dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

fVIi.kh
4

dLekr~ fda f'k{ksr\

euq"; dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk gS mldh euu'khyrkA vU; izkf.k;ksa dh vis{kk euq";
vius pkjksa vksj iSQys ifjos'k dks] ogk¡ osQ tM+ ,oa psru inkFkks± dks rFkk vius ls fHkUu
izkf.k;ksa dks vf/d lw{erk ls ns[krk gSA mu lc dk fujh{k.k dj mu ls oqQN u oqQN
f'k{kk izkIr djus dh ps"Vk djrk gSA bl l`f"V esa ekuo vius vkfoHkkZo ds le; ls gh
vusd izdkj osQ i'kq&if{k;ksa ls f?kjk jgk gSA ,d yEch vof/ rd ¯gld ,oe~
v¯gld&nksuksa izdkj osQ tUrqvksa dks fudVrk ls gekjs iwoZt ns[krs vk jgs gSaA mudh
ps"Vkvksa] izo`fÙk;ksa rFkk euksHkkoksa dk nSfud fujh{k.k dj mUgsa yxk fd bu i'kqvksa ls Hkh
oqQN u oqQN f'k{kk yh tk ldrh gSA i'kqvksa esa vusd xq.k gksrs gSa] mu xq.kksa dks O;ogkj
esa viukus ls euq"; dk thou liQy gks ldrk gSA vr% laLo`Qr&lkfgR; esa ,sls vusd
'yksd fy[ks x;s gSa] tks tM+ ,oa psru txr~ osQ vuqdj.kh; xq.kksa dk o.kZu djrs gSaA os
euq"; dks bl ckr ds fy, izsfjr djrs gSa fd og buls Hkh f'k{kk izkIr djsA vkb;s] ns[ksa
fd bu 'yksdksa esa D;k dgk x;k gS\

mís';kfu
bea ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh
 fofo/i'kwuka xq.kkuke~ mYys[ka dfj";fr_
 fofHkUui'kqif{kH;% izkIrka f'k{kka Lo'kCns"kq o.kZf;";fr_
 izko`QfrdrÙosH;% iznÙkka f'k{kka ysf[k";fr_
 i|ka'kkuke~ lEc¼okD;ka'kS% lg esyua dfj";fr_
 vUo;s"kq 'yksdku~ ifBRok fjDrLFkkuiwfr± dfj";fr_
 LojlU/s% Hksnku~ KkRok lf/PNsna dfj";frA

56 laLÑre~
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

 i|ka'kkuka leqfprHkkokFkZL; p;ua dfj";fr_

 ^Dr* izR;;L; LFkkus* ^Drorq* izR;;a ;kstf;Rok okP;ifjorZua dfj";fr_
fVIi.kh

fozQ;kdyki% 4-1
^d* LrEHks dkfufpr~ fp=kkf.k nÙkkfuA
^[k* LrEHks f'k{kk.kka lÄïyua fyf[kre~AA fp=kS% lg f'k{kk;k% esyua djksrqA
^d* LrEHk% ^[k* LrEHk%

nhid dk fp=k
(i) (d) m|esuSo dk;kZf.k flè;fUrA

o`{k dk fp=k
(ii) ([k) relks ek T;ksfrxZe;A

(iii) dks;y dk fp=k (x) ijksidkj% drZO;% izk.kSjfi /uSjfiA

phaVh dk fp=k
(iv) (?k) e/qja on dY;kf.k opus dk nfjnzrkA

(v) (M-) 'kqHkdeZ.kka lqxU/% loZ=k okfrA

xqykc dk fp=k
laLÑre~ 57
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

vkb;s] vc blh izdj.k dh oqQN vkSj f'k{kk,¡ izkIr djus osQ fy, ewyikB i<+saA

fVIi.kh 4-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%

izFke% ,dka'k%
'kCnkFkkZ %
izHkwre~ = vR;f/d] vYidk;Ze~ = de izHkwreYidk;± ok ;ks uj% drqZfePNfrA
dk;Z ] oqQ;kZr~ = djs] drqZfePNfr =
djuk pkgrk gS] lokZjEHks.k = iwjs mRlkg lokZjEHks.k rRoqQ;kZr~ ¯lgknsda izdhfrZre~AA1AA
ls] izdh£rre~ = izfl¼ gS] losZfUnz;kf.k
= lc bfUnz;ksa dks] la;E; = fu;fU=kr losZfUnz;kf.k la;E; cdor~ ifrrks tu%A
djosQ] cdor~ = cxqys dh rjg] ifrr%
= fxjk gqvk] dkyns'kksiiUukfu = le;
dkyns'kksiiUukfu loZdk;kZf.k lk/;sr~ AA2AA
,oa LFkku (ns'k ,oa dky) osQ vuq:i] càk'kh LoYilarq"V% lqfunz% 'kh?kzpsru%A
loZdk;kZf.k = lc dkeksa dks] lk/;sr~
= fl¼ djs] càk'kh = cgqr vf/d izHkqHkDr'p 'kwj'p KkrO;k% "kV~ 'kqu% xq.kk% AA3AA
[kkus okyk] LoYilarq"V% = FkksM+s ls gh
larq"V gksus okyk] lqfunz% = tYnh gh lks vfoJea ogsn~ Hkkja 'khrks".ka p u foUnfrA
tkus okyk]] 'kh?kzpsru% = cgqr tYnh
(rqjUr) tkx tkus okyk] 'kqu% = oqQÙks llarks"kLrFkk fuR;a =khf.k f'k{ksr xnZHkkr~ AA4AA
osQ] izHkqHkDr% = Lokeh dk HkDr] 'kwj%
= ohj] KkrO;k% = tkuus pkfg;sa] f}rh;% ,dka'k%
vfoJee~ = foJke jfgr] fcuk #osQ]
'khrks".ke~ = lnhZ&xjeh] lq[k&nq%[k] ;q¼a p izkr#RFkkua Hkkstua lg cU/qfHk%A
foUnfr = ikrk gS] vuqHko djrk gS]
llarks"k% = larqf"ViwoZd] xnZHkkr~ = xngs fL=k;ekin~xrka j{ksPprq% f'k{ksr oqQDoqQVkr~AA5!!
ls] f'k{ksr = lh[ks] izkr#RFkkue~ = izkr%
dky esa mBuk] vkin~xrke~ = vkifÙkxzLr v.kqH;'p egn~H;'p
dks] prq% = pkj (f'k{kkvksa dks)] v.kqH;%
= NksVksa ls] egn~H;% = cM+kas ls] 'kkL=ksH;% 'kkL=ksH;% oqQ'kyks uj%
= 'kkL=k xzUFkksa ls] iq"isH;% = iwQyksa ls] loZr% lkje~ vkn|kr~
"kV~in% = Hk¡ojk] vUof'k{ke~ = eSaus
lh[kk] vkØE;ek.k% = vkØe.k fd;k iq"isH;% bo "kV~in% AA6AA
tkrk gqvk Hkh] ekxkZr~ = U;k;iw.kZ jkLrs
ls] u pysr~ = fopfyr u gksos] HkwrSjkozQE;ek.kks¿fi
vUof'k{ke~ = eSaus lh[kk] f{krs% = i`Foh
ls] pUnufoVi% = pUnu dk o`{k] /hjks nSoo'kkuqxS%]
iQydqlqefooftZr% = iQyksa ,oa iwQyksa ls
rn~ fo}kUu pysUekxkZn~
jfgr Hkh] futo"kq"kk = vius 'kjhj ls]
lUrkia = d"V dks] vkris = /wi esa] vUof'k{ke~ f{krsozZre~ AA7AA
lRiq#"kk% = lTtu iq#"k
;|fi pUnufoViks fof/uk
iQyoqQlqefoo£trks fofgr%A

58 laLÑre~
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

futoiq"kSo ijs"kka
rFkkfi lUrkieigjfr AA8AA
Nk;keU;L; oqQoZfUr] fVIi.kh
fr"BfUr Lo;ekrisA vkris ¾ /wi esa] ijkFkkZ; ¾ nwljksa ds
iQykU;fi ijkFkkZ;] fy,] lRiq#"kk% bo ¾ lTtuksa ds leku

o`{kk% lRiq#"kk bo AA9AA

cks/iz'uk%
1- dks"Bdkr~ 'kq¼e~ mÙkja fpRok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;rA
d- tu% loZdk;kZf.k-------------------------oqQ;kZr~A (lokZjEHks.k@vYiiz;Rusu)
[k- ¯lgkr~-----------------izdh£rre~A (,de~@}s)
x- losZfUnz;kf.k-----------------tu% dk;Ze~ lk/;sr~A (mUeqP;@la;E;)
?k- 'kqfu%-------------------------xq.kk% HkofUrA (pRokj%@"kV~)
Ä Hkkstua-------------------------lg oqQ;kZr~ ('k=kqfHk%@cU/qfHk%)
2- ^d* LrEHkL; iÄ~fDrfHk% lg ^[k* LrEHkL; iM~-Dr;% ;ksT;Urke~&
^d* ^[k*
(i) izHkwreYidk;± ok (d) lqfunz% 'kh?kzpsru%
(ii) dkyns'kksiiUukfu ([k) prq% f'k{ksr oqQDoqQVkr~
(iii) izHkqHkDr'p 'kwj'p (x) ;ks uj% drqZfePNfr
(iv) fL=k;ekin~xrka j{ksr~ (?k) KkrO;k% "kV~ 'kquks xq.kk%
(v) càk'kh LoYilarq"V% (Ä) loZdk;kZf.k lk/;sr~
3- fjDrLFkkuiwfr± oqQ#r
(i) pUnu%-------------------------------ijs"kka lUrkie~ vigjfrA
(ii) loZr%---------------------------------vkn|kr~A
(iii) fo}ku~ u pysr~-------------------------A

(iv) vfoJea ogsn~----------------------------A

(v) o`{kk%------------------------------boA

laLÑre~ 59
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

4-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%

4-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
fVIi.kh
01 'yksdr% ------- 04 i;ZUre~

izHkwreYidk;± ok ;ks uj% drqZfePNfrA

lokZjEHks.k rRoqQ;kZr~ ¯lgknsoaQ izdh£rre~AA1AA

vUo;%μ ;% uj% vYidk;Ze~ izHkwre~ ok drqZe~ bPNfr] lokZjEHks.k rr~ oqQ;kZr~] ¯lgkr~]
,de~ izdh£rre~A
O;k[;k%& dk;Z pkgs de gks ;k cgqr vf/d] ;fn euq"; mls iwjk djuk pkgrk gS rks
mls ml dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa viuk iwjk cy yxk nsuk pkfg,A ¯lg ls gesa ;g ,d
f'k{kk feyrh gSA ¯lg dk xq.k gS fd tc og f'kdkj ij fudyrk gS rks mldk iwjk
è;ku f'kdkj dh vksj jgrk gS rFkk og vius iwjs cy dk iz;ksx djrk gSA blh izdkj
gekjk y{; pkgs NksVk gks ;k cM+k] gesa mls iwjk djus esa lEiw.kZ 'kfDr yxk nsuh pkfg,A
thou esa liQyrk izkfIr dh ;g ,d cM+h oqQ×th gSA
losZfUnz;kf.k la;E; cdor~ ifrrks tu%A
dkyns'kksiiUukfu loZdk;kZf.k lk/;sr~AA2AA

vUo;%& cdor~ losZfUnz;kf.k la;E; ifrr% tu% dkyns'kksiiUukfu loZdk;kZf.k lk/

;sr~A
O;k[;k%& cxqyk tc eNyh dk f'kdkj djrk gS rc og ty esa fLFkr gksdj viuh
leLr bfUnz;ksa dks la;fer dj ysrk gSA ns'k rFkk dky osQ vuq:i vFkkZr~ y{; osQ
lEiknu osQ fy, vko';d lHkh eqnzkvksa@ps"Vkvksa dk ikyu djrk gSA blh izdkj euq";
dks Hkh viuk è;ku vU; lHkh oLrqvksa ls gVk dj iwjs è;ku ls rFkk ifjfLFkfr osQ
vuq:i lHkh vko';d dk;ks± dks djrs gq, viuk y{; fl¼ djuk pkfg;sA

càk'kh LoYilarq"V% lqfunz% 'kh?kzpsru%A

izHkqHkDr'p 'kwj'p KkrO;k% "kV~ 'kquks xq.kk%AA3AA

vUo;%& càk'kh] LoYilUrq"V%] lqfunz%] 'kh?kzpsru%] izHkqHkÙkQ% 'kwj% p (bfr) 'kqu% "kV~
xq.kk% KkrO;k%A
O;k[;k%& bl 'yksd esa dgk x;k gS fd cgqr Hkkstu djus dk LoHkko gksrs gq, Hkh
FkksM+k feyus ij larqf"V] 'kh?kz uhan esa pys tkus dk LoHkko gksrs gq, Hkh rqjUr mB dj
psru gks tkuk] LokfeHkfDr rFkk 'kwjrk&;s lHkh 6 xq.k vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSa tks fd oqQÙks
esa ik, tkrs gSaA lUrks"k dks ije lq[k dgk x;k gS] vr% 'kh?kz lUrq"V gksus okyk O;fDr
60 laLÑre~
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

dHkh nq%[kh ugha gksrkA blh izdkj O;fDr esa LokfeHkfDr rFkk fo'oluh;rk gksuh pkfg,A
vuUr dky ls euq"; osQ lgpj oqQÙks osQ ;s xq.k oLrqr% vuqdj.kh; gSaA
vfoJea ogsn~ Hkkja 'khrks".ka p u foUnfrA fVIi.kh
llarks"kLrFkk fuR;a =khf.k f'k{ksr xnZHkkr~AA4AA
vUo;%& vfoJee~ Hkkje~ ogsr~] 'khrks".ke~ p u foUnfr rFkk llarks"k%& =khf.k xnZHkkr~
f'k{ksrA
O;k[;k& ;|fi x/k izkf.ktxr~ dk fujhg izk.kh gS] ijUrq ml osQ dbZ xq.k iz'kaluh; gSaA
fcuk foJke fd, yxkrkj vius dke esa yxs jguk] lnhZ&xehZ dh Hkh ijokg u djuk
rFkk tks fey tk, mlh esa larq"V jguk& x/s osQ ;s xq.k oLrqr% iz'kaluh; gSaA vius dk;Z
esa tqVs jguk gh liQyrk dh ,dek=k oqQ×th gSA blosQ lkFk ;fn euq"; ifjfLFkfrtU;
vU; d"Vksa dks Hkwydj viuk dk;Z djrk jgs& rks mls dksbZ Hkh 'kfDr ijkHkwr ugha dj
ldrhA bl 'yksd esa x/s osQ ;gh rhu vuqlj.kh; xq.k crk, x, gSaA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/PNsn% ¯lgkr~ + ,de~ = ¯lgknsde~
loZ + bfUnz;kf.k = losZfUnz;kf.k
dkyns'k + miiÂkfu = dkyns'kksiiÂkfu
cgq + vk'kh% = càk'kh%
'kwj% + p = 'kwj'p
'khr + m".ke~ = 'khrks".ke~
llarks"k% + rFkk = llarks"kLrFkk
fVIi.kh
dkyns'kksiiUukfu = le; vkSj LFkku osQ fy;s mfpr] vFkkZr~ tSlk le; gks] vFkok
tSlh ifjfLFkfr gks rnuqlkj cxqyk viuh y{;flf¼ esa tqV tkrk gSA
'khrks".ke~ ¾ 'khre~ p m".ke~ p 'khrks".ke~&lnhZ gks ;k xehZ] x/k fujUrj dk;Z'khy jgrk
gSA lnhZ vkSj xehZ dh ijokg ugha djrkA
fo'ks"k& ¯lg ls vnE; mRlkg] cxqys ls bfUnz;ksa dk la;e] le; vkSj ifjfLFkfr osQ
vuqlkj dk;Z djuk] oqQÙks ls LokfeHkfDr] FkksM+s ls gh lUrks"k djuk] psru'khyrk] ohjrk]
vkSj x/s ls lnhZ xehZ dh ijokg fd;s fcuk fujUrj fcuk foJke fd;s dk;Z djrs tkuk]
;s xq.k lh[kus pkfg;sA

laLÑre~ 61
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

ikBxriz'uk% 4-1
fVIi.kh 1- 'kq¼a dFkua ( ) bfr fpg~usu fpg~ukfÄïra oqQ#r
) bfr fpg~usu v'kq¼a (
(i) uj% vYie~ vfi dk;Ze~ mRlkgsu oqQ;kZr~ (------)
(ii) xnZHk% 'khrks".ka lgrs ijUrq lUrq"V% u HkofrA (------)
(iii) 'ok LokfeHkDrks HkofrA (------)
(iv) cd% le;kuqlkja dk;kZf.k lk/;frA (------)
(v) 'ok vf/osQu ,o lUrq"V% HkofrA (------)
2- ,da 'kq¼e~ dFkua fpg~ukfÄïra fozQ;rke~&
1- losZ i'ko% if{k.k'p ew[kkZ HkofUrA
2- i'kq"kq if{k"kq pkfi cqf¼% HkofrA
3- ¯lgkr~ u dkfi f'k{kk feyfrA
4- xnZHk% larq"Vks u Hkofr

4-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%

05 'yksdr% ------- 09 i;ZUre~
;q¼a p izkr#RFkkua Hkkstua lg cU/qfHk%
fL=k;ekin~xrka j{ksPprq% f'k{ksr oqQDoqQVkr~ AA5AA

vUo;%& izkr% mRFkkue~] ;q¼e~] cU/qfHk% lg Hkkstue~] vkin~xrka fL=k;a j{ksr~ (bfr)
oqQDoqQVkr~ prq% f'k{ksrA
O;k[;k& izfrfnu czkÞe eqgwrZ esa tkxuk] vko';drk gksus ij ;q¼ djuk] cU/q&ckU/oksa
osQ lkFk Hkkstu djuk] L=kh osQ vkifÙkxzLr gksus ij mldh j{kk djuk] ;s eqxsZ osQ pkj
LokHkkfod xq.k gksrs gSaA dfo dk vfHkizk; gS fd euq"; dks eqxsZ ls bu xq.kksa dh f'k{kk
ysuh pkfg,A ;q¼ osQ le; eq[k u eksM+uk ohjrk dh igpku gSA izkr%dky dk tkxj.k
euq"; osQ lHkh dk;ks± osQ fy, ije ykHkizn gksrk gSA cUèkqvksa osQ lkFk Hkkstu ls rkRi;Z
gS euq"; dk lkekftd gksukA
L=kh dh j{kk djuk vkSj fo'ks"kdj vkin~xzLr L=kh dh j{kk djuk] lHkh laLo`Qfr;ksa esa
leku:i ls vkn`r gSA bu fu;eksa osQ ikyu ls euq"; yksdfiz; ,oa ,d ftEesnkj ukxfjd
cu ldrk gSA vr% bu xq.kksa] ,oe~ bu f'k{kkvksa dks oqQDoqQV ls lh[kuk pkfg,A
62 laLÑre~
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

v.kqH;'p egn~H;'p 'kkL=ksH;% oqQ'kyks uj%A

loZr% lkjekn|kr~ iq"isH; bo "kV~in% AA6AA
fVIi.kh
vUo;%& oqQ'ky%] egn~H;% v.kqH;% p] 'kkL=ksH;%] iq"isH;% "kV~in bo] loZr% lkje~
vkn|kr~A
O;k[;k& bl 'yksd esa crk;k x;k gS fd oqQ'ky vFkkZr~ cqf¼eku~ O;fDr ogh gksrk gS
tks lHkh 'kkL=kksa ls] pkgs os NksVs gksa ;k cM+s gksa & muls lkjHkwr f'k{kk mlh izdkj xzg.k
djs] ftl izdkj "kV~in vFkkZr~ Hkzej rjg&rjg osQ iwQyksa ls jl xzg.k djrk gSA tSls Hk¡ojk
fdlh ,d iwQy dk gh jl ugha ihrk] osQoy ,d ij gh vkfJr ugha jgrk mlh izdkj
O;fDr dks Hkh lHkh 'kkL=kksa ls] xzUFkksa ls] NksVs ;k cM+s lHkh O;fDr;ksa ls f'k{kk xzg.k djuh
pkfg;sA fdlh dks Hkh mis{kk dh n`f"V ls u ns[krs gq, O;fDr dk y{; ;gh gksuk pkfg;s
fd ml esa lkjxzg.k dh izo`fÙk cuh jgsA
Hk¡ojs osQ 6 iSj gksus osQ dkj.k mls "kV~in rFkk ml osQ ukekUrj ^Hkzej* esa nks ckj ^j*
o.kZ osQ vkus ls laLo`Qr Hkk"kk esa mls ^f}jsiQ* dgk tkrk gSA

HkwrSjkozQE;ek.kks¿fi /hjks nSoo'kkuqxS%A

rn~fo}kUu pysUekxkZn~ vUof'k{ke~ f{krsozZre~ AA7AA

vUo;%& nSo&o'kkuqxS%] HkwrS% vkozQE;ek.k% vfi /hj % fo}ku~ ekxkZr~ u pysr~] f{krs%
ozre~ vUof'k{ke~A
O;k[;k& bl 'yksd esa dfo dgrk gS fd dHkh&dHkh ,slk gksrk gS fd dk;Z lEikfnr
djrs le; euq"; osQ ekxZ esa ck/k,¡ vk tkrh gSaA ;s ck/k,a izko`Qfrd vFkok fdlh
O;fDr fo'ks"k }kjk HkkX;o'k ykbZ tkrh gSaA ijUrq cqf¼eku~ muls fopfyr u gksosA y{;
dks izkIr djus osQ ekxZ esa vkus okyh dfBukb;ksa dk /S;Z ls lkeuk djrs gq, O;fDr mlh
izdkj vfMx jgs ftl izdkj ;g /jrh viuk ozrμ lw;Z osQ pkjksa vksj ?kweus ds fu;e
dks ugha NksM+rhA HkwdEi] rwiQku] ck<+ vkfn vusd izko`Qfrd vkinkvksa osQ vkus ij Hkh
i`fFkoh dk ?kweuk yxkrkj pyrk gh jgrk gSA tM+ i`fFkoh ls ;g f'k{kk eSaus xzg.k dhA

;|fi pUnufoViks fof/uk iQyoqQlqefoo£trks fofgr%A

futoiq"kSo ijs"kka rFkkfi lUrkieigjfr AA8AA

vUo;%μ ;|fi fof/uk pUnufoVi% iQyoqQlqefoo£tr% fofgr% rFkkfi futoiq"kk ,o

ijs"kka lUrkie~ vigjfrAA

laLÑre~ 63
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

O;k[;k& pUnu osQ o`{k ij iQy iwQy ugha yxrs fiQj Hkh og viuh dk"Be;h dk;k
ls gh yksxksa osQ lUrki dks nwj djrk gSA blh izdkj pkgs gekjs ikl cgqr vf/d /u
lEifÙk ;k oSHko bR;kfn u gks rFkkfi gesa vius 'kjhj ls gh nwljksa osQ d"Vksa dks nwj djuk
fVIi.kh
pkfg;sA lsok ls cM+h dksbZ bZ'oj&HkfDr ugha gSA vr% pUnu gesa ;gh f'k{kk nsrk gS fd
fcuk fdlh lk/u osQ Hkh ge nwljksa dh lsok djsa vkSj vius thou dks /U; cuk;saA

Nk;keU;L; oqQoZfUr] fr"BfUr Lo;ekrisA

iQykU;fi ijkFkkZ;] o`{kk lRiq#"kk bo AA9AA

vUo;% & o`{kk% lRiq#"kk% bo Lo;e~ vkris fr"BfUr vU;L; p (Ñrs) Nk;ka oqQoZfUr]
iQykfu vfi ijkFkkZ; (lfUr)A
O;k[;k& o`{k Lo;a lkjs fnu /wi esa [kM+s jgdj nwljksa dks Nk;k nsrs gSaA muosQ rks iQy
Hkh nwljksa osQ fy;s gh gksrs gSaA blh izdkj lTtu euq"; Hkh Lo;a d"V lgdj nwljksa dks
vkjke igq¡pkuk viuk drZO; le>rs gSaA mudh lHkh lEifÙk Hkh lekt osQ fy;s gh
le£ir gksrh gSA vr% gesa o`{kksa ls ;gh lh[kuk pkfg;s fd vius vki d"V lgdj Hkh
nwljksa dk dY;k.k djsa vkSj viuk leLr /u&,s'o;Z nwljksa osQ fy;s iz;ksx esa yk;saA R;kx
ls gh /u ,s'o;Z vkfn lqjf{kr jgrk gSA

lfU/foPNsn%
izkr% + mRFkkue~ = izkr#RFkkue~
j{ksr~ + prq% = j{ksPprq%
v.kqH;% + p = v.kqH;'p
egn~H;% + p = egn~H;'p
HkwrS%$vkozQE;ek.k% + vfi = HkwrSjkozQE;ek.kks¿fi
fo}ku~ + u = fo}kUu
pysr~ + ekxkZr~ = pysUekxkZr~
f{krs% + ozre~ = f{krsozZre~
futoiq"kk + ,o = futoiq"kSo
iQykfu + vfi = iQykU;fi
lRiq#"kk% + bo = lRiq#"kk bo

64 laLÑre~
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

ikBxriz'uk% 4-2
1- ,da 'kq¼a dFkua () fpg~ukÄ~fdra fozQ;rke~A fVIi.kh

(d) uj% osQoya egn~H;% 'kkL=ksH;% lkje~ vkn|kr~A

([k) uj% osQoye~ v.kqH;% lkje~ vkn|kr~A
(x) uj% loZr% lkje~ vkn|kr~A
(?k) Hkzej% iq"isH;% xU/a x`g~.kkfrA
2- dks"Bdkr~ 'kq¼e~ mÙkja fpRok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;rA
(d) oqQ'kyks uj% loZr%----------------------------------vkn|kr~A (lkje~@iQykfu)
([k) fo}ku~---------------------------------------u izfopysr~A (ekxkZn~@oqQekxkZn~)
(x) Hkkstua--------------------------------------lg oqQ;kZr~A (cU/qfHk% @ 'k=kqfHk%)
(?k) f{krs%----------------------------------------vUof'k{ke~A (ozre~ @lkje~)
3- laLo`Qrsu mÙkjkf.k fy[krA
(d) pUnuo`{k% osQu ijlUrkie~ vigjfr\
([k) "kV~in% iq"isH;% ¯d x`g~.kkfr\
(x) uj% f{krs% dka f'k{kka x`g~.kh;kr~\
(?k) ¯d tMinkFkkZ% vfi vLeH;a f'k{kka nnfr\

fdef/xre~\
 lalkjs dks¿fi tho% rqPN% ukfLrA losZ"kq i'kq"kq if{k"kq o`{ks"kq p xq.kk% lfUrA
 vLekfHk% loZnk losZH;% lkja xzghrqe~ m|rS% HkforO;e~A
 ;s"kka lehis fdefi ukfLr rs¿fi Lo'kjhjs.k ,o ijksidkja oqQoZfUrA vr% vLekfHk%
loZnk ijfgra dj.kh;e~A
 ;Fkk i`fFkoh lokZ% ck/k% lgekuk Lodk;sZ layXuk orZrs rFkSo vLekfHk% vfi loZnk
LodrZO;L; ikyua drZO;e~A
 ,rkn`'kkuka i|kuka laxzg% vLekfHk% drZO;%A

laLÑre~ 65
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
fVIi.kh
(d) xzUFkifjp;%
izLrqr ikB esa igys ik¡p 'yksd pk.kD;uhfr ls] vxys nks Jhen~Hkkxoriqjk.k ls rFkk
vfUre nks lqHkkf"krjRuHkk.Mkxkj ls fy;s x;s gSaA pk.kD;uhfr pk.kD; }kjk fyf[kr
uhfrxzUFk gS ftlesa 17 vè;k;ksa esa 333 'yksd uhfrf'k{kkvksa ls vksrizkrs gSAa Jhen~Hkkxoriqjk.k
esa 12 LdU/ gSa ftuesa 18]000 'yksdksa esa Hkxoku~ o`Q".k osQ thou dh >kafd;k¡ izLrqr
dh xbZ gSaA ;g iqjk.k Kku foKku dk Hk.Mkj gSA lqHkkf"krjRuHkk.Mkxkj lqHkkf"krksa dk
egÙoiw.kZ laxzg gSA i×prU=k] fgrksins'k] tkrdekyk bR;kfn xzUFkksa ls Hkh ge blh izdkj
dh f'k{kk,¡ izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

([k) HkkofoLrkj%
ikB esa ladfyr i|ksa esa o£.kr lwfDr;ksa osQ lekukUrj bu xzUFkksa esa vusd lwfDr;k¡ gSa
ftuls gesa blh izdkj dh f'k{kk,¡ izkIr gksrh gSaA muesa ls oqQN lwfDr;k¡ ;gk¡ nh tk jgh
gSa%&
 xq.kS% mÙkerka ;kfr uksPpSjklulafLFkr%A
izklknf'k[kjLFkks¿fi dkd% ¯d x#Mk;rsAA
 fNUuks¿fi pUnur#% u tgkfr xU/e~A
 nX/a nX/a iqujfi iqu% dk×pua dkUro.kZe~A
 ;RlkjHkwra rnqikluh;a galks ;Fkk {khjfeokEcqeè;kr~A
 ijkioknlL;sH;% xka pjUrha fuokj;A
 lk/o% izfriUukFkkZr~ u pyfUr dnkpuA
 lqrIrefi ikuh;a iquxZPNfr 'khrrke~A
 'kSR;a fg ;Rlk izÑfrtZyL;A
 u fuEco`{k% e/qjRoesfrA
 fo|k dkenq?kk /suq%A
 fo|k/ua loZ/uiz/kue~A

66 laLÑre~
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

(x) Hkk"kkfoLrkj%
lfU/%
fVIi.kh
o.kks± ds ijLij feyus ls muesa tks fodkj ;k ifjorZu gksrk gS] mls lfU/ dgrs gSaA
lfU/ djus ds fy, izFke 'kCn ds vfUre o.kZ rFkk f}rh; 'kCn ds izFke o.kZ dks
feyk;k tkrk gSA izFke 'kCn dks iwoZin vkSj f}rh; 'kCn dks mÙkjin dgrs gSaA

lfU/ ds Hksn
lfU/ ds rhu Hksn gSa&
Loj lfU/%] Loj $ Loj_ o/w $ mRlo% ¾ o/wRlo% (nh?kZlfU/%)
O;atulfU/%] O;atu $ Loj@O;atu fuj~ $ jksx% ¾ uhjksx% (jsiQyksi ,oa nh?kZ)
folxZlfU/%] folxZ $ Loj@O;atu /eZ% j{kfr ¾ /eksZ j{kfr (folxZ dks m)
è;krO;
;gka ij Loj lfU/ ,oa O;×tu lfU/ ds fo"k; esa ppkZ dh tk,xhA Loj lfU/ ds
vUrxZr ge nh?kZ rFkk ;.k~ lfU/ ds fo"k; esa rFkk O;×tu lfU/ ds vUrxZr t'Ro lfU/
ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA

LojlfU/%
Loj ds lkeus Loj o.kZ vkus ij tks fodkj gksrk gS] mls Loj lfU/ dgrs gSaA bl lfU/
ds ikap Hksn gSa] nh?kZ] xq.k] o`f¼] ;.k~ vkSj v;kfnA

nh?kZlfU/%
1- v] b] m ds ckn leku o.kZ vkus ij nksuksa ds LFkku ij nh?kZ Loj gks tkrk gS%&
v@vk $ v@vk ¾ vk] ok $ vfrfFkiwtue~ ¾ okfrfFkiwtue~
2- b@bZ $ b@bZ ¾ bZ dfi $ bZ'oj% ¾ dih'oj%
3- m@Å $ m@Å ¾ Å xq# $ mins'k% ¾ xq:ins'k%
;.k~ lfU/%& (;~] o~] j~] y~)
fu;e& ßLo ;k nh?kZ] b] m] ½] y` ds ckn fdlh vleku Loj ds vkus ij b dk ^;~*]
m dk ^o~*] ½ dk ^j~* rFkk y` dk ^y~* gks tkrk gSμ bdks ;.kfp^ (ik- 6-1-77)

laLÑre~ 67
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

(i) ;fn $ vfi ¾ ;|fi

(ii) bfr $ vkfn% ¾ bR;kfn%
fVIi.kh (iii) lq $ vkxre~ ¾ Lokxre~
(iv) ekr` $ vkKk ¾ ek=kkKk
(v) y` $ vkÑfr% ¾ ykÑfr%
o`f¼lfU/%
^v* ;k ^vk* ds vkxs ^,* v{kj vk tk; rks nksuksa ds LFkku ij ^,s* gks tkrk gSA mls
o`f¼ ,dkns'k dgrs gSa_ nksuksa ds LFkku ij ,d u, o.kZ ^,s* dk vkns'k gksrk gSA blh
izdkj v] vk ds ckn ^,s*] ^vks* ,oa ^vkS* vkus ij v/ksfyf[kr ,dkns'k gksrs gSa&
v $ , ¾ ,s v $ vks ¾ vkS
vk $ , ¾ ,s vk $ vks ¾ vkS
v $ ,s ¾ ,s v $ vkS ¾ vkS
vk $ ,s ¾ ,s vk $ vkS ¾ vkS
mnkgj.k& ,dk $ ,o ¾ ,dSo_ v| $ ,o ¾ v|So
lnk $ ,o ¾ lnSo] rnk $ ,o ¾ rnSo
ije $ vks"kf/% ¾ ijekS"kf/% xaxk $ vks?k% ¾ xaxkS?k%

v;kfn lfU/%
;fn ,] ,s] vks vFkok vkS osQ ckn dksbZ Loj lkeus gks rks , dk v;~] ,s dk vk;~] vks
dk vo~ rFkk vkS dk vko~ gks tkrk gSA
Hks + v = Hk~, + v = Hk~
v;~ + v = Hk;
gjs + , = gj~ , + , = gj~ v;~ + , = gj;s
Hkkuks + , = Hkku~ vks + , = Hkku~ vo~ + , = Hkkuos
uS + vd% = u~ ,s + vd% = u~ vk;~ + vd% = uk;d%
ikS + vd% = i~ vkS + vd% = i~ vko~ + vd% = ikod%

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- ^d* LrEHks i'kqif{ko`{kknhuka ukekfu lfUrA ^[k* LrEHks rsH;% izkIrk% f'k{kk%
fyf[krk%A i'kqif{k.kka xq.kS% lg esyua djksrq

68 laLÑre~
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

^d* ^[k* LrEHk%

(i) ¯lg% (d) LokfeHkfDr%
fVIi.kh
(ii) cd% ([k) lUrkigj.ke~
(iii) 'ok (x) mRlkg%
(iv) xnZHk% (?k) bfUnz;la;e%
(v) "kV~in% (M-) vfoJea dk;Z'khyrk
(vi) pUnuo`{k% (p) lkjxzg.ke~
2- v/ksfyf[krs"kq vUo;s"kq fjDrLFkkuiw £r% fozQ;rke~
(i) v.kqH;% egn~H;'p 'kkL=ksH;%----------------1-----------------uj% loZr%--------------------
2---------------vkn|kr~---------------3----------------"kV~in%----------------------4------------------
-------A
(ii) fo}ku~--------------------1-----------------u pysr~A--------------------2-------------------ozre~
vUof'k{ke~A
(iii) ;|fi-------------1--------------fof/uk iQyoqQlqefoo£tr%-------------------2-----------------
--rFkkfi futoiq"kk ,o------------------3-----------------lUrkie~-----------------------4---------
-------------------
3- 'kq¼HkkokFk± fpuqrA
(i) vUof'k{ke~ f{krs% ozre~A
(v) vge~ i`fFkO;k% ozrikyue~ vf'k{ke~A
(c) e;k i`fFkO;k% izfrKk voxrkA
(l) i`fFkoh ozrksiokla djksfrA
(n) i`fFkoh LoekxsZ ifjHkzefrA
(ii) lokZjEHks.k rRoqQ;kZr~
(v) losZ"kka dk;kZ.kke~ vkjEHk% dj.kh;%A
(c) gBiwoZoaQ lo± dk;± dj.kh;e~A
(l) rr~ dk;± iw.kZ $ mRlkgsu dj.kh;e~A
(n) uj% loZnk izHkwra dk;± oqQ;kZr~A
laLÑre~ 69
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

(iii) xnZHkkr~ =khf.k dkfu f'k{ksr

(v) foJke%] 'khrks".klgue~ lUrks"k%
fVIi.kh
(c) Hkkjogue~] 'khrlgue~] lUrks"k%
(l) lUrks"k%] foJkea fouk lrra dk;Z'khyrk] 'khrks".klgue~
(n) 'khrks".klgue~] Hkkjogue~] vlUrks"k%
4- ,rr~ vO;;a ukfLr
(d) ;|fi ([k) izHkwre~
(x) lg (?k) loZr%
5- oqQ=k i×pehfoHkfDr% ukfLr\
(d) oqQDoqQjkr~ ([k) egn~H;%
(x) ekxkZr~ (?k) oqQ;kZr~
6- oqQ=k fozQ;kina ukfLr
(d) j{ksr~ ([k) pysr~
(x) f'k{ksr (?k) ekxkZr~

mÙkjrkfydk
cks/iz'uk%
1- d- lokZjHHks.k] [k- ,de~] x- la;E;] ?k- "kV~] Ä- cU/qfHk%]
2- (i) + x] (ii) + Ä] (iii) + ?k] (iv) + [k] (v) $ d

3- (i) Looiq"kSo] (ii) lkje~] (iii) ekxkZr~] (iv) Hkkje~ (v) lRiq#"kk%

ikBxriz'uk% 4-1
1- (i) , (ii) x, (iii) , (iv) , (v) x

2- (2)

70 laLÑre~
 dLekr~ ¯d f'k{ksr\

ikBxriz'uk% 4-2
1- (x)
2- (d) lkje~] ([k) ekxkZn~] (x) cU/qfHk%] (?k) ozre~] fVIi.kh

3- (d) Looiq"kk ,o] ([k) jle~] (x) ekxkZr~ u izfopysr~] (?k) vke~A
ikBkUriz'uk% 4-3
1- (i) $ x] (ii) $ ?k] (iii) $ d] (iv) $ Ä] (v) $ p] (vi) $ [k]

2- (i) 1- oqQ'ky%] 2- lkje~] 3- iq"isH;%] 4- bo

(ii) 1- ekxkZr~] 2- f{krs%

(iii) 1- pUnufoVi%] 2- fofgr%] 3- ijs"kke~] 4- vigjfrA

3- (i) v] (ii) l] (iii) l

4- [k
5- ?k
6- ?k

laLÑre~ 71