R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

fVIi.kh
3

R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

thou esa izk;% ladV vkrs jgrs gSaA pkgs euq"; gks] vFkok i'kq] i{kh] lHkh dks gj rjg
dh eqlhcrsa >syuh iM+rh gSaA fodV ifjfLFkfr esa f'k{kk] vH;kl vkSj vuqHko cM+s dke
vkrs gSaA ,slh voLFkk esa fo'ks"k :i ls /S;Z] lgh le; dk pquko] izR;qRiUuefrRo]
foosd vkfn xq.k cM+s mi;ksxh fl¼ gksrs gSaA
izLrqr ikB ds vuqlkj tc cUnj ds izk.k ladV esa iM+ tkrs gSa rks vkb, ns[ksa] og fdl
izdkj /S;Z ,oa prqjkbZ ls vius izk.kksa dh j{kk djus esa liQy gks tkrk gSA

mís';kfu
izLrqrikBa ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh
 thous /S;ZL; egÙoa o.kZf;";fr_
 dFkkØes.k okD;kfu ysf[k";fr_
 fo'ks";fo'ks"k.kinkuka okD;s"kq iz;ksxa dfj";fr_
 o`f¼lfU/;qDrinkuka lfU/PNsna dfj";fr_
 DRok] Ro] ry~μ izR;;kUrkuka inkuka okD;s iz;ksxa dfj";fr_
 ikBkUrxZrkuke~ vO;;inkuka p;ua dfj";fr_

fØ;kdyki% 3-1
vki tkurs gSa fd yksx lekt ds fofHkUu dk;Z{ks=kksa esa dke djrs gSaA Ñf"k] lsuk] O;kikj]
tgktjkuh] f'k{kk] fpfdRlk vkfn dk;Z{ks=kksa esa dke djus okyksa ds thou esa dfBu le;
vkrk jgrk gSA mUgsa vius lw>&cw>] /S;Z vkSj lkgl ds lkFk lkeuk djds ifjfLFkfr ds

42 laLÑre~
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

lkFk lkeatL; djuk iM+rk gSA

uhps nks LrEHk fn;s x;s gSaA ^d* LrEHk esa fofHkUu O;olk; ds yksx gSa ^[k* LrEHk esa
muds dk;Z{ks=k ls lacaf/r dfBu ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSaA nksuksa dk 'kq¼ feyku djds tku ldsaxs fVIi.kh
fd /S;Z] lkgl vkfn xq.k thou esa fdrus vko';d gSaA
^d* ^[k*
1) fpfdRld% d) ijh{kkle;s
2) lsukuk;d% [k) ;q¼s
3) ty;kuL; pkyd% x) 'kY;fØ;keè;s
4) O;kikjh ?k) >a>kokrs
5) jktuhfrK% Ä) /ugkukS
6) f'k{kkFkhZ p) lkEiznkf;ddygs"kq
mi;qZÙkQ nksuksa LrEHkksa esa 1 dks x ls] 2 dks [k ls] 3 dks ?k ls] 4 dks Ä ls] 5 dks p
ls] 6 dks d ls feykdj fyf[k,A
ladV lHkh ds thou esa vkrs gSaA tSls fpfdRld ds fy, 'kY;fØ;k esa loZizFke /S;Z
dh gh vko';drk gksrh gSA nsf[k,] bl dFkk esa okuj exj ds paxqy ls /S;Z ds lgkjs
dSls vius izk.kksa dh j{kk djrk gS\

3-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%

izFke% ,dka'k%
vklhr~ leqnzlehis fo'kky% iQyS% iwfjr% tEcqo`{k%A rfLeu~ o`{ks
cfy"Bks jDreq[kuked% okuj% olfr LeA ,dnk djkyeq[k% ukedks
edj% okuje~ vi';r~ vfpUr;r~ p ;r~ v;a o`{koklh LoLFk%
p×py% fuHkhZd% bo izfrHkkfrA v;a ee lgpjks Hkorq bfr eRok
izfrfnua lLusga okrk± djksfrA okuj% vfi dFk;fr ;r~ Hkoku~ ee
vfrfFk%A Hk{k;rq e/qjkf.k tEcqiQykfuA mDra pμ

nnkfr izfrx`Êkfr xqg~;ek[;kfr i`PNfrA

HkqÄ~Drs Hkkst;rs pSo "kM~fo/a izhfry{k.ke~AA

ukufo/dFkkizlaxsu rkS mHkkS vfi lq[ksu dkya u;r% LeA

laLÑre~ 43
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

fVIi.kh

fp=k 3-3
'kCnkFkZ%
vfrfFk% ¾ esgeku]
nnkfr ¾ nsrk gS]
izfrx`g~.kkfr ¾ Lohdkj djrk gS]
xqg~;e~ ¾ xksiuh; ckr]
vk[;kfr ¾ dgrk gS] fp=k 3-1% okuj ,oa
i`PNfr ¾ iwNrk gS] exjePN
HkqÄ~Drs ¾ [kkrk gS]
Hkkst;rs ¾ f[kykrk gS]
"kM~fo/a ¾ N% izdkj ds]
djkyeq[k% ¾ Hk;adj eq[k okyk (laKk)]
Hkf{kr'ks"kkf.k ¾ [kkus ds ckn cpk gvk]
[kkfnRok ¾ [kkdj]
,rkn`'kkfu ¾ ,sls] fp=k 3-4
vku; ¾ ykvks] fp=k 3-2
izR;qÙkjfr ¾ mÙkj nsrk gS]
'kD;e~ ¾ lEHko gS] f}rh;% ,dka'k%
vU;Fkk ¾ ojuk]
R;tkfe ¾ NksM+rk gw¡] djkyeq[k% edj% izfrfnua Hkf{kr'ks"kkf.k tEcqiQykfu x`ga xRok
Hkk;kZ;k% ¾ iRuh ds]
Hkzkr`tk;k ¾ HkkHkh] Hkk;kZ;S ;PNfrA edjh rkfu iQykfu [kkfnRok edja dFk;fr
Roka ¾ rqEgsa] vgks! ro fe=ka izfrfnue~ ,rkn`'kkfu e/qjkf.k iQykfu [kknfr
Lejfr ¾ ;kn djrh gS]
v| ¾ vkt] rL; ân;a dhn`'ka e/qja Hkosr~A re~ vku;A edj% izR;qÙkjfr&
ee ¾ esjs] dFke~ bna 'kD;e~\ fe=kL; ej.ka u fpUr;kfeA edjh onfr&
rj.ks ¾ rSjus esa]
xPNs;e~ ¾ tk ldrk gw¡] vga u tkukfeA re~ vo';e~ vku; vU;Fkk miokla ÑRok
Hkoku~ ¾ vki]
i`"Be~ ¾ ihB ij]
thoua R;tkfeA Hkk;kZ;k% dFkusu edj% okuja dFk;fr& ^ro
vk:<e~ ¾ cSBs gq, dks Hkzkr`tk;k Roka LejfrA v| ee x`gs ro Hkkstue~ vfLrA* okuj%
i`PNfr ¾ iwNrk gS]
rj.ks ¾ rSju esa]
dFk;fr& vga rq rj.ks vleFkZ%A dFkega Ro;k lg xPNs;e~\
Ronh;e~ ¾ rqEgkjk] edj% onfr& Hkoku~ fpUrka u djksrqA ee i`"Be~ vk:<a HkoUra lq[ksu u;kfe
[kkfnrqe~ ¾ [kkuk
bPNfr ¾ bPNk djrh gS] rL; fo'okla ÑRok ljyân;% okuj% rL; i`"Be~ vk:<%A

r`rh;% ,dka'k%
tyeè;s xRok edj% i`PNfr& tkukfl fde~\ fdeFk± Roka
u;kfe bfr\ Ronh;a e/qja ân;a [kkfnrqe~ bPNfr ro Hkzkr`tk;kA
44 laLÑre~
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

okuj% /S;sZ.k izfronfrμ ^iwo± dFka u dfFkra Ro;k\ ee ân;a

rq dksVjs fr"BfrA ;fn ee ân;su ,o dk;±] rnk ukfLr ee
vkifÙk%A ijUrq rnFk± eka ra o`{ka izfr u;A* ew[kZ% edj% rhja fVIi.kh
izfr vkxPNfrA rnk okuj% mRIyqR; o`{ke~ vk#g~; onfr & rhja izfr ¾ fdukjs dh vksj]
mRIyqR; ¾ mNy dj]
^Hkks ew[kZ! u dks¿fi tho% ân;a fouk thofrA u ok rr~ i`Fkd~ vk#g~; ¾ p<+ dj]
drq± 'kD;rsA vr% Roa xPN] iRuha p izh.k;A lekIrk vko;ks% eS=khA* vko;ks% ¾ ge nksuksa dhA

vr% mDre~& leqRiUus"kq dk;sZ"kq cqf¼;ZL; u gh;rsA

l ,o nqx± rjfr tyLFkks okujks ;FkkAA

cks/iz'uk%
1- ikBa ifBRok v/ksfyf[krokD;s"kq fjDrLFkkuiwfÙk± dq#rA
(i) leqnzlehis ------------- iQyS% ------------- tEcqo`{k% vklhr~A
(ii) rfLeu~ ------------- cfy"B% ------------- okuj% izfrolfr LeA
(iii) v;a ee ------------- HkorqA
(iv) r;kseZè;s ------------- vHkor~A
(v) ukukfo/dFkkizlaxsu mHkkS vfi lq[ksu dkya ------------- LeA

2- v/ksfyf[kr'kCns"kq fo'ks";fo'ks"k.kinkuka la;kstua dq#rA

^d* ^[k*
fo'ks";inkfu fo'ks"k.kinkfu
d) okuj% 1- leqRiUus"kq
[k) o`{k% 2- e/qje~
x) tEcqiQykfu 3- cfy"B%
?k) ân;e~ 4- iQyS% iwfjr%
Ä) dk;sZ"kq 5- e/qjkf.k
3- e×tw"kk;ka nÙkkfu vO;;inkfu fpRok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;rA
(i) okuj% ------------- lLusga okrk± djksfrA

(ii) ------------- djkyeq[k% uke edj% okuje~ vi';r~A

laLÑre~ 45
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

(iii) ukukfo/dFkkizlaxsu mHkkS ------------- lq[ksu dkya u;r% LeA

(iv) okuj% dFk;fr ------------- Hkoku~ ee vfrfFk%A

fVIi.kh
(v) v;a ee lgpjks Hkorq ------------- eRok lLusga okrkZa djksfrA

vO;;inkfu& ,dnk] ;r~] bfr] izfrfnue~] vfi

3-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%

3-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
vklhr~ leqnzlehis ----------- u;r% LeA
O;k[;k% fVIi.;'p
cfy"B% jÙkQeq[kuked% okuj%μ jDreq[k uke dk vf/d cy'kkyh cUnjA
jÙkQeq[k dk vFkZ gksrk gS yky eq[k okykA izk;% okujksa ds eq[k yky gksrs gSaA og cfy"B
vFkkZr~ cgqr vf/d cy'kkyh FkkA og cUnj leqnz ds ikl tkequ ds o`{k ij jgrk FkkA
djkyeq[k% edj%μ djkyeq[k uke dk exjePNA exjePN dk eq[k lcls vf/d
fo'kky vkSj Hk;kud gksrk gS] vr% ys[kd us mldk uke djkyeq[k% j[kk gSA jÙkQeq[k%
vkSj djkyeq[k% dk vUrj lef>;sA
Hkoku~ ee vfrfFk%μ cUnj exjePN dks vfrfFk eku dj mldk lEeku djrk gSA vkius
igys ikB esa Hkh vfrfFk ds egÙo ds fo"k; esa i<+k gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa vfrfFk dks
nsork ekuk tkrk gSμ ^vfrfFknsoks Hko*A okuj exjePN dks vfrfFk eku dj tkequ ds
ehBs iQy mls fuR; [kkus ds fy, nsrk gSA
"kM~fo/a izhfry{k.ke~μ fe=kksa ds eè; izse dks c<+kus ds fy, N% rjhds crk, x;s gSaA tc
u;k fe=k cukrs gSa rc vusd izdkj ds O;ogkj gksrs gSaA og nnkfr ¾ nsrk gSA izfrx`g~.kkfr
¾ migkj Lohdkj djrk gSA xqg~;e~ ¾ xksiuh; ckrksa dksA vk[;kfr ¾ dgrk gSA i`PNfr
¾ iwNrk gSA HkqÄ~Drs ¾ Hkkstu djrk gSA Hkkst;rs ¾ Hkkstu djkrk gSA bu N% fØ;kvksa ls
izse c<+rk gSA

'yksdkUo;%μ
nnkfr] izfrx`Êkfr] xqg~;e~ vk[;kfr] i`PNfr] HkqÄ~Drs] Hkkst;rs p ,oe~ "kM~fo/e~
izhfry{k.ke~ vfLrA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
Hkwrdky dks crkus ds fy, ^yÄ~* ydkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls& vi';r~ ¾ ns[kk]
46 laLÑre~
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

vfpUr;r~ ¾ lkspkA blds vfrfjDr orZeku dky ds fØ;kin ds lkFk ^Le* yxkus ls
Hkh Hkwrdky dk cks/ gksrk gSA izfrolfr& jgrk gSA izfrolfr Le& jgrk FkkA
fo'ks";& ftl dh fo'ks"krk crkbZ tkrh gS mls fo'ks"; dgrs gSaA fVIi.kh
fo'ks"k.k& fo'ks"k.k og gS tks fdlh oLrq ;k O;fDr dh fo'ks"krk dks crkrk gSA ^jÙkQnqxZ*%
;gk¡ nqxZ dh fo'ks"krk crkbZ tk jgh gSA vr% nqxZ fo'ks"; gSA jÙkQ fo'ks"k.k gSA
Hkkst;rs&
;gk¡ izsj.kkFkZd ^f.kp~* izR;; dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA tSls [kkuk&f[kykuk] djuk&djkuk]
nsuk&fnykuk bu inksa ds vFkZ dks nsf[k,& jke [kkrk gSA ;gk¡ [kkus dh fØ;k jke Lo;a
djrk gSA jke f[kykrk gSA bl okD; esa [kkus dh fØ;k jke ugha] dksbZ vkSj djrk gSA ;gk¡
[kkus dh fØ;k ds izsjd ds :i esa jke gSA fo'ks"k iz;ksx ;ksX;rk foLrkj esa ns[ksaA

ikBxriz'uk% 3-1
1- mfprinp;ua ÑRok laLÑrHkk"k;k mÙkjkf.k fy[krA
(i) leqnzrhjs iQyS% iwfjr% d% o`{k% vklhr~\ (vkezo`{k%@tEcqo`{k%)
(ii) jDreq[k% okuj% o`{ks fda [kknfr Le\ (vkeziQykfu@tEcqiQykfu)
(iii) v;a ee lgpj% Hkorq bfr d% fpUr;fr\ (jDreq[k%@djkyeq[k%)
(iv) ukukfo/dFkkizlaxsu d;kseZè;s eS=kh vHkor~\ (edjhedj;ks%@edjokuj;ks%)
2- v/ksfyf[krinS% okD;jpuka dq#rA
(i) jÙkQeq[k%] uke] rfLeu~] okuj%] o`{ks] olfr LeA
-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------
(ii) tEcqo`{k%] iQyS%] vklhr~] iwfjr%] leqnzlehisA
-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------
(iii) okuje~] i';fr] edj%] djkyeq[k%A

-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------

(iv) tEcqiQykfu] Hk{k;rq] e/qjkf.kA

-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------

laLÑre~ 47
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

(v) dkya] lq[ksu] u;r% Le] rkS] mHkkSA

-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------
fVIi.kh
3- v/ksfyf[krdFkus"kq lR;e~ ( ) bfr fpÉkÄ~dua dq#r
) vlR;e~ (
(i) okujL; uke djkyeq[k% vklhr~A ( )
(ii) tEcqo`{k% leqnzL; lehis vklhr~A ( )
(iii) okuj% Hk;Ä~dj% fucZy% p vklhr~A ( )
(iv) okuj% edjk; vfrfFka eRok tEcqiQykfu ;PNfrA ( )
(v) izhfry{k.ka i×pfo/e~A ( )

3-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%

djkyeq[k% --------------------- vk:<+%A

O;k[;k% fVIi.;'p
Hkf{kr'ks"kkf.k&[kkus ls cps gq,A exjePN okuj }kjk fn;s gq, tkequ [kkrk gSA 'ks"k tkequksa
dks og viuh iRuh dks ys tkdj nsrk gSA
Hkk;kZ;S ;PNfrμ ftldks fn;k tk;s mlesa prqFkhZ foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ^Hkk;kZ* 'kCn
ls prqFkhZ ,dopu esa Hkk;kZ;S :i curk gS] iqfYyax esa ^nso*] ^jke* vkfn 'kCnksa ls
^nsok;* ^jkek;* bR;kfn 'kCn curs gSaA
[kkfnRokμ [kkn~ $ b $ DRok (Rok) ¾ [kkdj] xRokμ xe~ $ DRok (Rok) ¾ tkdjA
exjePN dh iRuh ehBs tkequ [kkdj lksprh gS fd ml cUnj dk ân; fdruk e/qj
gksxk tks izfrfnu brus ehBs iQy [kkrk gSA og exjePN dks vkns'k nsrh gS& re~ vku;
¾ mls ys vkvksA exjePN ijs'kku gS] dSls fe=k dks ekjus ds fy, tk,A vr% og dgrk
gS & ^dFke~ bna 'kD;e~* ;g dSls gks ldrk gS\ vUr esa exjePN viuh iRuh dh ftn
ds vkxs >qd tkrk gS vkSj okuj dks ykus ds fy;s py iM+rk gSA og okuj dks dgrk
gS fd mldh HkkHkh us mls [kkus ij cqyk;k gSA cUnj rks rSjuk ugha tkurk FkkA vr% og
dgrk gS& vga rq rj.ks vleFkZ%¾ eaS rks rSjus esa vleFkZ gw¡A dSls rqEgkjs lkFk tk ldrk
gw¡\ exjePN mls mik; crkrk gS fd og mls viuh ihB ij cSBk dj ys tk;sxkA Hkksyk
Hkkyk cUnj exjePN dh ihB ij cSB tkrk gSA
Ro;k lg xPNs;e~μ ^lg* ds ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ^Ro;k* esa
;q"en~ 'kCn esa r`rh;k foHkfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ^Ro;k lg* dk vFkZ gksxk rqEgkjs
lkFkA
48 laLÑre~
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

ikBxriz'uk% 3-2
1- v/ksfyf[krs"kq dFkus"kq lR;e~ ( ) bfr fpg~ukÄ~dua dq#rA
) vlR;e~ ( fVIi.kh

(i) edj% i`"Bs vk:<a okuja m|kua izfr u;frA ( )

(ii) edjh edja okuje~ vkusrqe~ vkfn'kfrA ( )

(iii) edj% okuja gUrqe~ bPNfr LeA ( )

(iv) edjh ljyân;k vklhr~A ( )

(v) okuj% rj.ka u tkukfr LeA ( )

2- v/ksfyf[krdFkukfu d% de~ izfr dFk;fr bfr fy[krA

d% de~
(i) vgks ro fe=ka izfrfnua e/qja iQya [kknfr
rL; ân;a dhn`'ka e/qja Hkosr~\ ----------------- -----------------
(ii) v| ee x`gs ro Hkkstue~ vfLrA ----------------- -----------------
(iii) vga rq rj.ks vleFkZ%A ----------------- -----------------
(iv) i`"Bs vk:<a Roka u;kfeA ----------------- -----------------
(v) vga u tkukfeA re~ vo';e~ vku;A ----------------- -----------------

3-2-3 r`rh;% ,dka'k%

tyeè;s ------------------------ eS=khA
foijhr ifjfLFkfr esa iQ¡lus ij ^vc eSa D;k d:a* ,slk iz'u LokHkkfod gSA exj Hkh tc
ikuh ds chp esa igq¡p tkrk gS rc okuj dks lPpkbZ crkrk gSA okuj ;g tkudj Hkh fd
mldh e`R;q fudV gS] /S;Z ls dke ysrk gS vkSj exjePN dks dgrk gS fd mldk ân;
rks isM+ ij gh jg x;kA ew[kZ exjePN nqckjk mls leqnz ds fdukjs ij ys vkrk gSA okuj
dh tku cphA og mNydj isM+ ij igq¡p tkrk gS vkSj exjePN dks dgrk gS fd tk]
vc iRuh dks izlUu djA gekjh fe=krk rks lekIr gqbZA
foifÙk ds le; 'kfDr] iSlk bR;kfn dke ugha vkrsA /S;Z ls gh mik; [kkstk tk ldrk
gSA Øks/ vkSj Hk;] cqf¼ vkSj foosd dks u"V dj nsrs gSaA

laLÑre~ 49
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

leqRiUus"kq dk;sZ"kq cqf¼;ZL; u gh;rsA

l ,o nqx± rjfr tyLFkks okujks ;FkkAA
fVIi.kh
vUo;%
;L; cqf¼% leqRiUus"kq dk;sZ"kq u gh;rs] l ,o nqxZe~ rjfr ;Fkk tyLFk% okuj%A
leqRiUus"kq dk;sZ"kq & dke iM+us ij] foifÙk;ksa ds vkus ijA
u gh;rs & {kh.k ugha gks tkrh] u"V ugha gks tkrhA
l ,o nqx± rjfr & ogh dfBu ifjfLFkfr dks ikj dj tkrk gSA

ikBxriz'uk% 3-3
1- v/ksfyf[krokrkZykis fjDrLFkkuiwfÙk± dq#rA
edj%& tkukfl fde~\ (i) ------------------------ Roka u;kfe bfrA
Ronh;a e/qja ân;a (ii) --------------------- bPNfr ro (iii) -----------------A
okuj%& iwoZa dFka u dfFkra (iv) ------------------------\
ee (v) ----------------------- rq dksVjs fr"BfrA
eka ra (vi) ------------------------ izfr u;A
okuj% (mRIyqR;) Hkks ew[kZ! u dks¿fi tho% ân;a (vii) --------------------- thofrA
lekIrk (viii) --------------------- eS=khA
2- foykse'kCnS% lg ;kst;r
^d* LrEHk% ^[k* LrEHk%
(i) iwoZe~ (d) izkjC/k
(ii) lekIrk ([k) fo}ku~
(iii) e/qja (x) izfronfr
(iv) u;kfe (?k) dVq
(v) i`PNfr (Ä) i'pkr~
(vi) ew[kZ% (p) vku;kfe

50 laLÑre~
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

fdef/xre~\
 foiÙkkS /S;± /kj.kh;e~A fVIi.kh
 fe=kk.kka p;ua vofgrsu eulk dj.kh;e~A "kM~fo/a fe=ky{k.ke~A
 DRok] Y;i~ izR;;knhuka lkgkÕ;su okD;kfu ;ksT;UrsA
 fo'ks"k.ks"kq fo'ks";or~ foHkfDr%] opua fyÄ~xa p iz;qT;rsA
 i|L; vUo;% x|kRed:is.k HkofrA

;ksX;rk&foLrkj%
(d) dfo ifjp;
;g dFkk i×prU=k ds prqFkZ rU=k yC/iz.kk'k dh izFke dFkk gSA bls ljy Hkk"kk esa fiQj
ls fy[kk x;k gSA i×prU=k ds ys[kd fo".kq'kekZ gSaA uhfrijd dFkkvksa ds fy, i×prU=k
izfl¼ gSA i'kq&i{kh vkfn ds LoHkko dk ekuohdj.k djds dFkkvksa dks ,d&nwljs esa
fijks;k x;k gSA ,d dFkk ds var esa nwljh dFkk tqM+rh gSA izk.k?kkrd ladV mifLFkr
djds foijhr ifjfLFkfr dks Hkh lqy>kus esa dfo dh vlkèkkj.k izfrHkk ns[kus dks feyrh
gSA bu dFkkvksa dh mi;ksfxrk vkt Hkh mruh gh gS ftruh vkt ls nks gtkj o"kZ iwoZ
FkhA
([k) HkkofoLrkj
bl dFkk ds ekè;e ls thou esa /S;Z dh egRrk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA lHkh dks fe=kksa dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA fe=kksa ds p;u esa ltxrk vko';d gSA ladV dh ?kM+h esa /S;Z ,d
mi;ksxh xq.k gSA ns'k] dky] ifjfLFkfr ds vuq:i lgh le; ij dk;Z djus ij liQyrk
feyrh gSA ;gh bl dFkk dk dsUnzh; Hkko gSA
(x) Hkk"kkfoLrkj
fo'ks"k.k] vO;;] loZuke] vkfn ls okD; lqUnj vkSj lVhd curs gSa_ Hkko foLrkj esa Hkh
lgk;rk feyrh gSA fdaonfUr;k¡] yksdksfDr;k¡] eqgkojs] lwfDr;k¡ vkfn ds mfpr iz;ksx ls
Hkk"kk esa izkS<+rk vkrh gSA /krqvksa ls 'kCn&fuekZ.k djus ds fy, Ñr izR;;ksa dks tksM+k tkrk
gSA blh izdkj u, 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, rf¼r izR;;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rFkk
'kCnksa ls fØ;k (/krq) ds fuekZ.k ds fy, laLÑr Hkk"kk esa uke/krq vkfn izR;;ksa dk
fo/ku gS fiQj muls ^fr* vkfn izR;; tksM+dj fØ;kin cuk, tkrs gSaA

laLÑre~ 51
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

(i) fo'ks";&fo'ks"k.k dh vfUofr&

fu;e& ;fYyÄõa ;n~opua ;k p foHkfDrfoZ'ks";L;A

fVIi.kh rfYyÄõa rn~opua lk p foHkfDrfoZ'ks"k.kL;AA
vFkkZr~ & fo'ks"; ds opu] fyÄõ vkSj foHkfDr ds vuqlkj gh fo'ks"k.k inksa esa Hkh opu]
fyÄõ vkSj foHkfDr iz;qDr gksrs gSaA
lqUnj% iq#"k%A ,d% iq#"k%A }kS iq#"kkSA =k;% iq#"kk%A pRokj% osnk%A
lqUnjh ukjhA ,dk ukjhA }s yrsA frlz% u|%A prlz% mifu"kn%A
lqUnje~ iq"ie~A ,de~ iQye~A }s iQysA =khf.k i=kkf.kA pRokfj vÄõkfuA
(ii) vO;;in fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

LFkkuokpd izdkj cks/d

;Fkk & tSls
v=k ¾ ;gk¡ rFkk ¾ oSls
r=k ¾ ogk¡ loZFkk ¾ lHkh rjg ls
dq=k ¾ dgk¡ bRFke~ ¾ bl izdkj
v=kR;% ¾ ;gk¡ dk dFke~ ¾ dSls
r=kR;% ¾ ogk¡ dk bZn`'ke~ ¾ ,sls (bl izdkj)
dq=kR;% ¾ dgk¡ dk rkn`'ke~ ¾ ml izdkj
dhn`'ke~ ¾ fdl izdkj
foHkfDr cks/d& dkycks/d&
dqr% ¾ dgk¡ ls ;nk ¾ tc
rnk ¾ rc
rr% ¾ ogk¡ ls dnk ¾ dc
br% ¾ ;gk¡ ls bnkuhe~ ¾ vc
loZr% ¾ lHkh vksj ls rnkuhe~ ¾ rc

52 laLÑre~
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

fo'ks"k& /krqvksa ls ^DRok* ^Y;i~* ^rqequ~* izR;; yxs in Hkh vO;; gksrs gSa& xRok] ÑRok]
vkxR;] vkÑ";] drqZe~] xUrqe~ vkfnA
(iii) DRok] Y;i~] rqequ~ fVIi.kh
^DRok dk vFkZ gS djds tSls xRok ¾ tkdj] ÑRok ¾ djdsA ^DRok* esa ^Rok* 'ks"k jgrk
gSA ;g izR;; ges'kk /krq ls gh tqM+sxkA tc /krq ls iwoZ milxZ tqM+ tkrk gS rks DRok
ds LFkku ij Y;i~ izR;; dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSls vk $ xe~ $ Y;i~ ¾ vkxR; (vkdj)
Y;i~ esa ^;* 'ks"k jgrk gSA
^rqequ~* izR;; ^ds fy,* vFkZ esa iz;qDr gksrk gS tSls& [kkfnrqe~ ¾ [kkus ds fy,] xUrqe~
¾ tkus ds fy,A
(iv) Ro ,oa ry~ (rk) izR;;&

Hkko dks crkus ds fy, budk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls& euq"; ¾ euq";Ro] euq";rk_ ekuo
¾ ekuoRo] ekuorkA 'kCn ls u, Hkkookpd 'kCn cukus ds fy, bl rf¼r izR;; dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsμ
egr~ $ Ro ¾ egÙo egr~ $ (ry~) rk ¾ egÙkk
xq# $ Ro ¾ xq#Ro xq# $ (ry~) rk ¾ xq#rk
y?kq $ Ro ¾ y?kqRo y?kq $ (ry~) rk ¾ y?kqrk
iVq $ Ro ¾ iVqRo iVq $ (ry~) rk ¾ iVqrk

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k fy[krA
(i) jDreq[k% okuj% dq=k olfr Le\

(ii) tEcqo`{kL; }s fo'ks"k.ks fy[krA

(iii) ^djkyeq[k% re~ vi';r~* bR;=k ^re~* insu dL; cks/% Hkofr\

(iv) okujL; pRokfj fo'ks"k.kinkfu fy[krA

(v) ^Hkoku~ ee vfrfFk%* bR;=k ^ee* insu dL; cks/% Hkofr\

2- v/ksfyf[krokD;s"kq fØ;kinL; p;ua d`Rok okD;a iwj;rA

(i) rkS mHkkS vfi ------------- (u`R;fUr@u`R;r%@u`R;fr)

laLÑre~ 53
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

(ii) ;w;a losZ fde~ ------------- (dq#Fk%@dq#Fk)

(iii) vkoka dnkfi vlR;a u ------------- (onkfe@onko%@onke%)

fVIi.kh
(iv) rs ckfyds fo|ky;a dnk ------------- (xPNfr@xPNr%@xPNfUr)

(v) o;a Hkkjrh;k% 'kwjohjk% ------------- (Hkokfe@Hkoko%@Hkoke%)

3- laLÑrHkk"k;k mÙkjkf.k fy[kUrq

(i) okuj% lqUnj% LoLFk% fuHkhZd% bo dLeS izfrHkkfr\

------------- (djkyeq[k bfr inL; iz;ksxa dq#r)

(ii) okujedj;ks% eè;s dFka okrkZ vHkor~\

------------- (lLusge~ bfrinL; iz;ksxa dq#r)

(iii) e/qjrjkf.k iQykfu edjh dqr% izkIuksfr\

------------- (djkyeq[k bfrinL; iz;ksxa dq#r)

(iv) okujL; ân;e~ vku; vU;Fkk ------------- (ikBa ifBRok okD;iwfr± dq#r)

(v) edjL; i`"Bs vk:<a okuja edj% fda dFk;fr\ ------------- (ikBa ifBRok
fy[kr)
4- v/ksfyf[krs"kq okD;s"kq dks"Bdkr~ 'kCna fpRok fjDrLFkkuiwfr± dq#r ----------
(i) Nk=k% vè;;ua ------------- fo|ky;a xPNfrA (ÑRok@drqZe~)

(ii) edj% tEcqiQykfu x`ga ------------- Hkk;kZ;S ;PNfr (xRok@xUrqe~)

(iii) lk miokla ------------- thoua R;tfrA (ÑRok@drqZe~)

(iv) ro Hkkr`tk;k ro ân;a ------------- bPNfrA ([kkfnRok@[kkfnrqe~)

mÙkjrkfydk
cks/iz'uk%
1- (i) e/qjS%] iwfjr% (ii) o`{ks] jDreq[kuked% (iii) lgpj% (iv) eS=kh (v) u;r%
2- d $ 3] [k $ 4] x $ 5] ?k $ 2] Ä $ 1
3- (i) izfrfnue~ (ii) ,dnk] (iii) vfi] (iv) ;r~] (v) bfr
54 laLÑre~
 R;kT;a u /S;Ze~

ikBxriz'uk% 3-1
1- (i) tEcqo`{k% (ii) tEcqiQykfu (iii) djkyeq[k%] (iv) edjokuj;ks%
fVIi.kh
2- (i) rfLeu~ o`{ks jDreq[k% uke okuj% olfr LeA

(ii) leqnzlehis iQyS% iwfjr% tEcqo`{k% vklhr~A

(iii) djkyeq[k% edj% okuja i';frA

(iv) e/qjkf.k tEcqiQykfu Hk{k;rqA

(v) mHkkS rkS lq[ksu dkya u;r% LeA

3- (i)  (ii)  (iii)  (iv)  (v) 

ikBxriz'uk% 3-2
1- (i)  (ii)  (iii) (iv)  (v) 

2- (i) edjh edje~] (ii) edj% okuje~] (iii) okuj% edje~ (iv) edj% okuja (v)
edjh edje~A
ikBxriz'uk% 3-3
1- (i) fdeFkZe~ (ii) [kkfnrqe~ (iii) Hkzkr`tk;k (iv) Ro;k (v) ân;e~ (vi) o`{ka (vii)
fouk (viii) vko;ks%
2- (i) $ Ä] (ii) $ d] (iii) $ ?k] (iv) $ p] (v) $ x] (vi) $ [k

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- (i) tEcqo`{ks] (ii) fo'kky%] iQyS% iwfjr% (iii) okujL;] (iv) p×py%] cfy"B%]
fuHkhZd%] LoLFk% (v) okujL;
2- (i) u`R;r% (ii) dq#Fk] (iii) onko%] (iv) xPNr%] (v) Hkoke%

3- (i) djkyeq[kk;] (ii) lLusga (iii) djkyeq[kkr~ (iv) thoua R;tkfe] (v) tkukfl
fda] fdeFkZa Roka u;kfe\
4- (i) dr±q] (ii) xRok] (iii) ÑRok] (iv) [kkfnrqe~

laLÑre~ 55