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Ancient Egypt
Sphinx and pyramid
in Giza, Egypt
Organizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize the key events
and ideas from ancient Egypt and Kush.
Step 1 Stack Step 2 Fold down the top edges of the paper to Reading and Writing
two sheets of form four tabs. Align the edges so that all of the As you read the chapter,
paper so that layers or tabs are the same distance apart. take notes under the
the front sheet appropriate tabs. Write
is one inch This makes all main ideas and key terms
the tabs the under the “what” tab.
higher than the
same size.
back sheet.
Step 3 Crease the paper to hold the tabs in Step 4 Label the booklet as
place, then staple them together. Cut the top shown and take notes on the
three thicknesses to create a layered book. inside.
Staple Egypt Kush
together along where? where?
the fold. when? when?
what? what?
r
e a d , c h eck you
As you r s to see if
on
predicti ct.
re cor re
they we
36
Egyptian National Museum, Cairo/SuperStock
comes from the earth, who comes to give life DESERT DESERT
ive
Re
r
On both sides of the Nile Valley and its people of Mesopotamia. In that region, few
delta, deserts unfold as far as the eye can natural barriers protected the cities. The
see. To the west is a vast desert that forms Mesopotamians constantly had to fight off
part of the Sahara (suh • HAR • uh), the largest attackers, but Egypt rarely faced threats. As
desert in the world. To the east, stretching to a result, Egyptian civilization was able to
the Red Sea, is the Eastern Desert. In some grow and prosper.
places, the change from green land to bar- Despite their isolation, the Egyptians
ren sand is so abrupt that a person can were not completely closed to the outside
stand with one foot in each. world. The Mediterranean Sea bordered
The ancient Egyptians called the deserts Egypt to the north, and the Red Sea lay
“the Red Land” because of their burning beyond the desert to the east. These bodies
heat. Although these vast expanses could of water gave the Egyptians a way to trade
not support farming or human life, they with people outside Egypt.
did serve a useful purpose: they kept out- Within Egypt, people used the Nile for
side armies away from Egypt’s territory. trade and transportation. Winds from the
Other geographic features also pro- north pushed sailboats south. The flow of
tected the Egyptians. To the far south, the the Nile carried them north. Egyptian vil-
Nile’s dangerous cataracts blocked enemy lages thus had frequent, friendly contact
boats from reaching Egypt. In the north, the with one another, unlike the hostile relations
delta marshes offered no harbors for between the Mesopotamian city-states.
invaders approaching from the sea. In this Summarize What was
regard, the Egyptians were luckier than the Egypt’s physical setting like?
42
A United Egypt The Rise of Government The advances in
(l)Caroline Penn/CORBIS, (others)Kenneth Garrett
Wheat being
harvested today
Government City-state led by kings and priests; Villages led by chiefs, then united
eventually empires formed into kingdoms; kingdoms later
united and ruled by pharaohs
Work of Artisans Metal products, pottery, cloth Metal products, pottery, cloth
Traders, artisans,
shopkeepers, and
scribes
Farmers and
herders
Unskilled
workers
Locating Places
Giza (GEE • zuh)
Egypt’s Religion
Osiris
Inside a Pyramid
Ancient Egyptians buried their kings within
large stone buildings called pyramids.
1 Air Shaft
5 Entrance
6 Underground Burial Chamber Sometimes kings
were buried here instead.
Vocabulary Preview
destiny: an already-determined fugitive: a person who runs
course of events away or escapes
ferried: carried by boat folly: a foolish action
enchant: to cast a spell vessel: a container
on something exalting: praising
53
As You Read
This is one of the world’s oldest known fairy tales. It was written in
hieroglyphics more than 3,000 years ago. The places in the tale are real,
and the prince and princess may have been based on real people, as well.
The ancient Egyptians often made important people the main characters
in their stories.
º
There once was a king of Egypt who had no sons at all. So the king
asked the gods of his time for a son and they decided that he should
have one. . . .
1
The seven Hathor goddesses came to decide the boy’s fate and
they declared, “He is destined to be killed by a crocodile or a snake
or a dog.”
The people who were at the boy’s side heard this. They reported
it to the king and his heart grew sad.
The king had a house of stone built for the boy at the edge of the
desert, supplied with servants and with all sorts of good things from
the palace, for the child was not to go outside. There the boy grew up.
One day he climbed up to the roof of the house and saw a dog
following a man, who was walking along the road.
“What is that?” he asked his servant.
1
seven Hathor goddesses:
goddesses who visited newborn
children to discover their fates
54
“It’s a dog,” the servant replied. window of my daughter shall have her for
“Let me have a dog like that,” the boy his wife.”
said. The sons of all the chiefs had been
The servant reported this to the king trying to reach the window each day for
and the king said, “His heart is sad. Let many days when the prince passed by
him have a bounding little puppy.” them.
So they gave the boy a dog. They took the prince to their house,
In time, the young prince grew and they bathed him, they rubbed him
restless and he sent a message to his with oil, and they bandaged his feet. They
6
father, saying, “Why should I stay here gave fodder to his horses and food to his
doing nothing? After all, my destiny has servant. They did everything for the
been determined. Allow me to do as I young man.
wish until I meet my fate.” And to start a conversation, they said,
The king replied saying “Let a “Where do you come from, you
chariot2 be prepared for him, equipped handsome youth?”
with all sorts of weapons, and assign a “I am the son of a chariot officer from
servant to accompany him.” Egypt. My mother died and my father
So they did as the king commanded took another wife. My stepmother grew
and gave him all that he needed. Then they to hate me and I have fled her.”
ferried him across the Nile to the east bank They welcomed him and kissed him.
and said to him, “Now go as you wish.”
And the dog was with him. 6
fodder: food for cattle, horses, and sheep
The prince traveled as he pleased
northwards across the desert, living on
the best of all desert game.
Thus he came to the realm of the
3
Chief of Naharín, who had no children—
except one daughter. He had built a house
4
for her with a window seventy cubits
from the ground.
The Chief of Naharín then sent for
5
all the sons of all the chiefs of Kharu,
saying, “He who can jump up to the
2
chariot: a two-wheeled, horse-drawn car
3
Naharín: an area east of the Euphrates
River in present-day Iraq
4
cubits: units of length based on the length
of the arm from the elbow to the fingertips
5
Kharu: an area in present-day Syria
Several days later the prince asked the A messenger went to inform her father.
youths, “What are you doing here in “One of the young men has reached
Naharín?” the window of your daughter,” the
“The past three months we have messenger said.
spent each day jumping, for the Chief of “Whose son is it?” the Chief of
Naharín will give his daughter to the one Naharín inquired.
who reaches her window,” they said. “He is the son of a chariot officer from
“Oh, if only I could enchant my feet, I Egypt. He has fled from his stepmother.”
would jump with you,” said the prince. The Chief of Naharín grew very
The youths went off to jump, as it was angry. “Am I to give my daughter to a
their daily custom, while the prince stood fugitive from Egypt? Send him home!”
at a distance, watching. “You must go back where you came
From her window the daughter of the from,” the messenger said to the prince.
Chief of Naharín gazed at him. But the princess clung to the prince,
At last, when many days had passed, and she swore, “As Re lives, if they take
the prince joined the sons of the chiefs. him from me, I will not eat, I will not
He jumped and he reached the window drink, I will die within the hour!”
of the daughter of the Chief of Naharín. When the messenger had reported
She embraced him and she kissed him. everything she had said to her father, her
father sent men to kill the prince then and
there.
Again the princess swore, “As Re lives,
if they kill him, I shall die before sunset. I
will not live an hour more than he!”
They repeated this to her father, and
the Chief of Naharín had the prince and
his daughter brought before him.
The young man impressed the Chief,
who welcomed him and kissed him and
said, “Now you are like my own son. Tell
me about yourself.”
“I am the child of a chariot officer from
Egypt,” said the young man, “My mother
died and father took another wife. She
grew to hate me, and I have fled from her.”
The Chief of Naharín gave his
daughter to the prince, and he gave him a
house and fields and herds and
everything they needed.
56
When they had lived together for A snake came out of its hole
some time, the young man told his wife, intending to bite the prince, but the
“I know my fate. I shall be killed by one vessels tempted it and the snake drank
of three: a crocodile or a snake or a dog.” from them, got drunk and rolled over on
“Then,” she said, “the dog that follows its back to sleep.
you everywhere must be killed.” His wife chopped the snake in three
“That would be folly,” he replied. “I pieces with her axe. Then she roused her
will not have the dog killed for I have had husband and said to him, “See, your god
it ever since it was a puppy.” has placed one of your fates in your
So his wife began to watch over him hands. He is protecting you.”
closely, and she did not allow him to go The prince made offerings to his god
out alone. Re, adoring him and exalting his power
It so happened that on the very day each day that passed.
the prince had arrived in Naharín, the After some time, the prince went for a
crocodile, his fate, began to follow him. It stroll around his estate. His wife stayed at
caught up with him in the town where the home, but his dog followed him.
prince lived with his wife. Suddenly the dog turned on him and
But there in the lake was a giant who the prince fled from it.
would not let the crocodile out, and so He ran to the edge of the lake and
the crocodile refused to let the giant out. jumped into water to escape the dog, but
For three whole months they had been there the crocodile seized him and
fighting all day long, beginning each day dragged him off to find the giant.
at sunrise.
The prince spent many pleasant days
in his house, and in the evenings when
the breeze died down, he went to bed.
One evening when sleep had overcome
him, his wife filled a vessel with wine and
another with beer. Then she sat down
beside him, but she did not sleep.
“I am pursuing you, for I am your fate,” said the crocodile.
“Listen, for three whole months I have been fighting with the giant.
I will let you go now if you will take my side and kill the giant
when he returns to fight.”
So the prince waited by the water all that night, and when
dawn broke and a second day began, the giant returned.
The giant began to fight the crocodile at once, but the
7
prince stepped forward with his scimitar in his hand.
He cut out the heart of the giant and the giant died.
At that very moment the dog sneaked up
behind the prince. It attacked him and tore
him to bits and spread the pieces all about.
When the prince failed to return, his wife set
out to look for him. After seven days and seven
nights in search for him, she came upon his remains.
She collected all the pieces of her husband’s body
and put them back together again—except for his heart.
That she placed in a lotus flower which was blooming on the water.
Lo and behold, the prince reappeared as he had been before.
From that day on the prince and princess lived together happily
º
until they crossed over to the fields of the blessed.
7
scimitar (SIH • muh • tuhr): a long sword with a curved blade
58
The Egyptian
Empire
What’s the Connection? Locating Places
During the Old Kingdom, Thebes (THEEBZ)
Egyptians established their civilization.
During the Middle Kingdom and the Meeting People
New Kingdom, Egypt’s powerful Ahmose (AHM • OHS)
pharaohs expanded the empire by Hatshepsut (hat • SHEHP • soot)
conquering other lands. Thutmose III (thoot • MOH • suh)
Akhenaton (AHK • NAH • tuhn)
Focusing on the Tutankhamen
• The Middle Kingdom was a golden age (TOO • TANG • KAH • muhn)
of peace, prosperity, and advances in Ramses II (RAM • SEEZ)
the arts and architecture. (page 60)
• During the New Kingdom, Egypt Building Your Vocabulary
acquired new territory and reached tribute (TRIH • byoot)
the height of its power. (page 61) incense (IHN • SEHNS)
• Akhenaton tried to change Egypt’s Reading Strategy
religion, while Tutankhamen is Categorizing Information Create
famous for the treasures found in his a diagram to show the major
tomb. (page 64) accomplishments of Ramses II.
• Under Ramses II, Egypt regained
territory and built great temples, but Ramses
the empire fell by 1150 B.C. (page 65)
Lambert Azimuthal
ile
Re
Equal-Area projection
R.
Reign
g Thutmose I
Hatshepsut was the daughter of Kin
princess, she
and Queen Aahmes. Even as a young
“exceedingly
was confident, describing herself as
iden” who
good to look upon . . . a beautiful ma
ing her
was “serene [peaceful] of nature.” Dur
psut
marriage to King Thutmose II, Hatshe
hoped
influenced her husband’s decisions and
an
to someday have more power. She saw
opportunity when Thutmose died and
declared herself pharaoh.
Because the position of pharaoh was
usually passed from father to son,
a
Hatshepsut had to prove that she was
hing
good leader. She often wore men’s clot
ld
to convince the people that she cou
job.
handle what had always been a man’s
ided
“A dictator excellent
Unlike other pharaohs, Hatshepsut avo
military conquests. She focused her
attention of plans”
y. She restored —Egyptian scribe quoted in
instead on expanding Egypt’s econom
Egypt’s wealth through trad e wit h Afri ca and Asi a. Barbarian Tides
tion s, cargo ships were loaded
Returning home from trading expedi also
and myrrh. During her reign, Hatshepsut
with ebony, gold, ivory, incense, her
uilt many of Egypt’s gre at tem ple s, including the temple at Karnak. In
reb of
the walls recorded the major events
temple at Deir el Bahri, the reliefs on
Hatshepsut’s reign. was
ceful, but her stepson, Thutmose III,
Hatshepsut’s 21-year reign was pea
shepsut and her government.
plotting against her. He overthrew Hat
but
It is unknown how Hatshepsut died,
d
after her death, Thutmose III ordere
that the reliefs and statues in as a
Make a list of Hatshepsut’s strengths
Hatshepsut’s temple be destroy ed. ale
leader. Then choose a present-day fem
hs. Write a
leader and list her leadership strengt
s and
paragraph comparing their similaritie
differences.
63
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund and Edward S. Harkness Gift,1929 (29.3.3)
The Legacies of Two Pharaohs
Reign BC
at a very young
Ramses II began his military training
10-year-old son to
age. Ramses’ father, Seti I, allowed his
made his son
serve as a captain in his army. Seti also
was crowned pharaoh
coruler of Egypt. By the time Ramses
experienced leader.
of Egypt, he was a great warrior and
II named themselves in
Nine kings who ruled after Ramses
his honor. Many centuries later, archae
ologists nicknamed “They all came bowing
ause of his fame on the
the pharaoh “Ramses the Great” bec
oration of buildings and
down to him, to his
battlefield, his construction and rest
monuments, and his popularity among
the Egyptian people. His palace of life and
abbreviation of Ramses.
subjects fondly called him “Sese,” an
tsteps by trying to
satisfaction.”
Ramses continued in his father’s foo —hieroglyphic translation
early years of his reign,
restore Egyptian power in Asia. In the by James B. Pritchard,
eat ed forces in sou the rn Syr ia and continuously battled Ancient Near Eastern Texts
he def costly
, the Hit tite s. Det ails about one
Egypt’s longtime enemy
on temple walls, showing
battle with the Hittites were carved at odds.
the Egyptians succeeding against gre
undertook a large-scale
During his 66-year reign, Ramses II
h an expensive plan because
building program. He could afford suc
reign. He restored the
Egypt was very prosperous during his
nak, and built himself a city
Sphinx, completed the Temple of Kar
ul gardens and orchards. He
with four temples as well as beautif
Simbel. It was carved out
is famous for the temple built at Abu
r huge statues of Ramses II,
of a solid rock cliff and featured fou
two on each side of the doorway.
died early in his reign.
Ramses’ first wife, Queen Nefertari,
ny wives. Ramses II was
Like other pharaohs, Ramses had ma
uded more than 100
proud of his large family, which incl
children.
to learn
Use the Internet and your local library
in South
about Mount Rushmore, a monument
and then
Dakota. Describe Mount Rushmore,
Simbel.
compare it to Ramses’ temple at Abu
Coffin of Ramses II
• Akhenaton failed in his attempt Egypt’s Middle Kingdom and 7. Expository Writing Which
to create a new religion. New Kingdom. of the rulers discussed in this
Tutankhamen ruled briefly but section do you think had the
Middle Kingdom New Kingdom greatest effect upon Egyptian
gained fame because of treasures
found buried with him. history? Write a short essay to
explain your answer.
• Ramses II was Egypt’s last great
pharaoh. In the 900s B.C., Egypt
lost power to outside invaders.
In this wall painting, four Nubian princes offer rings and gold to an Egyptian ruler.
What kingdom was formed when more powerful Nubian villages took over weaker ones?
Mediterranean Sea
30°E 40°E
30°N
Memphis
N ile
EGYPT ARABIA
R.
Thebes
Re
KEY
d
Kush
Se
SAHARA
a
20°N
0 300 mi.
Napata
N 0 300 km
Mero¨e Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
W E
10°N
___ 6. pharaoh
system
Critical Thinking
f. forced payments 16. Describe Identify the four social groups
___ 7. papyrus g. title for Egyptian in ancient Egypt, and explain who
leaders belonged to each group.
17. Synthesize How do you think religious
Review Main Ideas leaders reacted to Akhenaton’s changes?
Section 1 • The Nile Valley 18. Analyze Do you agree that Egyptian civi-
8. What natural barriers protected Egypt lization can be called “the Gift of the
from invasion? Nile”? Explain.
9. What factors divided Egyptians into social 19. Compare In what ways did Meroë look
groups? like an Egyptian city?
WESTERN EASTERN
eR
DESERT DESERT
Re
Analyze
ive
dS
r
N
UPPER EGYPT
ea
0 100 mi.
W E Thebes The Greek historian Herodotus noticed
S 0 100 km that the Nile was different from other
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
rivers.
“The Nile, when it floods, spreads over not
Read to Write only the Delta but parts of what are called
24. Descriptive Writing Imagine you are an Libya and Arabia for two days’ journey in
ancient Egyptian pharaoh. You are making either direction, more or less. . . . This that I
plans that your followers will carry out have mentioned was the subject of my
after your death. Describe the types of persistent asking why, and also why it is
items you want buried with you in your that it is the only river that has no breezes
pyramid. Then explain what people from blowing from it.”
later centuries will know about you if they —Herodotus, The History, 2.19
find those items.