < 0
tethat f(x 4 ) and f(b) are of opposite signs. Therefore the root lies between 0.8524 and I
i.e F 0.8524 ; b = l
f(a) = -0.000893; f(b) = 0.7183
efifth approximation of the root is
Xs = af(b)- bf(a) _ (0.8524)(0.7183) -·l(-0.000893)
f(b)-f(a) - 0.7183-(-0.000893)
0.6123
:: _ _ _. .3:_ = O·6112
_ _+0.00089 - = 0.8526
0.7192 0.71 92
enote that X4 ==xs = 0.852 c01Tect to three decimal places. Therefore 0.852 is the required
. I PIaces.
. correct to three dec1ma
otofthegive n equation
1
arnp1e to .· p·md a real root of the equatwn . 3 4x - 9 = 0 correct to three d ·
x - ec1mal
aces that r I51• thod
• 2.5 and 3 using Regula-F a me
tcs between
01
Ult on: f ( X) --X 3 -4x-9
.
Given a == 2 S .
· , b =3
f( a)-f. 0
f(b =
(2. 5):::: (2.5)3 -4(2 .5) -- 9 = -- 3.375 <
) - f( 3):::: 27-12-9 =6 > O
J~ -- -- ------- ~ Nurrier1
~ 2 . . ~
Calla
f ·posite signs, the equation f(x) === ohas a ~~~
d f(b) are o op . real root . ~I
Since f(a) an .. . . in bet\\,
and b:::::3 • te of the root is een a~i
proxuna . ,l
The first ap (.2 5)6-3(-3 .375)
af(b)-bf (a) = : ~ -- - -
:.·,.-·
l::
x, :::: - f(b)- f( a) · ·, 6 - (- 3.3 75)
15+10.125 _ 25 -125 = 2.68
x, = 9.375 - 9.375
x) =f (2.68) =(2.68/. - 4(2 - 9 = - 0.4712 < o
a, f( ,
We fin d tht . .68)
Note that f(x') and f( b) are of opposite signs.
Therefore the root lies between 2.68 and 3
·
1.e a= 2.68 b=3
f(a)= - 0.47 12 ; f(b) = 6
The second approximation of the root is
af(b)-bf (a) _ 2.68(6)- 3(-0.471 2)
X2 = -
f(b)-f(a ) 6-(-0.47 12)
=16.08+1.4136 =17.4936 = 2,7033
X
2
6.4712 6.4712
3
We find that, f( x 2 ) = f(2.7033) = (2.7033) -4(2.703 3)~9 = -0.058<0
Note that f(x 2 ) and f(b) are of opposite signs.
Therefore the root lies between 2.7033 and 3.
1.e a= 2. 7033 ; b=3
f(a) = -0.058 ; f(b) = 6
The third approximation of the root is

x
3
= af(b)-bf (a) = (2.7033)(6)-3(-0.058)
f(b)-f(a ) 6-(-0.05 8)
16.2198+0.174 16.3938
X3 = 6.058 = 6.058 = 2. 706
We find that, f (x3) = f(2.706) = (2.706)3 -4(2.70 6)-9
f(x3) = -0.0095 < O
Note that f (x3 ) a d f1(b)
n are of opp0s1te signs.
Therefore the .
. root 1ies between 2.706 and 3 .
1.e a=== 2. 706 ; b ===
3
f(a)=== - 0.0095 ; f(b) === 6
The fourth a . ·
pprox1ma tion of the root .
af(b - IS
x, ~ ~ ~ Q .706)(6) - 3(-0.0095)
( ) 6 - (- 0.0095)
 Mathematics Sixth Semeste r
e,sc,,

16.236 + 0.0285
-----.1 _243
.X4 === 6.0095
16.2645 = 2.706
=== 6.0095

te that X3 = X4 = 2. 706
correct to three dee . I
We no . . una places Th
. d root of the given equation correct to thee dec1·m aI pIaces. . erefore 2 706 . h
require . is t e
le l 1 : Show that a real root of the equation t
);::i~n,3"'. approxim
. f(x)
ation using Regula-Falsi metho:'."' + tanhx ~o lies between 2 and
= tanx+tanhx
3.

Solu t10 • . _ _
ln ra d·an
1 measure, given a- 2, b- 3
f(a) = f(2) = tan2+ta nh3 = -1.221 < o
f(a) = f(3) = tan 3+ tanh 3 = 0.8525 > O
hich shows that a real root of f(x) = 0 lies between 2 and 3
W
a= 2; b=3
f(a) = f(2) = - 1.221 ; f(b) = f(3) = 0.8525
First approximation is given by
af(b)-bf( a)
Xi = - - - - = 2 (0.8525 )- 3 (- l.221)
f(b)-f(a) 0.8525- (-1.221)

.\'I = J.705+3.663 =: 5.368 =: l.S89

0.8525 +1.221 2.0735

ll'efind, f(.r == f(2.58 9)1) = tan2.589 +tanh2.5 89

f(x == 0.3721 > 0
1)

Note that f( ) •
xi and f(2) are of opposite signs.
~erefore tl1 ·
. e root lies between 2 and 2.589
lt a:::: 2
b = 2.589
, f(a)=== -1. 221 ; f(b)=0.3721
~cond ap r .
P oxunation is given by
Xl ~ ~ == 2(0.372 1)-2 .589(~1.221)
(b)-f(a) 0.3721 -(-1.22 1)
X ' 0.7442 3
), ~ ~ 3.9054
l.. fi1 1.593 1 == - -
1.593 J
= 2.45] 4
• nd f(
fp X2) --
!( - ~.4514) == tan2.45 14 +tanh2. 4514
·,'i 1n .t2) ~ o.1596 > o
a1 r(
~ .t2) and fi(
eto 01 1. a) are of opposite signs.
Ies bet
Ween 2 and 2.41 54
 Numerical Meth
~
244

b = 2.4514
Now a=2 ;
f(a) = - I.221 ; f(b)=0.15 96
Third approximation is given by
af(b)-bf( a) _ 2(0.1596) -2.4514(- 1.221)
X3 = f(b) - f(a) - 0.1596-( -1.221)
0.31 92+2.9931 =3.3 123 = 2.3992
1.3806 1.3806
Thus the required third approximation is 2.3992

Example 12 : Find the real root of the equation x ex -3 = 0 by Regula-Falsi method

co rrect to three decimal places.
Solution : f (x) = xex - 3
f(l ) = e-3=2.7 18-3 =-0.282 <0
f(l. l) = l.le1.1 - 3 = 1.1 x3.004 -3 = 0.304 > 0
Since f(l) and f(l .1) are of opposite signs the real root of f(x) =0 lies between 1 and 1.1
So a =I b = 1.1
f(a)= f(l) = -0.282; f(b)= f(l.l) =0.304
Th e first approxim ation of the root is given by
af(b)-bf( a)
X1 =
f(b)-f(a)
= 1(0.304) -1.1 (-0.282) = 1.0 S
4
(0.304) -(-0.282)
f (x1) = f(l.048) = (l.048)e1.048 -3 = -0.0112 < 0
Since f (x1) and f(b) have opposite sign, the root lies between 1.048 and 1.1
a=l.048 b= 1.1
f(a)= -0.0112 ; f(b)=0.30 4
The second approximation of the root is given by

af(b)-bf( a)
X2 =
f (b) -f(a)
= 1.048 (0.304) -1. l (-0.0 112) = 1.0
498
0.304- (-0.0 11 2)
Hence the real root of f(x) = 0 is 1.050
JI"
•
5 Sixth Semes ter
r,4i,tl16 rriatic: :..: ::.; _-- --- --- --- --- --- --~ --_ J~
~- ~
~5
c1s1:S:
,,-Le~ F Isi metho d tQ find a real root of the fi II .
V ufa- a o owing equati on
tJse ieg 1aces . s correct to three
4ec iJll'3 -' p5.X + 1 :::: 0 Ans : 0.201
I) t
3 _5.x - 7 --0 Ans: 2.747
Z) t
4_.x - lo :::: o in (1.8, 2) Ans: 1.855
3) t
, -cos x === O Ans: 0.518
4) te
3 + 1 == O in (2.5, 3) Ans: 2.741
5) t - 9X
6) tanx+tanhx == 0 Ans: 2.365
s 4 -x 3 -1 == 0 in (1.4, 1.5) Ans: 1.404
1) X -X

3 x2 _ 2 == Oin (1, 2)
8) X - . Ans: 1.69
9) 2x-log10 x== 7 Ans: 3.7893

10) x3 -x -1 == 0 Ans: 1.315

11) xex== sin x in radians Ans: -0.134

12) x3 +x -1 == 0 in ( 0, 1) Ans: 0.672

2.4 NEWTON - RAPHSON METHOD

Given an approximate value of a root of an equation, a better and closer approx

imation to the
root can be found by using an iterative process known as Newton-Raphson metho
d. Assuming
lliat xo is an approximate value of a real root of the equation f(x) = 0, let x be
1 the exact root
and x1 == xo + h where h is small correction.
We have f(xi) = 0 i.e f(xo + h) = O, using Taylo r's expansion, we write
h2
f(xo+h) = f(x0 ) +hf'( xo) + -f"(x o) + . .. = 0
2!
Since h ·
is a small quantity' h 2' h 3 ' . . . being still smaller can be neglected. Thus we have

f(xo ) +hf'(x o ) =0 ⇒ h =- f(xo)

1 • • f'(xo)
,ls1ng th· .
lS 10 X
I= xo + h , we obtain
xi ::: Xo- f (xo) ( .d d f '( ) 0) which is the first approximation
f '( xo) prOVl e
-Jo
XQ r