izsj.

kk

fVIi.kh
2

izsj.kk

,d NksVh lh ?kVuk fdl izdkj ekuo dks izsj.kk iznku djrh gS] bldk ltho mnkgj.k
gS izLrqr dFkk ^izsj.kk*A bl dFkk esa caxizns'k osQ ,d Js"B fo}ku~ cksinso osQ ckY;dky
dh ,d ?kVuk dk o.kZu gSA
Jh cksinso vius f'k{kkdky esa eUncqf¼ Nk=k FksA ,d fnu oqqQa, osQ ikl dh pV~Vku
ij izfrfnu ?kM+k j[kus ds dkj.k cus xM~<s dks ns[kdj muds eu esa fopkj vk;k fd
;fn dBksj iRFkj ij xM~<k cu ldrk gS] rks eSa D;ksa ifjJe ,oa vH;kl osQ }kjk vius
efLr"d dks lcy ugha cuk ldrkA blosQ vuUrj mUgksaus bl fopkj dks dk;Z:i esa
ifj.kr dj fn[kk;k vkSj Js"B fo}ku~ osQ :i esa [;kfr vftZr dhA

mn~ns';kfu
ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh
 dFkkxr?kVuk% Øes.k ysf[k";fr_
 ikBxrkuka inkuka lekukFkZdkfu inkfu ysf[k";fr_
 ikBlEc¼iz'ukuka laLÑrsu mÙkja iznkL;fr_
 ikBL; lkja Lo'kCns"kq O;Drhdfj";fr_
 vdkjkUriq¡fYyÄõ&vkdkjkUrL=khfyÄõ'kCnkuka :is"kq foHksna dfj";fr_
 o.kZfo'ys"k.ka o.kZla'ys"k.ka p dfj";fr_
 yV~y`V~ydkj;ks% :iHksna KkRok okD;s"kq iz;ksxa dfj";frA

24 laLÑre~
 izsj.kk

fØ;kdyki% 2-1
izFke% lSfud%& vgks ,"kk fiihfydk /U;kA fVIi.kh
iqu% iqu% irfr] iqu% iqu% vkjksgfrA
f}rh;% lSfud%& vke~ i';kfeA o;e~ rq ijkftrk%A vLekoaQ lehis
rq fdefi ukfLrA
izFke% lSfud%& fda u i';fl\ ,"kk fiihfydk u% fda f'k{k;fr\
f}rh;% lSfud%& fda f'k{k;fr\
izFke% lSfud%& ,"kk f'k{k;fr ;r~ ;fn izFke% iz;kl% liQy% u Hkofr rnk iqu%
iqu% iz;kl% dj.kh;%A
f}rh;% lSfud%& vgks lR;e~A o;a euq";k% HkwRok vfi fu#Rlkgk% Hkoke%A ,"kk
fiihfydk rq eukscysu liQyk HkofrA
izFke% lSfud%& rfgZ mfRr"B] xPNke% o;a ns'kj{k.kk;A

fp=k 2-1% phaVh;ksa dks fxjrs gq, fp=k 2-2% nhokj ij phaVh;ksa dks p<+rs
ns[krk lSfud gq, ns[krk gqvk lSfud

2-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%

izFke% ,dka'k%
'kCnkFkkZ%
vklhn~ caxns'ks cksinso% uke df'pn~ ckyd%A l% fo|ky;s vklhr~ ¾ Fkk] df'pr~ ¾ dksbZ] vocks/
ikB~;fo"k;k.kke~ vocks/us Lej.ks p furkUre~ vleFkZ% vklhr~A us ¾ le>us esa] Lej.ks ¾ ;kn djus esa]
furkUre~ ¾ fcYoqQy] vlkS ¾ og] 'kh?kze~
vlkS izk;% fpUr;fr Le ;r~ vU;s Nk=kk% lokZu~ fo"k;ku~ 'kh?kza
¾ tYnh] voxPNfUr ¾ le>rs gSa]
voxPNfUr] fy[kfUr LejfUr p fdUrq eUncqf¼% vga rku~ u
voxPNkfeA fdeFkZe~ vge~ v=k le;a o`Fkk uk'k;kfeA
laLÑre~ 25
 izsj.kk

,dnk l% ijh{kk;ka liQy% u vHkor~ fo|ky;kr~ p cfg%

fujxPNr~A ekxsZ ,d% owQi% vklhr~A owQilehis ,d% fo'kky%
f'kyk[k.M% vklhr~A f'kyk[k.Ms vusosQ y?kqxrkZ% vklu~A
fVIi.kh
vusdk% efgyk% owQitysu ?kVku~ iwj;fUr LeA cksinso% r=k
eUncqf¼% ¾ de vDy okyk] voxPNkfe
vfr"Br~] ,dka efgyka p vi`PNr~] ekr%! ,rku~ lqUnjku~
¾ le>rk gw¡] uwue~ ¾ vo';] ee ¾
esjs] fdeFkZe~ ¾ D;ksa] fdlfy,] o`Fkk ¾ xrkZu~ d% vjp;r~\ lk mPpS% glfr onfr p] Hkks ckyd!
csdkj] v=k ¾ ;gk¡] ,dnk ¾ ,d ckj] o;e=k izfrfnua ?kVku~ LFkki;ke%A ?kVkuka LFkkiusu ,rs xrkZ%
cfg% ¾ ckgj] fujxPNr~ ¾ fudyk] tkrk%A df'pr~ deZdj% ,rs"kka fuekZrk ukfLrA
pyk x;k] owQi% ¾ oqQvk¡] f'kyk[k.M% ¾
iRFkj dh pV~Vku] y?kq ¾ NksVs] xrkZ% ¾ f}rh;% ,dka'k%
xM~<s] ?kVku~ ¾ ?kM+ksa dks] iwj;fUr Le ¾
Hkj jgh Fkha] vfr"Br~ ¾ Bgj x;k] vi`PNr~ cksinso% fopkjeXu% vHkor~&;fn dBksjk;ka f'kyk;ka dkseyS%
¾ iwNk] d% ¾ fdlus] vjp;r~ ¾ cuk;k]
?kVS% xrkZ% HkofUr rfgZ iqu% iqu% vH;klsu dFke~ vga
mPpS% ¾ tksj ls] LFkki;ke% ¾ j[krh gSa] fo"k;ku~ u voxfe";kfeA vgefi euks;ksxsu ifB";kfe]
LFkkiusu ¾ j[kus ls] deZdj% ¾ etnwj] ysf[k";kfe] Lefj";kfe oqQ'kkxzcqf¼% p Hkfo";kfeA
,rs"kke~ ¾ budk] rfgZ ¾ rks] dFke~ ¾
oSQls] iqu% ¾ fiQj] nqckjkA voxfe";kfe rr% ckyd% cksinso% izlUusu eulk fo|ky;e~ vkxPNfr
¾ le>w¡xk] euks;ksxsu ¾ eu yxk dj]
vofgrsu eulk ikBa iBfr] fy[kfr Lejfr pA Nk=kS% lg
ifB";kfe ¾ i<+w¡xk] oqQ'kkxzcqf¼% ¾ rst
cqf¼ okyk] rr% ¾ rc] blosQ ckn] ppkZefi djksfrA Øe'k% rL; cqf¼% fodkla izkIuksfrA vè;kidk%
izlUusu eulk ¾ izlUu eu ls] lg ¾ rfLeu~ Lusge~ voqQoZu~ Nk=kk% p rL; lEekue~ voqQoZu~A
lkFk] Øe'k% ¾ /hjs /hjs] ,oe~ ¾ bl dkykUrjs l% egku~ fo}ku~ vHkor~ ckykuka lq[kcks/k; p
izdkj] rfLeu~ ¾ mlesa] ml ij] rL; ¾
mldk] voqQoZu~ ¾ djus yxs] dkykUrjs
eqX/&cks/O;kdj.ke~ vjp;r~A
¾ le; chrus ij] lq[kcks/k; ¾ vklkuh
ls le>us osQ fy,] vjp;r~ ¾ cuk;k]

cks/iz'uk%
1- dks"Bdkr~ 'kq¼e~ mRrja fpRok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;rA
(d) ,dnk cksinso% ijh{kk;ka foiQyks HkwRok ---------------- cfg% fujxPNr~A
(x`gkr~@fo|ky;kr~)
([k) owQilehis ,d% ---------------- f'kyk[k.M% vklhr~A (fo'kky%@y?kq%)
(x) cksinso% vi';r~ ;r~ ---------------- tysu ?kVku~ iwj;fUrA (vusoQs iq#"kk%@vusdk%
efgyk%)
(?k) ekr%! ,rku~ lqUnjku~---------------- d% vjp;rA~ (xrkZ%@xrkZu~)
2- ^v* LrEHkL; okD;kfu ^d* LrEHkL; okD;S% lg ;kst;rA
v d
d- ,dnk l ijh{kk;ka 1- fodkla izkIuksfrA
[k- vusdk% efgyk% 2- rL; lqcks/k% vHkou~A
26 laLÑre~
 izsj.kk

x- o;e~ v=k 3- liQy% u vHkor~A

?k- rL; cqf¼% 4- owQitysu ?kVku~ iwj;fUr LeA
fVIi.kh
Ä- dfBufo"k;k vfi 5- izfrfnua ?kVku~ LFkki;ke%A
vkb,] vc ge bl ikB dks le>us dk iz;Ru djsaA ;g ikB nks ,dka'kksa esa foHkDr
gSA ge igys izFke ,dka'k dh ppkZ djsaxsA vki ,d ckj fiQj ls bl ,dka'k dks i<+
ysaA

2-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%

2-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
vklhn~ caxizns'ks ------------------------- fuekZrk ukfLrA
O;k[;k% fVIi.;'p
(i). vlkS izk;% fpUr;fr Le ¾ og izk;% lksprk Fkk

tc rd dksbZ fo"k; Bhd rjg ls le> esa u vk,] mldks Lej.k djuk dfBu gksrk gSA
ckyd cksinso dh ;gh n'kk FkhA og izk;% lksprk Fkk fd esjs lkFkh lc fo"k;ksa dks le>
ysrs gSa] mUgsa fy[krs vkSj ;kn djrs gSaA ijUrq eq>s rks oqQN Hkh le> esa ugha vkrk gSA
fu'p; gh esjh cqf¼ detksj gSA
(ii). ee HkkX;s fo|k ukfLr ¾ esjs HkkX; esa fo|k ugha gSA

fujk'k O;fDr viuk lkjk nks"k HkkX; osQ ekFks e<+ nsrk gSA cksinso us Hkh ,slk gh fd;kA
tc mls fdlh dkj.ko'k ikB~; fo"k; le>us esa dfBukbZ gksus yxh rks mlus eku fy;k
fd esjs HkkX; esa fo|k i<+uk ugha fy[kk gSA fdUrq okLrfodrk ;g ugha gSA ifjJe ls
lc lEHko gSA
(iii). df'pr~ deZdj% ,rs"kka fuekZrk ukfLr ¾ dksbZ dkjhxj bUgsa cukus okyk ugha gSA

oqQ'ky dkjhxj feV~Vh] iRFkj] yksgk] lksuk] pk¡nh vkfn dks lqanj ,oa eupkgk :i iznku
djrs gSaA vr% cksinso us lkspk fd f'kyk ij bu xM~<ksa dks Hkh fdlh dkjhxj us cuk;k
gksxkA oqQ,a osQ ikl gh f'kyk ij tks xM~<s cus Fks] os izfrfnu ?kM+ksa osQ j[kus ls Lor%
cu x, Fks] mUgsa fdlh dkjhxj us rjk'k dj ugha cuk;k FkkA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
(i) fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksxksa dks è;ku ls nsf[k, vkSj buosQ ewy:i dks igpkfu;s&
cksinso% (cksinso)] ckyd% (ckyd)] vleFkZ% (vleFkZ)] ,d% (,d)] owQi%

laLÑre~ 27
 izsj.kk

(owQi)] fo'kky% (fo'kky)] f'kyk[k.M% (f'kyk[k.M)] deZdj% (deZdj)]

liQy% (liQy)
fVIi.kh (d) ;s lHkh 'kCn dks"Bd esa fn;s x;s 'kCnksa osQ izFkek foHkfDr osQ ,dopu osQ :i
gSasA buesa ls oqQN laKk in gSa vkSj oqQN fo'ks"k.k tSls ,d% owQi% ¾ ,d oqQvk¡A
;gk¡ ^dwi%* ;g laKk in gS rFkk ^,d*% ;g fo'ks"k.kA
vleFkZ% ckyd% ¾ vleFkZ ckyd
fo'kky% f'kyk[k.M% ¾ fo'kky f[kyk[k.M
fo'ks"k.k esa fo'ks"; osQ vuqlkj gh foHkfDr opu ,oa fyÄõ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
([k) ;s lHkh 'kCn vdkjkUr gSa D;ksafd buosQ var esa ^v* Loj gSA ;s lHkh 'kCn iq¡fYyÄõ
esa gSaA
(ii) fuEufyf[kr 'kCn izFkek foHkfDr osQ cgqopukUr :i gSa tSls Nk=kk% (Nk=k)]
y?kqxrkZ% (y?kqxrZ)
(iii) vdkjkUr 'kCnksa osQ f}rh;k foHkfDr esa cgqopu esa :i i<+dj budh rqyuk
dhft,&
izFkek cgqopu f}rh;k cgqopu
Nk=kk% (Nk=k) Nk=kku~ (Nk=kksa dks)
?kVk% (?kM+s) ?kVku~ (?kM+ksa dks)
xrkZ% (xM~<s) xrkZu~ (xM~<ksa dks)
lqUnjk% xrkZ% (lqanj xM~<s) lqUnjku~ xrkZu~ (lqUnj xM~<ksa dks)
(iv) vdkjkUr iqfYyax 'kCnksa osQ vU; foHkfDr;ksa esa :i nsf[k, vkSj lef>;sA

fo|ky;kr~ (fo|ky;) i×peh ,dopu (fo|ky; ls)

fo"k;k.kke~ (fo"k;) "k"Bh cgqopu (fo"k;ksa osQ)
?kVkuke~ (?kV) "k"Bh cgqopu (?kM+ksa osQ)
lIreh ,dopus
caxizns'ks (caxizns'k) caxizns'k esa
fo|ky;s (fo|ky;) fo|ky; esa
ekxsZ (ekxZ) ekxZ esa
f'kyk[k.Ms (f'kyk[k.M) f'kyk[k.M ij
28 laLÑre~
 izsj.kk

(v) uiqaldfyÄõ esa 'kCnksa osQ :i iq¡fYyÄõ 'kCnksa osQ :iksa ls osQoy izFkek vkSj f}rh;k
foHkfÙkQ esa gh fHkUu gksrs gSa] vU; foHkfDr;ksa esa ughaA
fuEufyf[kr 'kCn lIreh ,dopu esa gh gSa ij buosQ ewy 'kCnksa dk fyÄõ uiqaldfyÄõ fVIi.kh
gSA
vocks/ue~ (le>uk) vocks/us (le>us esa)
HkkX;e~ (HkkX;) HkkX;s (HkkX; esa)
tye~ (ty] ikuh) tys (ty esa)
r`rh;k ,dopu tysu (ty ls)
(vi) vc vkdkjkUr L=khfyÄõ 'kCnksa osQ :iksa dks nsf[k,&

izFkek foHkfDr cgqopu

vusdk% (vusd&vusdk%)¾ cgqr lh (fo'ks"k.k)
efgyk% (efgyk) ¾ efgyk,¡ (fos'k";)
lIreh ,dopu
f'kyk;ke~ (f'kyk) ¾ f'kyk ijA
ijh{kk;ke~ (ijh{kk) ¾ ijh{kk esaAA
(vii) vc dqN /krqvksa ds orZeku dky esa] yV~ ydkj esa iz;qDr fØ;kinksa dks le>sa&

glfr gl~ izFkeiq#"k ,dopu g¡lrk gSA (og)

onfr on~ izFkeiq#"k ,dopu dgrk gSA
voxPNfUr vo $ xe~ izFkeiq#"k cgqopu le>rs gSaA
fy[kfUr fy[k~ izFkeiq#"k cgqopu fy[krs gSa
LejfUr Le` izFkeiq#"k cgqopu ;kn djrs gSaA
(viii) loZuke'kCnk%

loZuke'kCnksa osQ :i vdkjkUr iq¡fYyÄõ 'kCnksa ds :iksa ls dbZ foHkfÙkQ;ksa vkSj opuksa esa
fHkUu gksrs gSaA tSlsμ
l% rn~ (og) iqa- izFkek ,dopu
vlkS vnl~ (og) iqa- izFke ,dopu

laLÑre~ 29
 izsj.kk

vge~ vLen~ (eSa) izFkek ,dopu

o;e~ vLen~ (ge lc) izFkek cgqopu
fVIi.kh
,rs"kka ,rn~ (iqfYyax) (budk) "k"Bh cgqopu
vU;s Nk=kk% vU; Nk=k] izFkek cgqopu
vusosQ y?kqxrkZ% vusd xM~<s] izFkek cgqopu
,rku~ xrkZu~ bu xM~<ksa dks] f}rh;k cgqopu
(ix) lekukFkZdinkfu

(i) efgyk (L=kh-) ukjh] yyuk] vcyk

(ii) tye~ (uiqa-) okfj] uhje~] lfyye~
(iii) ?kV% (iqa-) dy'k%] oqQEHk%] e`n~Hkk.M%
(iv) fo|ky;% (iqa) ikB'kkyk] fo|kfuosQrue~] xq#oqQye~
(v) ckyd% (iqa) cky%] ek.kod%] fd'kksj%
(x) Lojksa vkSj O;×tuksa dks tksM+ dj 'kCn curs gSa tSlsμ

c~ vk y~ v o~Q v% ¾ ckyd%
o~Q v j~ e~ v o~Q v j~ v% ¾ deZdj%
bl izdkj Loj O;×tuksa dks feykuk la'ys"k.k dgykrk gS vkSj vyx djuk fo'ys"k.kA

ikBxriz'uk% 2-1
1- iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k laLÑrHkk"k;k fy[krA
(d) cksinso% osQ"kke~ vocks/us vleFkZ% vklhr~\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) osQ lokZu~ fo"k;ku~ 'kh?kze~ voxPNfUr Le\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30 laLÑre~
 izsj.kk

(x) owQiL; lehis dhn`'k% f'kyk[k.M% vklhr~\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) efgyk% osQu ?kVku~ iwj;fUr Le\ fVIi.kh

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) xrkZ% dFka tkrk%\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- fjDrLFkkus"kq dr`Zinkfu fy[krA
(i) ------------------------------------ ikB~;fo"k;k.kke~ vocks/us vleFkZ% vklhr~A
(ii) vU;s ------------------------------------ lokZu~ fo"k;ku~ 'kh?kze~ voxPNfUr] fy[kfUr
LejfUr pA
(iii) uwua ee HkkX;s ------------------------------------ ukfLrA

(iv) ekxsZ ,d% ------------------------------------ vklhr~A

(v) vusdk% ------------------------------------ owQitysu ?kVku~ iwj;fUr LeA

3- fjDrLFkkus"kq fØ;kinkfu iwj;rA
(i) eUncqf¼% vge~ fo"k;ku~ u ------------------------------------A
(ii) fdeFkZe~ vge~ v=k le;a o`Fkk ------------------------------------A
(iii) lk mPpS% ------------------] ------------------ p] Hkks] ckyd! o;e~ v=k izfrfnua
?kVku~ ----------------------A
(iv) df'pr~ deZdj% ,rs"kka fuekZrk u ------------------------------------A

4- fda ina lekukFkZoaQ ukfLrμ

efgyk'kCnL;
(d) ukjh ([k) vcyk
(x) Ñ".kk (?k) yyuk
5- v/ksfyf[kr'kCnkuka o.kZfo'ys"k.ka oqQ#rA
(d) xrZ% ¾ ------------------------------------
([k) fo|ky;% ¾ ------------------------------------

laLÑre~ 31
 izsj.kk

2-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%

cksinso% fopkjeXu% ---------- vjp;r~A
fVIi.kh
O;k[;k% fVIi.;'p
(i) dBksjk;ka f'kyk;ke~& dBksj f'kyk ijA

iRFkj dh pêðku dh rqyuk esa feV~Vh dk ?kM+k rks cgqr gh dksey gksrk gS vkSj tjk lh
Bksdj ls VwV tkrk gS fdUrq mlh dksey feV~Vh osQ ?kM+s dks tc ckj&ckj iRFkj dh pêðku
ij j[kk tkrk gS rks f'kyk ij Hkh xM~<s iM+ tkrs gSaA blh izdkj ckj&ckj vH;kl ls ean
ls ean cqf¼ Hkh rhoz gks tkrh gSA NksVh NksVh ?kVuk,a thou esa dbZ ckj vn~Hkqr izsj.kk dk
lzksr cu tkrh gSa tSls mi;qZDr fp=k esa phaVh osQ ifjJe dks ns[k dj lSfud mRlkg ls
Hkj mBrk gSA
(ii) oqQ'kkxzcqf¼ & rhoz cqf¼

fdlh fo"k; dks i<+dj ;k lqu dj oqQN yksx rqjar le> ysrs gSa vkSj vius 'kCnksa esa
vfHkO;Dr dj ldrs gSaA ,sls yksxksa dks oqQ'kkxzcqf¼ dgk tkrk gSA izsj.kk 'kh"kZd ikB esa
cksinso Hkh f'kykry ij cus xM~<s ls izsj.kk ikdj vius lgikfB;ksa osQ leku oqQ'kkxzcqf¼
Nk=k cuuk pkgrk gSA
(iii) rL; cqf¼% fodkla izkIuksfr& mldh cqf¼ fodflr gks tkrh gSA

tc fdlh fo"k; ij eu yxkdj fpUru fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ckj ckj bldh vko`fÙk dh
tkrh gS rks dfBu fo"k; Hkh Li"V gksus yxrk gS vkSj /hjs /hjs fpUru 'kfDr dk fodkl
gks tkrk gSA Nk=k è;kuiwoZd i<+us] fy[kus] lkspdj ;kn djus rFkk vU; lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk
ml fo"k; ij ppkZ djus ls viuh cqf¼ dk fodkl dj ldrs gSaA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
(i) fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk inifjp; lef>;s&
fopkjeXu% (fo-) (fopkjeXu)] izFkek ,dopu (fopkjeXu)
euks;ksxsu (euks;ksx) r`rh;k ,dopu (euks;ksx ls)
izlUusu (izlUu) r`rh;k ,dopu] (izlUu eu ls)
vofgrsu (uiqa-) (è;ku) r`rh;k ,dopu (è;ku ls)
eulk (eul~) r`rh;k ,dopu] (eu ds }kjk)
Nk=kS% lg (Nk=k) r`rh;k cgqopu (Nk=kksa osQ lkFk)
^lg* vO;; osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dkykUrjs (dkykUrj) lIreh ,dopu (dkykUrj esa)
32 laLÑre~
 izsj.kk

(ii) loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx%

rfLeu~ (iqa) (rr~) lIreh ,dopu& mlesa

fVIi.kh
(iii) y`V~ ydkj (Hkfo";r~ dky) dh fØ;kvksa dks nsf[k,&

voxfe";kfe vo $ xe~] y`V~] mÙke iq-] ,dopus] (eSa) le>w¡xk

ifB";kfe iB~ $ y`V~] mRre iq-] ,dopus] i<w¡xk
ysf[k";kfe fy[k~ $ y`V~] mÙke iq-] ,dopus] fy[kw¡xk
Lefj";kfe Le` $ y`V~] mÙke iq-] ,dopus] ;kn d:¡xk
Hkfo";kfe Hkw $ y`V~] mÙke iq-] ,dopus] cuw¡xk] gksÅ¡xk
(iv) buosQ orZeku dky esa :i gksaxs&

voxfe";kfe voxPNkfe
ifB";kfe iBkfe
ysf[k";kfe fy[kkfe
Lefj";kfe Lejkfe
Hkfo";kfe Hkokfe
(v) vO;;

ftu 'kCnksa osQ :i ugha pyrs mUgsa vO;; dgrs gSaA bl ikB esa fuEufyf[kr in vO;;
gSaA ;s 'kCn loZnk blh :i esa iz;qDr gksaxsA buosQ :iksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxkA
p (vkSj)] izk;% (vDlj)] ;r~ (fd)] 'kh?kza (tYnh)] fdUrq (ijUrq)] u (ugha)] uwue~
(fu'p; gh)] v=k (;gk¡)] o`Fkk (O;FkZ)] ,dnk (,dckj)] cfg% (ckgj)] r=k (ogk¡)]
mPpS% (tksj ls)] ;fn (vxj)] rfgZ (rks)] iqu% iqu% (ckj ckj)] dFke~ (oSQls)] vfi
(Hkh)] rr% (blosQ ckn] rnuUrj)] lg (lkFk)A

ikBxriz'uk% 2-2
1- laLÑrsu mÙkjkf.k fy[krA
(d) efgyk% fut?kVku~ oqQ=k LFkki;fUr Le\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
laLÑre~ 33
 izsj.kk

([k) Nk=k% oqQ'kkxzcqf¼% dFka Hkofr\

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fVIi.kh
(x) cksinso% osQ"kka lq[kcks/k; O;kdj.ke~ vjp;r~\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) ik"kk.kf'kyk;ka xrkZ% dFka tkrk%\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) ^vga euks;ksxsu ifB";kfe bfr d% dFk;fr\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- e×tw"kkr% mfpra dr`Zina fpRok okD;kfu iwj;rA
(d) -------------------------------------------- è;kusu ifB";kfeA
([k) df'pr~ ------------------------------- xrkZuka fuekZrk ukfLrA
(x) ee HkkX;s ----------------------------- ukfLrA
(?k) r=k -------------------------------------- tysu ?kVku~ iwj;fUr LeA
(Ä) dfBuk% ---------------------------- lqcks/k% vHkou~A
e×tw"kk
deZdj%] efgyk%]
vge~] fo|k] fo"k;k%

3- ^d* LrEHkL; fo'ks"k.kkfu ^[k* LrEHkL; fo'ks";S% lg ;kst;r

^d* (fo'ks"k.kkfu) ^[k* (fo'ks";kf.k)
d- egku~ 1- ?kVS%
[k- dBksjk;ke~ 2- eulk
x- dkseyS% 3- fo"k;k%
?k- izlUusu 4- f'kyk;ke~
Ä- dfBuk% 5- fo}ku~

34 laLÑre~
 izsj.kk

fdef/xre~
 ifjJes.k fucqZf¼% vfi oqQ'kkxzcqf¼% HkofrA fVIi.kh

 vdkjkUr & vkdkjkUr'kCnkuka iz;ksxs Hksn% Hkofr ;Fkkμ o`{kL;@yrk;k%]

ckyosQ@efgyk;ke~A
 fo'ks";inkuqlkjeso fo'ks"k.kinkuka fyÄõe~] opua foHkfÙkQ'p HkofrA
 vO;;inkuka Lo:is ifjorZua u HkofrA
 inkuka fo'ys"k.ks LojO;×tuo.kkZuka i`Fko~Q dj.ke~ HkofrA
 inkuka la'ys"k.ks Lojk.kka O;×tukuk×p la;kstua HkofrA
 okD;s"kq drZ`inkuqlkja fØ;kinL; iz;ksx% HkofrA
 loZuke'kCnkuka :ikf.k laKk'kCnkuka :isH;% dq=kfpr~ fHkUukfu HkofUrA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(i) ys[kdifjp;%

izLrqr ikB osQ ys[kd dfojRu Jh vkseizdk'k BkoqQj gSaA ;s fnYyh ljdkj ds f'k{kk
foHkkx esa f'k{kd ds :i esa cgqr fnuksa rd dk;Zjr FksA orZeku esa mi&vkpk;Z in ls
lsokfuo`Ùk gksdj fnYyh esa gh ljLorh dh lk/uk esa yxs jgrs gSaA budh vU; jpuk,¡
gS&a xhfre×tjh] bUnz/uq%] uhfrdFkkedjUn%] dFkkeUnkfduh] izjs .kkikfjtkre~] rsukyhjkedFkk%]
xqfyLrka&
(ii) HkkofoLrkj%

blh ikB ls izkIr izsj.kk ls lEc¼ vU; lwfDr;k¡ if<+;s&

Ñra es nf{k.ks&gLrs t;ks es lO; vkfgr%A
m|esu fg flè;fUr dk;kZf.k u euksjFkS%A
Lons'ks iwT;rs jktk fo}ku~ loZ=k iwT;rsA
m|ksfxua iq#"kflageqiSfr y{eh%A

laLÑre~ 35
 izsj.kk

ukfLr m|eleks cU/q%A

izkjC/eqÙkexq.kk% u ifjR;tfUrA
fVIi.kh
nSosu ns;fefr dkiq#"kk% onfUrA
nSoefo}kal%izek.k;fUrA
(iii) Hkk"kkfoLrkj%

'kCn:i
vdkjkUr iq¡fYyÄõ] uiqaldfyÄõ vkSj vkdkjkUr L=khfyÄõ] 'kCnksa osQ :iksa esa dgk¡&dgk¡
Hksn gksrk gS] bls le>us dk iz;kl dhft,A
vdkjkUriq¡fYyÄõ'kCn&nso
dkjde~ foHkfDr% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
drkZ izFkek nso% nsokS nsok%
,d nso nks nso nks ls vf/d nso
,d nso us nks nsoksa us vusd nsoksa us
deZ f}rh;k nsoe~ nsokS nsoku~
,d nso dks nks nsoksa dks lc nsoksa dks
dj.k r`rh;k nsosu nsokH;ke~ nsoS%
,d nso ls nks nsoksa ls lc nsoksa ls
lEiznku prqFkhZ nsok; nsokH;ke~ nsosH;%
,d nso osQ fy,] nks nsoksa osQ fy,] lc nsoksa osQ fy,
viknku iapeh nsokr~ nsokH;ke~ nsosH;%
,d nso ls nks nsoksa ls lc nsoksa ls
lEcU/ "k"Bh nsoL; nso;ks% nsokuke~
,d nso dk nks nsoksa dk lc nsoksa dk
vf/dj.k lIreh nsos nso;ks% nsos"kq
,d nso esa@ij nks nsoksa esa@ij lc nsoksa esa@ij
lEcks/u izFkek gs nso! gs nsokS! gs nsok%!
gs nso! gs nks nsoks! gs lc nsoks!

36 laLÑre~
 izsj.kk

vkdkjkUrL=khfyÄõ'kCn& yrk
dkjde~ foHkfDr% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
fVIi.kh
drkZ izFkek yrk yrs yrk%
deZ f}rh;k yrke~ yrs yrk%
dj.k r`rh;k yr;k yrkH;ke~ yrkfHk%
lEiznku prqFkhZ yrk;S yrkH;ke~ yrkH;%
viknku iapeh yrk;k% yrkH;ke~ yrkH;%
lEcU/ "k"Bh yrk;k% yr;ks% yrkuke~
vf/dj.k lIreh yrk;ke~ yr;ks% yrklq
lEcks/u izFkek gs yrs! gs yrs! gs yrk%!
vdkjkUruiqaldfyÄõ'kCn& iQy
dkjde~ foHkfDr% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
drkZ izFkek iQye~ iQys iQykfu
deZ f}rh;k iQye~ iQys iQykfu
dj.k r`rh;k iQysu iQykH;ke~ iQyS%
viknku prqFkhZ iQyk; iQykH;ke~ iQysH;%
laca/ iapeh iQykr~ iQykH;ke~ iQysH;%
lEcU/ "k"Bh iQyL; iQy;ks% iQykuke~
vf/dj.k lIreh iQys iQy;ks% iQys"kq
lEcks/u izFkek gs iQy! gs iQys! gs iQykfu!
KkrO;
bl izdkj vdkjkUr fdlh Hkh 'kCn ds iq¡fYyÄõ vFkok uiqaldfyÄõ esa 'kCn:i cuk,
tk ldrs gSa tSlsμ ckyd] o`{k] [kx] e`x vkfn iq¡fYyÄõ] iqLrd] Hkou] ou vkfn
uiqald fyÄõ rFkk ckfydk jek] 'kksHkk vkfn L=khfyÄõ ds 'kCnksa ds :i mi;qZÙkQ izdkj
ls cuk, tk ldrs gSaA laLÑr esa foHkfÙkQ;ksa dk iz;ksx dkjd ds vuqlkj djrs gSaA

laLÑre~ 37
 izsj.kk

dr`ZokP; ,oa deZokP; esa 'kCnksa dh foHkfÙkQ dks igpkuksA drZ`okP; ds okD; esa drkZ
dkjd esa izFkek foHkfÙkQ gksrh gS rFkk deZ esa f}rh;kA
fVIi.kh ^ckyd*% iQya [kknfr* (drZ`okP;) okD; esa ckyd drkZ gS vr% izFkek foHkfÙkQ gqbZ
gS iQy deZ gS vr% f}rh;k foHkfÙkQ gqbZ gSA
fdUrq deZokP; ds okD; esa drkZdkjd esa r`rh;k foHkfÙkQ gksrh gS rFkk deZ esa izFkek
tSlsμ ^ckydsu o`{k% flP;rs* bl deZokP; ds okD; esa ^ckyd* bl drkZ esa r`rh;k
foHkfÙkQ gqbZ gS rFkk ^o`{k* bl deZ esa izFkek foHkfÙkQA
(x) ikB esa iz;qDr Hokfnx.kh; /krq,a
Hkw yV~ydkj (orZeku dky)
iq#"k% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
izFke Hkofr Hkor% HkofUr
eè;e Hkofl HkoFk% HkoFk
mÙke Hkokfe Hkoko% Hkoke%
y`V~ydkj (Hkfo";r~ dky)
izFke Hkfo";fr Hkfo";r% Hkfo";fUr
eè;e Hkfo";fl Hkfo";Fk% Hkfo";Fk
mÙke Hkfo";kfe Hkfo";ko% Hkfo";ke%
yÄ~ydkj (Hkwrdky)
izFke vHkor~ vHkorke~ vHkou~
eè;e vHko% vHkore~ vHkor
mÙke vHkoe~ vHkoko vHkoke
yksV~ydkj (vkKkFkZd)
izFke iq- Hkorq Hkorke~ HkoUrq
eè;e iq- Hko Hkore~ Hkor
mÙke iq- Hkokfu Hkoko Hkoke
fof/fyÄ~ (izsj.kk)
izFke Hkosr~ Hkosrke~ Hkos;q%

38 laLÑre~
 izsj.kk

eè;e Hkos% Hkosre~ Hkosr

mÙke Hkos;e~ Hkoso Hkose
fVIi.kh
/krq yV~ y`V~ yÄ~ yksV~ fof/fyÄ~
xe~ xPNfr xfe";fr vxPNr~ xPNrq xPNsr~
Le` Lejfr Lefj";fr vLejr~ Lejrq Lejsr~
iB~ iBfr ifB";fr viBr~ iBrq iBsr~
gl~ glfr gfl";fr vglr~ glrq glsr~
on~ onfr ofn";fr vonr~ onrq onsr~

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k laLÑrHkk"k;k fy[krA
d- cksinso% dfLeu~ izns'ks olfr Le\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[k- cksinsosu f'kyk[k.Ms fda n`"V~ok iBuk; izsj.kk izkIrk\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x- efLr"oaQ osQu lcya Hkofr\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?k- ekuo% fda ÑRok cqf¼fodkla izkIuksfr\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ä- ^ee HkkX;s fo|k ukfLr* ,"kk mfDr% dL; vfLr\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuke~ ,da lekukFkZdina fy[krA
d- efgyk ---------------------------
[k- fo|ky;% ---------------------------

laLÑre~ 39
 izsj.kk

x- tye~ ---------------------------
?k- ckyd% ---------------------------
fVIi.kh
Ä- ?kV% ---------------------------
3- ikBxr?kVukuke~ mfprØela[;ka fy[krA
d- cksinso% ,dka efgyka xrZfo"k;s vi`PNr~ ( )
[k- l% eqX/cks/O;kdj.ka jfproku~ ( )
x- cksinso% iBus oqQ'ky% u vklhr~ ( )
?k- vge~ vofgrsu eulk ifB";kfe ( )
Ä- efgyk dFk;fr&?kVLFkkiusu xrZ% tkr% ( )
4- v/ksfyf[krs"kq& vdkjkUr'kCn:is"kq fjDrLFkkukfu iwj.kh;kfu (;ksX;rk&foLrkjs
:ikf.k nz"VO;kfu)
dkjde~ foHkfDr% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
drkZ izFkek xzke% ---------------- ----------------
deZ f}rh;k ---------------- diksrkS diksrku~
dj.k r`rh;k ---------------- o`"kHkkH;ke~ ----------------
lEiznku prqFkhZ ?kVk; ---------------- ----------------
viknku iapeh ---------------- fo|ky;kH;ke~ ----------------
lEcU/ "k"Bh xzUFkL; ---------------- xzUFkkuke~
vf/dj.k lIreh ---------------- 'kqd;ks% ----------------
lEcks/u izFke gs ckyd! ---------------- ----------------

mRrjrkfydk

cks/iz'uk%
1- d- fo|ky;kr~] [k- fo'kky%] x- vusdk% efgyk%] ?k- xrkZu~
2- d $ 3] [k $ 4] x $ 5] ?k $ 1] Ä $ 2

40 laLÑre~
 izsj.kk

ikBxriz'uk% 2-1
1- d- fo"k;k.kke~] [k- vU;s Nk=kk%] x- fo'kky%] ?k- owQitysu] Ä- ?kVkuke~ LFkkiusu
fVIi.kh
2- (i) cksinso%] (ii) Nk=kk%] (iii) fo|k] (iv) owQi%] (v) efgyk%

3- (i) voxPNkfe] (ii) uk'k;kfe] (iii) glfr] onfr] LFkki;ke%] (iv) vfLr

4- Ñ".kk (;g fo'ks"k.k gS] ukjh dk i;kZ; ugha)

5- (d) x~ $ v $ j~ $ r~ $ v%
([k) o~ $ b $ n~ $ ;~ $ vk $ y~ $ v $ ;~ $ v%
ikBxriz'uk% 2-2
1- (d) fo'kkyf'kyk[k.Ms ([k) vH;klsu@ifjJes.k (x) ckydkuke~
(?k) iqu% iqu% ?kVkuka LFkkiusu (Ä) cksinso%
2- (i) vge~] (ii) deZdj%] (iii) fo|k] (iv) efgyk%] (v) fo"k;k%

3- d$5] [k$4] x$1] ?k$2] Ä$3

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- d- caxizn's ks] [k- xrkZu]~ x- euks;ksxus @iBusu@Lokè;k;su] ?k- ifjJee~] Ä- cksinsoL;
2- d- ukjh] [k- xq#oqQye~] x- uhje~] ?k- ek.kod%] Ä- dy'k%
3- x] d] Ä] ?k] [k
4- izFkek xzkekS xzkek%
f}rh;k diksre~
r`rh;k o`"kHks.k o`"kHkS%
prqFkhZ ?kVkH;ke~ ?kVsH;%
iapeh fo|ky;kr~ fo|ky;sH;%
"k"Bh xzUFk;ks%
lIreh 'kqosQ 'kqds"kq
lEcks/u gs ckydkS! gs ckydk%!

laLÑre~ 41