Adavigachina Vennela

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ADAVI GAACHINA VENNELA (WILD SWANS)

English : JUNG CHANG
Translation into Telugu
VENIGALLA KOMALA
Published : 2007
Rationalist Voice Publications
3-14, A.P. Housing Board Colony,
Hyderabad - 500 040. INDIA.
Ph : 040-65222712.
Price : Rs. 295/- $20 10
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Global Flair Ltd., 1991, 2003 (English Original)
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7. 2 Hawlings Count, Brookville, MD, USA - 20833.
D.T.P. :
By D. Naga Lakshmi at Center for Inquiry India, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad. INDIA
Printed at :
Kala Jyothi Process Pvt. Ltd.,
Iftekar Mansion Lane, RTC X Roads,
Hyderabad - 500 020. A.P., INDIA.
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29
3
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|Q k J`} 'Xi iHO ^ J<fl_ .
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zOi Q_ î Oz =Oy~ L<fl_ . `# ~ fi b#x, H_
i OK~x < Jx K_. 365 ~A ^\ #O_ ~u^H |~=
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J_qQz# "<fl
34
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+ |O_ fH o " Q@^Q ~ "z L<fl~ . JH_ o# " HO
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=_ < +` <K< =x+ _. JH, =Q~

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J_qQz# "<fl
42
J=~ x|>" ~. Hx WC_ i` =~@O ^$ P"# Z=~

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61
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J_qQz# "<fl
62
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66
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67
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J_qQz# "<fl
70
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71
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72
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J_qQz# "<fl
74
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75
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Q" LO_e. Hx `_ JO` J`xHK qQ` J"# LO_k.
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164
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W, KH x `@ JO> ZO` ==. " ZO` O`+OK~.
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165
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OKQOz `<xH, îfixQO, |~HH =u~HOQ XH L^=xfl
`"#<fl~ . ^xfl f J<\ HO~< (Three Antis Campaign)
J<fl~ . OKQO_ JkH~ HOîx KO~. HOîx * \~ .
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168
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(lots-drawing rightists) JO> \ " Z=i ~#fl z\ Zu` "ix
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flk. JO` Q OKH ~< K~ = < ="*ux
make steel) Jx qx #
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sfi" <H H| Q L Q_ # aeOQ L#flk. 1941 Z~fl qOQ
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J "# O@ Hk ~A ZO_x, JH <@, H =s
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\ OKH^ H \ OKH^K^. `=# `= "yOKO@
Z^\ "ix "yOK@O *uHO`\ H i\ J~Ok. x~ s
<` , == A
O@ J^` fiOQ K=<fl~ .
=" xO`$`fiO =K~O JO^x=fiH =@O, JOk< Jk H@H^
J=fi@O ==. [ `HH ~. "i èq`@, "iH
è# q+ < " #=HO ~Ok. u =H =OQ, xH_Q
PzOK H H~ QO QqO^ J#fl@ =i_. "~H
Qe"@O^ _~. x*xfl =iz ="# #=~. W`~
PK#` qk O K ^ . 'PQ, PzOK J< q^#O J=Oa H
~=@" J=Ò^#<fl~ [#O.
JkHiHOQ "~Oz# H~< ZH L#fl O\
Q}O@<fl_ 'g~ ` ~ K# \ \ K \xH xH
=O k, J`x H # ^ A
=~~ x|_ _ Q \ Z`` <fl_
=~Q`#fl =OzOk, 'h"O` `QQ = Jx J`# J_Q`<fl_ .
P H~< K# #=*x q=~} QiOz Z=~ <~ "k tflOK^ .
1957 q`"^ =u~H K~O, ^x e Ò "oOH =~=^ . <~
`~z Z=~<fl J_y< "i <~<fl =~OK~. L^Q" < T_cH~.
J [iy` J`x q +`, J`x @O| H = O =O@Qe#>.
J_qQz# "<fl
218
K K@ `Q O_ < flO, `Q Lù K < flO Jx XCHx"ix

H\ |=OÒQ "i K` XOK~. Wa< _H < x@ <
P^ g `yeOKx ~K |O_ ^Q~ H =K"~. "ix tfl # fl
=O J=~" ` Ô_OK `fl" Jk.
'=H ZO` O_ < fl=? Jx fl
'450 O_ (Jk J H ~)
J K # "} H\ '=H Zxfl Q^ = O_OKQ = ? Jx
=~ fl .
'800 O_ =^#O.
JO` Oz K < `$ _ H J`# 10,000 O_ J< ^H
H>" ~. H "_n"~. J "_n#C_ HO^~ Kx"~.
JkHO Q O_OK=x K #C_ K=Ok P ~ , ~ `
Jk J^ =x è<
_ q#fl O_"~. " s P^#
\ < fl~ . ="# J#iOz#O`HO " H = OQ LO_Q ~. "
^ `# "~ Q~ ~ Q O_ KO k s ==. _H~ _ #O Hx
[|# #O K# @ Q KC H= =zOk.
@ ~` WHeOKO@ = HOO_H =K"~.
O_Oz# ^xHO> J<H ~ @ JkHO Q O_Oz#@ H H K \xH
J =K"~. @ QO A ^H O_OK=<"~. W^~
He "#O` ^ @"\ O_O^<" ~. XH @ Ju
^ A
Okx H `K~. JO` A
Okx OK=<fl~ . <#
OQ KOQ
219
@xk x["# Ok Jx Jki#. Jk ~ "+` KO ^@.

< K@ L#fl ^" JÔ` x[O J#fl@ =iOK@O= <#
J=O _#. s[#fl H^x [#O #\OK@O J"@
K<fl~.
[#O =@ ` ^~OQ, ^`~ÒQ, "i x["#
PK## =~Q iKqQ =~~. J|^ Q_Q\ # @ K @O=
x[O K < #""~ O_ ~. JO` =@ Q~_.
H=## #__ O èH<fl_ =". ~ ` Z=iH "~ HH
P~< * _ û LO_@O= Jk ^ =<fl_ . ~ ` xfl Z ^<fl
#O_ PÔ^q. =" ==xfl Zxqk q^ ql OK_
' ~O, Z~=, h, q`< , ^@O Q <\@O, H_@O, *Q`
fH=_O, >Hflr J K_O. HOQ #O_ s O@ Hq\
~ O_ r *Q` K< JO`\ ~ ` JOkOK~ # Z
Ja=$k K H"e, Z~= Z "_e <~# ^@O Q <\e Jg
P r ~OO. #=H O Hx P P^ ~ ` \OKe. KQ
<\~x Jx H ^@O Q =~ <\e.
H = # HO\ # # #_ _ O g^ =" < \ _ .
H=x*#flO`, ' [#O > aH HO\#Q =" Ja=iOK_.
HO\# ^<xfl O_OK= J#fl $ J`xH ^ . 1958 WO\
u#@O < K~. u ~ ` H=< HO\< < u<e. O` ~
@H@O =HQÒQ _| `# J=~ "_H=_O x+kOK~.
H=<, > JOî ^ ` =O k. ~ ` H O\< , =~Q\
J_qQz# "<fl
220
"~. H_ xO_ u<"~. Wk=~H C_ WO` Q "iH P~O

^~H ^ . J L#fl P~ xfihfl Y~~. H _
=~Q\ "~. "~O` x K < fl~ . ZO` O_ < fl~< k ~ `
J#=O. JÔ` @
H " Òk. =" H` x<Ô WK_ 'K<
H=x =[OQ =~`#flk JO> == hfl JO^~ OKO\~.
^xfl ~ ` `=H#OQ J~O K <fl~ "~ x K< , K <fl
"i =O` "iH ^ Òk. +Q ux x^"~.
LùH ^ @ " \# == Lù `yO k. K=Ok
~ ` ~ fl #__ xH ` W#=, W#H_ Jg " "
J"~. P_"ih, # =k"~. "~O` K` `
xK= =Kk. O^# _H#H "_"~. 1958
O@K >= H Hk=O^ K qy~.
P ~ H qQ ^#O K\< , O@ `Q @
\H H~ =
=K K# HxOK~. 1958 J"iH HO> qOz K< Q^ =
O_OzO^x H\ O K~. JkH~ s uH 'k _~b P \H
g^ K~ yOzOk. 'JO` Z= ^#O O_ ^xfl UO K O\=
J<k K~ \~ .
<#fl K P< W<K i. K< JO` H\ # fl> K P<
_ qs`" # |_~ H eK~. sH QO`. s e Q#H
<#flQx, W`~ Qx Ug K g^ . " _ ^ H<fi ~
=O\"~. [~Q`#fl Ò` <#fl# *~ KOk. J`#fl`
JkH~ J K @"H> =~O Q <#fl `zOk.
OQ KOQ
221
1958 z=~ <#fl HOQx O@ Hq\H XH L`~ O ~_

' ` û Lù J~~ `=~#^h, L#fl =#~# J#=~O Q
"_@=h, "i = TiH `#fl^h, P~ H~` U~_`#fl^h
JO^x ~OO. `fiiÒQ K~ fH=OkQ H~_. Q=~fl~
@~ JOkOz "iH O=<fl_ . Q=~fl~ b_*OQk q< 3=
~O. <#fl Wa< #O_ KOQ_ =z# "O@< P< <#fl L^QO
WzOk. <#fl# XH fl `_Q q_ .
Q=~fl~ <#fl# ez @~ H O#. JO^ H` q+ O
Ug ^< fl_ . sHO ` `, sx #= J<fl_ . [#O #=Hxfl
^|f=^< fl_ =". 'QQ =O^ Q`<flO J#fl x<Ô [
x $ `yO z, U"< K QO J< ix WzOk. '=O_, H^ O_
J< i\ g^ h K _^< fl_ Q=~fl~.
<#fl Q=~fl~ =~ q+ O K_. qx < <#fl
'Jl+< J< ~#fl^h, `# "i` UHqOK^x K_. '<#fl
sH iQ JOHÒ H=@O, =Oz H=tH}
Hey LO_@O P#fl
H_`<fl~ Jx Q=~fl~ K_. <#fl K# =Ozx, `# O^ #
s"iH `_O , [ |@@H =@O Jx _ K_#.
<#fl `# @~ =<u# == H=`_h, P# @O|O,
'W`~ _ JH~ iu _` ~x Q=~fl~< fl_ . 'W`~ JO>
P#=O\ <#fl fl`x J~O. <#fl Kk P# XC<fl,
i@H@O J<k XH@O@O^x K_.
J_qQz# "<fl
222
Hx <#fl, P#` x K"~. Hxfl ~^ HiOz

HOQ OOK~. P ~ #, [# JO`$ L#flk. =O^
=@O J< ^x g^ < q^ ^ H=x i#
|@_ `<fl~. =" `# ^Q~ L#fl ~ O_\ ` = ~ #
`lOKe. Jk e "zH ^He. K< e #O|~ 2 J~<
="#fl JkH~O XH =O` _ ^ . =" s K~ = < J< 'H
# JO\@ <fl_ .
JO`$ Q =HO J=@O`, 1959 E< z=~ s +
H#~ < U~@ K = =zOk. O@ K< x, < HO_ XH
i~ Jk [iyOk. P g\OQ ~H}
=Ou, =~ OQ ^ "~
'QQ =O^ =@O = [iy# #+O ^$ PiH QuH H`
O` `Hx =" @~ ~_. *Q`Q ~# L`~ O Jk. z=~
a\+ "i` =OQ <Q PiH ~OQO ~Qu k O ^x PtÔ
Jx =yOK_. OQ ="H ZO` fl `_< , ^Q~ " _< J`x z#fl
q=~ _ =" OKH"_. ^xH H~}O =" `#
` ^xfl Q OK_. _< (fi ~H} ) __ . JO^= =s F~HH
_. <# =\QiOK `flO J<fl_. <~A@
H#~ <# _yOz =~ OQ# ^|\_ . OQ# ~ K#
"ix 'q`"^ J=H"^ J<fl_ . "O@< OQ# ~H}
=OuQ
f, Q$x~O Ô LOK_. `~ "` i>~ K~Oz, K P< Ju
=#"# L^QO _ _.
=" `# =~ xH\xH Z<fl Z` " = =zOk.
JO^ J`_k JO^ "# K~. P# Ju W+O Q Kk"k XH ~`#
OQ KOQ
223
H O 30 "=#fl K< ^~~ <flQ. s "O|~# _

K^= =x K O _"~. =", H~ JO> =^ Q ~[ ^~~
=O\k. JO^ [g^, P# g^ u~Qx `# O, JkH~O
LO_@=x J~O . =" 'ql OK eOK@ k@. =#+ =#` fi`
P_x qye#"~ <#=~` <HO\ J< ^~} ="k. z=iH
HO^~ L#fl` JkH~ =~ OQ H # x|_~ . =" `
qy# "~ "~O` s [#~ H@s _OQ+
" OQ K ` ^ .
P# H qiyOk. _OQ =u è ~E Q}Q` LO_k. 'rqÒ
JO` ~ ` Q< L<fl#, W\O\ == û << C _ Z~Q# . J#flk
P". _OQ ae~ P_` H q~Q@ <fl_ . Jk q#flC _ ="
J=~xH ZO` gQ q~Q@ <fl_x H"O\ K~.
Hq~b H#~ < #O_ KOQ_ uiy = =~ OQ ....
K# i=~` L#fl _"O\ "O@ `K_. P H# Q_ 17
P ~ OK~. "~ OQ J#fl"\` UHq ~ Jx J_Q_. WO`^H
Jxfl\H J=# JO@ LO_ P ~ fl U^ u~H#fl^x Q \ ~ .
ui _"O@ Oz#C_ ^xg^ =" \H >" _. 'Kk"#
JO@ H"O\ ~"_. Hx D _"O@ g^ JO\^g ~^ .
*Q`Q LO_e Jx "#<fl~ .
K P< Q=~fl~ ^fi~ < q"Ô QiOz <#fl èOk.
<#fl `# 'sH (exam) g\OQ OQ ~# @~ QiOz J+O Q
K_. <#fl = J= "iflOQ WK_. OQ @~ q+ O *Q`Q
LO_=<fl_ . J= ZO` O`+OzOk. <#fl s ~HO> J=
=Y=x K@O W^ "^\ i.
J_qQz# "<fl
224
qQ`"iH _ "iflOQ JOkO^x è J= P~~Ok.

'sH g\OQ JO^~ OQ Ja Q J"= =x q=iOK~.
HO^~ ` =@ =~z#"i U^ Q}Q~. XH`# ''<# J=#,
H^< iu #<fl_ . OQ K# P^~ "" , H^ <
è^. "" ` OQ# ~ K#. Jq "" HÔ> <#`xfl
~ K # J<fl_ .
KOQ_ ^<Q~ p, JH_ p W^~ ~ _ Ps
Ò_#"~. =~ OQ P^fi ~O ~_#"~ "i^~ . H=O_~
OQ K Ok x[=<fl~ . " J#" # _ *_Oz OQ
~Q =\_~. D =$^ \ _ `<fl=x è#@#flk
J#H#flk J=. è OK~O> "ix Ja#OkOKe Jx _
J#Ok. "#fl ^~ O `#O> QO_^# #flk. `#O`
`# Q`q \ ? _ O \Q L#fl \ fiKrq H^ `xC_. `#=O`
=z#C_ @~ L#fl q+ H<fl J= L#fl s
H# Q}OQ = J#flk.
J= q~ Q" J= =^#O O`$H ~ O Q ^ . JO^
J= ^$HÔ "_ H ^< fl_ . J= Hxfl ~A ^H P`~`Q Q_ O k.
~ _ Ps ê î h @Hx, ^= _cH, s~H = K O_ Jx
OOK~. "ix 'q`"^ J=H"^ J<fl~ . XH<_ J=# ez
Q" P" 'q`"^ ^~}x q=iOK_. J=# XH q+ O f=OQ
`C\_. 1959 H=#" ~` #O_ H#, Q_#
f<fl~ . "~ "\x Oz Ja=$k K ^ . Jq ^~H@
O
^ . HO^~ ~ ` XH\ , J~ H# "i =OK HO^ ^z, Oz,
OQ KOQ
225
Q_ QO^, O^ 20 ~ @ JkH ^~ J=~. J" "ix @H\xH

~E JkH~ uflOK"~. J=# JO\ _\ =x Q"
J_y#C_, J Jq` `=Ok ? _=O_ L#flC _ K e
H^ J#flk. J L#flO^ J= q`"^ "<fl~. *Q` Jx
"iflOQ WK_.
q`"^ J=H"Ô@ tH O > s OHO "^~Ok.
K=Ok P ~ OQ` UHq OK~. =" `C J~<
J`xx ZkiOK _^< k +O J~Ok. OQ ~H}
=Ou , ="H W+_
_ J~< J`x Qu U=~Ok J<k JO^~ Q OK#fl^ ="
^~}. qkOKO_ ^qH ~r<= W"fie. Uk K< ="H
=u~< =^ ` ^. Z# |@_ ~ . s"iq, [q QO`
=Q~. J@ `~ "` ''=OÔ[ " y`<flO J<k WOH
"i` "O k. WOH J^ "# \~@ qkOK~. =iO`=Ok ~ ` #
` sH O~. =s ^~}"# P^ *s J~.
JH=~.
1958 z=~ ^ H< H < *H K|\~ . HOQ ^ aeOQ
k < H>
e. 10= x=~sx ~ iOKHx P x~
O K~.
JH|~ 1, 1959 Q}Ò` ~["~_# ~AQ [~Q H`<fl~ .
10 aeOQ XH\ Q\ P k . \ <<" < fi~
_=~Q q\ xiOK~. ^x ~u =Oye1/4 "
_=#flk. O_
~` "ey qO^ "=Ok ~=K.
JH_ =Y"# ="=`~. q^j ql@~ JH_ fiQÒ
J_qQz# "<fl
226
`~. JH_ QO_ ~=xfl\ H K< x q# ~ \~ .

<#fl K P< ~= JOH~}
W< Ki. x ~
H K P< s
b_~# ~= K_\xH <#fl PfixOK_. _OQ + " OQ K P<H
KOk#"_, _OQ fl `_ =~ OQ, ~ _ Ps P#
XH_ W^~ =K~.
"i^~ =~ x~ HbQ` =\_ `#flC _ <#fl# Z=~
|\H eK~. <#fl uiy =K@\H =~ OQ _OQ# K
x*xH J`# O<xfl Jk+O Ke Jx H ##fl x~` K|`<fl_ .
<#fl# K_Q< O+} xe" ~.
<#fl Ug O_ L#flk. J#HO_ `fik<` `
qk Oz K# i=~ q<fl_ . U^< [iy` <#fl H _` _. <#fl
_# @ Ug [~Q ^ . 10 O=`~ `~ "` <#fl < P q+ O

QiOz K|` z#fl \ #O_
_ `< |uH#<fl_ . J q#@O
_ qÔ HO^H =O k. tH H K` #iH"
@" J<fl_ .
<#fl q#flk =" PH~ } #O_ |@_ K# "i i=~.
JO\ =O H` _O \ b "H XH_H H^. K=Ok L#fl`
< L#flk.
1959 tt~O b '~_ O_~ J< H=xfl K_\xH KOQ_
=K_. =O^>_ JH_ O_OK=#fl ^#O H qx =" ZO`
LÒ K_. Z=~<fl b =z#C_ |@_`~"#x HOîx
=\ Q_ |OkOK~. Q_ HQ "` # K#<fl_ b.
P ~ Z<fl K|` Q_ r~= eÒ^<fl~ . Hx
OQ KOQ
227
b XH\ q#^ . `C\ # Ò H `~= Q< =iHQ _

L#fl ~` |@_~. bH J|^ HeOz K P~
q+ xfl ^K#<fl~ . " Q_= K~ " Jx =z# q+ JukH
U^< x `_`~"#< J#=#O` "ix J LOK=
=zO^<fl~. ~` <~ "^^. P~ s Ug
K`Q x"~< , [#
\ J^ LOK~. Z=ig^<fl HH H\~O >
"iH K x x =K , uO_H =_, OOz, J~ K << w
K".
b ~èfl Hxfl fl_QQ "~ z~#"fi =^#OQ
LO_~. "i J#= O ^$ =z# JukHO > H P ~ `
H_ *Q`Q "Qx J q#fl O_ ~. H=< "i
rqÒÒ "O@ LO\~. Juk "o`_.
`^ i, =~ ~Q J< x~ <` KOQ_ HK~. P#
"O@ =" " @
H@s _ L<fl_ . ~Q K P<"_, ~ _ Ps
H=O_~ Q xK"_. H=x q*xH qe@s `^ i P<.
P# Z<fl H=# K~. i=~ HQ #_ JH_ H$u
JO^# K 'K P< fi~^ =O J<fl_ . Hq`Q K_. @
@ J|^, î` # H=x[O P fi~xfl <#O K < fl~ J<fl_ .
JC_ J= "i`< L#flk. =# P# J#fl^x` UHq OzOk.
`# K~ g^ J#=#O`#, < `#g^ Ja Q
~=_O` PiH q^<# WOH zQ, J= K_. JO^ =OQ
J_qQz# "<fl
228
[~Q`#fl J#~# ZiQ<fl, Hxfl\ x K@Q i+i< fl |@

HxK"~ H^. 1960 ^@Q< H~= ~H K< #O`\ h P=iOzOk.
KOQ_ u =HH 
\# JO^`~. =#= =Ò` H~# OK`~. JO^Hx
[#O \~\H O_ ` =` q~# K, JO^ H~
yO[ ""~. Hk~A PK Q "ez iQq. Jq f H_y
aO` He =O_ u<"~. Jq u<O> _, Hx " `Q ` x
u<"~.
<#fl _ ` =Q< ~ +< WK"~. x~ P ~ Q Hxfl
" @O_q. P HOO_ ~ O_ H=#, XH\ z#flk, =~H\
^k LO_k. _~" O\ _~ H~ , "i ~, z#fl H=<,
^k qQ` "~OîH uO_ >q . J==, J`, P ^ ^x
u<e. "= K~ H O\< \# P~O WO\H @ "O.
|*~ H<fl H O\< uO_ Z=Q LO_k. qx Q=~fl" O@"i
O_q, HO\ Q=~fl" O@ #O_ _ |=` JO^q. =z#
"\x z#fl H O\<H Z=, ^^ xH ` = OK"~.
s P ~ Q#H J=, <#fl _ # WK"~. Jq
@Hx, J==, <# HOO_ |@ L#fl + ~ _ HO\xH
OQ KOQ
229
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B< c<, JO` HfiO\\ KH ~ WK"~. <#fl # ~OQq.
J=Hz# ^xHO> ~ \O ~ "\ g^ WK"~. H O\# P~O,
Wg He JO^~O He u<"O. =H Z= >" ~. << C _
PHei# _ ^ . J== +H~ O= "` ^ _ O k.
P" H~ OKk. ^" u<"~. J^q\ <H=~ K ^ . XHi
<# HOKO <\ " O> "Ou =z#@~ L"#. =~C_ Jk
u#^.
< K@ H~= H~ K# fl^x < è^ . <<H ~A
" ` = ~ uO@ #_< fl#. Z=~ ~ Q# =z <
Kuk <fl_ . PH #O_ <# `~ HO@ K #\ , |H\ =H,
|@ _ iQ=, OÔz ~ Q `` HxOK_. <\ ^Q~
K~ HxOzOk. <# WO\ [iy# OQu K|Ò> <#fl ^ _ ~ .
'h=^$+= O`~eq h =#fl K=OkH ux_xHg ^~H_ O ^
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< #fl q+ OQ Z= @ = =Kk. JH_ X
"z n#u ~Q HxOK"~. < H_ uk JH_ iu
K. "# "HK"~. U=~Ok " Jx <# _H~ # J_y`
'Z_= J#flk. JO> UO\ J<fl#. UO\ qhq_ O_ K Ok. P~O
O|OkOz# [| Jx J~O K <fl#.
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230
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H\, J~ K, OOK"~. P ~ H=#HO ^ ~ ` #O_
^#O fHH ` "ix _q K @", "ix ` =Q K_@"
[~QÒ_k. e ÒQ K< O@ O_OK ~ ` qe# OY
PHe` Kx~.
= |O^= KP<#, =OKi# K=Ok
Kx~x `~ "` < èOk. Z^Q^ x <#fl `=_ J
Kx~# "i XH_ . <#= 1958 Kx~Ok. ~ H~=
iu x `@HH Kx_. <HK ~ +< Hk~AH J`xH ik.
qQ` ~A . J== K <, P" ~ F _ Kx~.
P~ ^< H~` U~_Ò_Q L#fl^xfl P ~ "~ `KO>
J OK~. F Hq<\OQ "_ H#H tH QOQ J`xH ~H
~ +< W=fi@O =<~. L#flk >" ~. e< == J<
_.
XH ~A#Q, |HQ Qeg _ L<fl" = WO\H =z
J= =O^ _ ~Ok. '< ìfl ~HO K~ J#flk. P" = P
è. ~ , XH H_ Kx~#@ K Ok. fi=#|_ "iH =s
HOKO P~O WK"~. P JO\ @O|O#O_ =zOk. `~ "`
è, WOHH J#fl, =k# Kx~#@ P" L`~ O = K U_Ok.
1989, H~= ib # xK # fl =H K Q q<fl#. XH
KP< OÒ< 7 qe# [#O H~== Kx~@. JO`
~=O`" # q< Kx~#"~ [< k ~ O@ L<fl~ .
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231
1960 Wa< J` <~OQ HO\ =_

HxOK O_ ~Ok. Hxfl "~ `~ "` P _ =~ J=~
"x HxOzOk. ^Q~Ho _g^ Q~# |\ K P _ `#
ì^ Jx è Ô_ <fl~ . Q# `_#fl è^ O _
ZO_ =OO J""~. z#fl e fl Z` ~, KO P =Oxfl O^
=OO Jx K J""~. "ix \ KO~. H # + K~.
e fl KO`<fl~< "~ JO`\ HOk.
H<fl `~ "` <#fl` xK# =Hx He#. P# K #
q+ O XH H=< 35 Ò ~ ` Kx~. "i Ui
O@ Q O_q. Hx P ~ ` # ` sH OOz"~. L#fl
xfi# H=# =$^ KO k. XHi XH~ ` `# ~= =z <g^
_ ~ J~=@O "^\_ . f~ èO^=O> `# a_< KO
u<_. PHeH `H Hu \_ . J`xfl J~ K~. `~" ` +\
K KO~. a_e fl KO"iH^H "iflOQ J<fl~ .
JO` H~ = ~=\xH H~}O ~ J<fl~ . H$" K< Hi<
"~ H O K # J O` " O @< f~ =<fl_ . JO^ =OQ
^|u<fl=<fl~ . ^~ ` J#= " "~ K# JCefl f~=x
=H~ "O@|_"~. J< q\ ~ K< "O@|_O^x [<xfl
#qOK~.
=~ H~}O K~. K< q"# Ô . ZC_ U^ =
"`=~}O QH O@ O_=. L#fl` ^= x JkH~ `
"`=~}O QiOz `< " @ ^ . } ^< =.
J_qQz# "<fl
232
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"~=~ < èH \K~#, J=, <#fl# J_Q#. "~ iQ
K H ~. x= H#|_ K_" O\ "~#fl=@ Jx u "
=^#O K~. < K@ L#fl"i, x= Q _ " x
uiQ K_"i=O\"~=~ HxOK^. J^H =Q =iOk.
=e" OK " H~H=xH q=~} J__Ok. Oz
"=O^ ''h= =~ `= H=Q^ Jx u "ih J_Q # Q^!
XHH i " = H # L#fl Q b L#fl W
i KO^ " "O . XH WO\ XH =_ "^ ~ sg^ ~x
"= H+_ H\ H `_O> ZQòQ #=fi`#fl@ = "
KO _"_. = OQ ~HQ, +_ L#fl `# H K
O K =<"_.
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263
JkHiHOQ XH \Q~ iH~ K"_). J`#<fl, J`x =iH

H <fl = H O "k. 'W`#Qx =~ `= H^Q^! J#fl O^ O
=Kk. Hx J`# XH "+# i= xK<fl_. =~~ JO`
=Oz". q= O #_k P H Jx Z<fl~ K Q q<flO. Ug
J~O H=@O ^ Jx J#<^xfl.
J~# `~ "` |Q "iH O K^xfl. " O@
OK, O_< " Hx |~= |O_ <@ H J= _ Ò> <#
XH K~ "^xfl. KeHO _ P |O_ Q" KH
îOKO_ = K"~. " =M g^, g g^, K=@
kQH~Ò_k. Z` #flK@ |O_" x[OQ J= _ Ò_"~.
XH |O_ Q_xH _` < `Q Je^xfl. J`x x< O_<
<" K z#fl #=fi #"fi "_. x P` |O_ J^ ` @O MO.
XHi < H= ~ ''D |O_ Q "O ` =~ `=, "iH
tHQ |O_ y<fl~ Jx <` J#flk. "iH __^x
_ K Ok. u q+ O \K~ #_y O^ f~H@O < J"@.
|O_" q+O \K~fl_y` P" J=OQ K, `# iQ
è^#flk. ^~}OQ Hq<\OQ O|O^#fl"i` |y~ .
"ix =Oz =~O > L^ =@. P q+ O \K~ <` K H,
|O_ " _@O =<=#flk. P<\ #Oz |O_"_
=Oy~ |O_x H+O Q Q@O K< K_#@ "o^xfl.
= ~E =~ `= QiOz k O _"~. H=x
K< "i= Z<flxfl ^ [#O _= =zO^ K Ò_"~. "=
J_qQz# "<fl
264
'Z~*O _ QO \=. H#H Hq<\OQ HO _# H

= ` e =<fl~ . JO^ H b O Q =~ ` =# JO` Q
J OK<fl_h , K~ = < ="# $^ ~fiHOQ W+ _ _h ~E
q<"O. J`xH 7 OII =#flC _ J`x è # XH fiq
J`K~O [~Q , P" Li" #fl^@
, Jx K"~.
=~~, ~ ` Hz L<eK"~. XHC _ PHe`
^ _ ~h , Q_H > Ke |@ O_ #_K" ~h, #fl =<
Kx"~x K"~. K~ < =" }= JO@ JO\ "iHOîH
_, Q_ JOk "~ |uH |@_ `<fl~x K"~. =~H#,
1950 ^H xQ |uH#<fl_. J\ `# =~ H@Q U~_#
=K, Q@ KOK"_. J " L<eO > O` xO_
qO@#fl"~ ^Mxfl PHH "~. Hq<\OQ "~ \# ^
qx < =# =_Kk. =" JO> P~^# =s iyk.
K~=< =" O_ = r=` U=" `\xHx
JC_C_ a@~< g (K^ [#O) =O_"~. P uO_
Hq<\OQ >= [ u#= =K^x K"~. =O@" =`
P_O@<fl~ J< OÔ HeQk. P uO_ H_ JOQ, "Ou
K < LO_k.
XHi ==efl, \\ QiOz '=~q ^ J< Zya+< fH ~.
JH_ K# \ pH\ Q^, ` u~Q_`<fl~. ~H~H
iH~ Mn# OOK\xH LyOKq, H iH"_xH
@H~, H` , j=O_ >O_< H"
_xH L yOKq \
OQ KOQ
265
L<fl~. KH s XH# = L<O W=fi_xH =K"_.

P# `#k \\ Jh, z#fl` C K# O^ >O_< Hui OK~h K_.
1964 ^ ^ '=~ q^ =lO U~@ K~.
=" ~H=O^ fi= ~ ` =# ^KHx q=OÒQ Z
rqOK"~ K"~. XH Kh #`# O=`~xH <#fl ==#
2 1/2 QO@ }O K~Oz XH ^ = <xH fH _. =O`
HO "^# C_ 'u"`x Q_g ^ #_H JO@ " @O i\.
"= JO\ \C ZC_Qx " "O H^.
î _=< ~_H ~ " He K@, "^ ~ ^,
H>* #O_ =# fl Q JO` Q=x L<fl#. " K@
H = H # JOÔQ HxOK~. uiy =KH P \ QiOz
"O ~=<fl_ <#fl. JO^H JO` ij#Q K#. Hxfl K@
P, H= O_ Z`Q L<fl~. z=~ w<\ \# @ K ^#O
L#flk. J L<fl Uq\ J#<fl#. <#fl#_y`, KOQ_ "^ <
=O@ K~ H~ =Q LO_k. JOk# H=hfl ~ ` #iH "_<fl~< fl_ .
<#fl <HH OQu K ^ . 'Q =OÔ[ H~H=OQ ` sH
~ fl =O_\xH Z<fl<fl K@ #iH" ~. O> WOH Z<fl K@
HxOKq.
@
aHO Q JxOzOk. "= [#O HO =~\ ^Q~
Jy#C_ ~ ` ~OQ~OQ H` |@ î Oz HxOK~. =e"
`Q , O Q L#fl `Q K@Hx he~OQ U# " <fl~ .
~ ~ O\ [#O` H@H@_`<fl~. ~ K# ` <Q H\ H
J_qQz# "<fl
266
#O_ HxOK~. =O_ xO# H~ #O_ =Oz ~K è "#

Qo< fl~. = H~ <=kQ [#O =^ #O_ Q=~fl" O@ P
" "oOk. P = #O Q @H~ " ~ O_ ~u O x|_ L<fl~.
1961 H~= ~A <#fl JH_ x"O L<fl_ . 4 U `~ "` H
P ~ ZO` =~ =zO^ K_O_ Jx KOK_. ~ ~ O\ =
HO ` HOQ ~= U~@ K~. ==efl H P ~ Q~=OQ
"O@ fH Ò> ~ ` K LO_~. Z<fl H` H` =O@H
>| g^ LOK~. "= ZC_ H O\< > ^~ ` |@
ZC_ u#^ . P ~ ~ O\ \# ^~ P~iK~. "\ ~
_ qO`Q< L<fl~. ''~~, ''fQ< \ ''O ` JO@
U"" ~. z=iH ~ ~ O\ "<[~ = Q_ K|Ò> ~ ` K
x|_~.
"= =lOH "_ Ò> XH F< @ HO^~ J~,
J=~ HxOK~. " = ". " =lOH
"_ `<fl~ . = \K~ H" @ "#H x|_ L#flk. P" ##fl K
#qfiOk. <# `kOK<fl#. _= ~ #_`#fl = H~, P @
ZO` `_! <#fl z#fl `=} =_ @ x =O^ @ ~<fl_ .
\K~ #qfi` <#fl _ =^#OQ #"fi_. "# uiy ##fl
K__ <#fl, <# =_KHx L<fl#. <#fl K O`+OK_.
=, @ "iH L#fl =Ò ##fl W~# \ O> < =Oz
Q}<fl x J~O J<fl_ <#fl. =#fl =` efl QQ KHO_,
Q _ # O^ <#fl "K<fl_ .
OQ KOQ
267
=lO HOQQ L#flk. = x ~ ` qugi J^

H@_ O , fi= ~ O_ ~H H` "_@O. ^k H#\xH, z#flk
J=\xH L yOK_O , Z= =_ = K _O, Jhfl =
~O Zya\ K~. \~~ KO|~ (z` O @_xH
L yOKk.) ^x =iH h\ =xy L#fl XH # LOk. P #
=x+ x|_# O` \Q , ~#O` W~Q L#flk. ~ O@ H@ x
~ ` # JO^ \ fiq kOK"_@. XH ~= =Q~ eK
#~# LOK\xH@, =x+ |=~H = x fiq `Q"_@. P#
LO_H` 5= P" ~E 30 ` H u<^@ . ` ~zH~" #
Q=^#@.
P OH~"# fiq `=_C_ HOQ Q=~fl"O\
=OuQ L<fl_x = K^. 1949 KOQ_# H=x
WK#O^ J`xH #[~< J@. Hq<\OQ ~A =#+efl u<"~.
(JO> OOz, KO"~.) Jx = K ` "=O` =" H$`[` Q
LO_x K"~.
=" P~^# `@ QÒ x
OH~" # J#" # HeOz
HeOz K"~. J\ iu = =~ `= =~ K< # Hq<\OQ
<\u H fH x qfi `flO K < fl~< fl~ . "= O Ho
K^ =H=, KeHO |@ ^~H= , u#\xH = uO_ ^~H^ < fl~ .
JO^H P `=# "= =OQ <#O K <fl~ . KOQH +H
"~<O_ g^ Ô_u uiy =~ K\ x 1962 uflOK_<fl~ .
JC_ H~ = H~ zx L<fl=<fl~ .
J_qQz# "<fl
268
WO` K<, K <, <, <`~O "iH =~ `= ~<

Hx x[OQ ~x OzOk. "#H\ HO L<fl~ " Z\ H"
Jk! =" Z=iH "i ~# K^ . Q` Hxfl =OQ ~
=_. J~< =" '=~ `= ZC_< `` = K< =O xO_.
=" ^=_#fl =# P# q` <@@O ~OaOK_.
<#, < =Hb J\ PK# O~O Q #=`<fl=. ="
hu=O`_Q L#fl` tY~xfl Jk~Oz L<fl_ . =~ `$ =@ Hi#O
[ = =##<flO. ^" =~ [~Q`#fl^xx YO_OK@O
^. =~ PK# `q=fi^. J Ô` =" P~^#
Q"~.
~ O_ " O=`~Q K< KH=i ~*kH~O, i@=
Jî\ ~ O_\ h HQQ L#fl"_. W`~ ^ ^=_O> LO_ H
=O, K< KH=i@
LO_k. = J=, <#fl, Kh O^~ J^
PK~ û rqOK~.
=" `# QiOz Z= èhO_, XH ^= fi~OQ
`## `# K<fl_ . =#+HO^#O` ^~OQ L#fl@ JxOK
"_. ~_# qOQ_. >eq[<# @h^. =s Hk=OkH
` J`x` O|OÔ ^ . ^ ^ JkH~_ P#fl '^~ #O
J#fl@Q< K_Qe Q~. #< `~ "` <#fl ="# Hxfl ~ K_
Jn ^ ^ ="<. P# KOQ_ 1958 =z#C_ J=
XHi KOk. q sfiQ _ 18 ^H L#fl"~ P#` Q
\ kQ~. 'Q =OÔ[ QÒ `~ "` J H#|_@" =<_.
OQ KOQ
269
=" KH=~ K< Ki` Q Wq__. *f ~ `

O ~} H^+O \ # KH=~ =Oxfl `~[x H= O`" #
H` `~ KH=iQ ~ _ _ . ^= KH=i J< ~H K~ HQeyQ_#=K.
JO`~` ~\xH \_ . x|_Q , Ou`" # `fixfl
U~~K_.
JO\ `fiO H"x [ Ja+OK~. H# '^H O
=x+Q LO_ |^ Ou =O HQ LO_@O " J= < K< # XH HQ qQ` O KO QiOzOk.
K< "=x KCH=@O Q K@Q "i HxOK@O^. J
LO_Q Q@O Q OQuQ qOK~. x[O KO>, =" K< #
"# =^ Q iu H fH _, <> _ \ ` qQ`
OK#flOz q_n UHHx K_. qQ` OKxfl KO_,
K< " Q"< =# "i <\_. K< *u Q^x Q~fi _@
O,
K< " =YO. JO^Hx " =" H$`[` Q L<fl~ . Pxfl
P~kOK@O "iH ^ HeyOK^ . =YOQ "^\ ~A, ZO\
=K~O "iH JO^x=fi#O^#, `C _ =K~O JOkOK@O =#
"~ =" q[, J[ J<q q_q_Q K_H~.
H=x kOz# ^x =" ` ZO`, qQ` < `
ZO` Jx "~ K_Qe Q u ~ .
="# P~kOK@O O _ ^ ` +OzOk.
=#+ q_Q PzOK@" =#<fl~ . ~@# "i PK#
|@ H` JO. ="# P~kOK#=~O ^< PK# =z<,
J_qQz# "<fl
270
"i ` _ P PK## OK<"~ H^. Z_<fl

J< HOO@`<
O "ik. O Q ##iOK O=`~
=" =`" "~ q^
Q LO_x K"~. XH @
K~O L#flk 'J= =# ^Q~ , <#fl =# ^Q~ , =" =#
=s ^Q~ Jx. = xÒ #i~ Z=~< ~ , PYiH = J=,
<#fl J~< =" iQ JOHÒ HH` "~ = `=.
K=Ok è^ O _ "i q +` ^$ J #_KH=>" ~=x
`K~.
Z=iH "~ "~ # <~ K x J =K~xfl =~Q
iK~. = J== `=_ QiOz Hh, P" W`~ |O^ = QiOz
Hh << C _ q#^ . J=# 1955 _># < \~x < K ^ .
H~= HO QiOz K ^ . JO\q qO> `fiO g^ Hh, ="
g^ Hh O^ HQ=Kx
O. J=, <<fl, =~ W`~ è^ O _
OÔ Hx q+ g = èh^ .
1965 H` O=`~O <# f#fl x~
O 'J== K Ok
qO\# Jx. JO> K< û H~O Q #_KO\# Jx J~O .
<#fl ` J_O Q T` 'h= J\ J#_^ . h= =" q^
`Q
LO\# Jx =`" Ke J<fl_ . P =i < 13= \# ~A
<#fl ==Q WK < H < |^, =" "Ô` ~K# <Q
L#fl "" WK_.
JkH~ QO_# =u~HOz <", <` =\_# XH XH
^ _OQ + " OQ =uè =`" .
OQ KOQ
271
= H J~" O@ JC_C _ LO@O_k. P" O>

W+O . <# `~K P" ^Q~ " ^xfl. <# < `\ O H O\<
H ÔQeOz#C_, `@ K=fi H#C_ Jq @ x
WO\H O>
_" O . P" ^Q~ H _` "\x H_y , "~Oz >k .
| ~^ Q LO_k. ÔQ`# OQ uO@<flO Jx. P" 70 UO\~.
Hx Q z#fl^x LO@Ok. P"q z#fl ^, OÒQ LO_=^#O,
Q H@< +~, # |@ `# ` ~ K <" " O@Ok. f~@Q
L#fl@O_k. ==efl `#` =#=#fl@ Kk. P" =O\O\ ~x
P"` H|~ K^xfl. XH<_ Hq<\OQ "i QiOz H a@~<
H =yH K JOuQ <<" ^Q~H#. ''_OQ J==!
Hq<\OQ `fiO h= K H+ _ LO\=. ~ x#fl ^Kx
LO\~. ~HO fi= x<fl=<fl K~ Jx J_Q#. "
ZC_<fl ^K<"~. JO^~ K_" H^ J#flk P". <H" =@
`\Q `y~. <# K H #. P" J#fl =@ <<= i`#
J#^.
="# P~kOK@O, =~ ~@O g^ < @@O, _O \
b "px, [#~ H\s _OQ+ "OQx ^| H@\xH#x
=HC _ è^ . H~ = <\#O_ "o^~ PiH, =lH ~OQ
fiK # J= K~< fl~x , =" JO`$` L<fl_ . " û ="
@|_^s q^<xH ^Q~ Q , +e*xH ^~OQ [~Q`#fl@x OzOk.
"i q^< q[=O`==`<fl~. ~ # ^x `# J=OaOz# =~O
`HO^~O^x =" H+O . "ix JQ H#QxK_. D
J_qQz# "<fl
272
`# q^<# "~Q ~KHx Ô~OQ L#fl >= "\x

yOKh, Jq x|_Q Q< s `# `=# `yOKx
# "_.
="H Ou`" # Ja=$k` Ti #@~Ok. JqO`
qe@s <_, ~@\ = Q Hq J~# =" x H"e, Jk
_ *~Q [~Qe. =[O Q_O> =#= ~@O Z\H
H#Q#<fl_ . P# s "~ j~Q, ^ # O_
` ~ ~x J<fl_ . q"^ x O` "`=~}O `"< "i
`flO =" ~zOK^ . [#O XHi` XH~ ~_ iu ~O^x
J#<fl_.
=" H+OQ LOk. `# K~ `#x K`Hx "_Q
K_`<fl~ . `# |^ f~H"#<fl_ . `# =u~ [
=^` LOk. `# JkH~xfl Q K~OKe. Jk kOKO> `#
^= fi~=x #qOKe.
PiHO Q Ô OAO@O> =" "Ô_ L<fl_ . 1964
J#OQ LO_@O Q=xOz, `# `=# Z^~=\xH Q #
" Q_. 1960 <\ fiK ` # =~Q#_ yOk.
1964 HOO_ "~O` _# Py~. OQ
HOQ x= K@O ^ . J= ~~ =iOk. P" Q#,
*H@, ~OQ ~OQq, qq^ ~H _*# g , XO\H J`#fl@ LO_q
==~. ^ ~OQ AQ \O K#flk. ~ " _O
OQ KOQ
273
=< <H ^ JxOzOk. J= ~ " x H #_Ò> K_xH

QO_k.
J== 55 U = L<fl ` fi O L\ _ `#fl@O_k. |@
^^Q L<fl KH x ~~ ~ K <k. JOÔQ =_ " <k.
U" XH ` JOHiOK<k. O` ` fl#O Kk H^ .
O A@ "~# `y O ^<k . Kh h H O_# L_HO z P
~O ` ` fl#O Kk. P #~Q, " yO[ ~O He H
^"fi#` A@"O @ ##flQ *~ Kk. =fi` JQ~ #<# Kk.
Jk A@ "#^k. u h J== "QOQ Kk. XH A@
^=fiH\xH =Ò >= f<k. # x` H#= fi k^k .
JÔ `# ~O Kx =ik.
J "H K <"~ LO_H` x, "~ HOKO ~OQ
LO\~x q<fl#. J== _ LO_H`Q LO_^x HOKOQ `.
<# < Ja =~O@<fl#. J==` OQ "_` P"#
[#O KO _"~, Q~fi OQ, x\~Q #_Kk .
HOO_ x=OK P" Q#H P"<=~ Ug J<"~ H^.
|@ L#fl@~ ` K q=~ Z^~= =Kk. s q^<# QiOz
K _xH J` Q ~ , ==Q~ , x " , P JO^ s fl
=" i K". J==H+" P g\OQH@ O. W`~ ` He H|~
K=Kx O`+OKk. uiy =K@C_ ~Q LO_k. JH_
Qe"~ hfl QHKk.
J_qQz# "<fl
274
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LO@<fl~. JC_H =iOQ H Jq ^#` W"fi<fl~ . '=Oz
OÔ #O_ =z# "iH =O^ K@ W=fi=<fl~ . JO>, =~~,
~ ` , ~, s JkH~ è^ O _Q L#fl " O
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|\ x~~ OK<fl~ .
@O|O @ J< =@ ~# q=~} ^. XH =~~
Hq<\OQ P xK LO_=K. XH H~ U H @ysH KO^H ~
J~< LO_K. "^q 'xH~x @O|O #O_ =z LO_K. Hx
J`< s "O|~` U=<e? JO\ "i # U H @ys K~ ~ ?
JO^x J_+# JkH~ =O^ s JkH~ H @
H \~OK~. J J~` "iH U =Ô ~^x J K~. < H
QO =Ok s "i .
< '#O|~ 4 q_ q< JO`\ H =Oz 'H
K P< JO`\ H He x~fiOK " sH Z= =~#fl"i<
K~<"~.
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~ O_ " sH H #\H #~, Kh + 100{
kOK#. <#fl ZC_ = L^Q Q_# |\ <# @ OkOK
OQ KOQ
275
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WH <# ^xx QiOz PzOK^ .
^ P ~ XH QQ ` ~ ~. "i =~# <
èk. "~ ^ JkH~ x, "iH "~ \ J#fl@O_"~.
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K <, ~ =z<, "i =~ ~^ . "~ ` H" # QQ<
L<fl~.
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K|Ò_"_. JO^=OQ < Hk=Ok fl ` LO_"~. <,
qQ` K=Ok` Ja Heq H=.
<# K~Q < W^~ \K~ = WO\Hz J=i JOÔQ LO_k. ">H H "_` 6 Z~O iH LO_k.
eH "_ Ò> K@ W~" JOÔQ TQÒ_q.
141 a.. OK|_Ok. K< H Q=~fl"O@
Oz# "^\ W^. aeOQ O@~ XH Q_Q LO@Ok.
H< JOH`q =fi|_Ok. =Oz HO_+< J\ \~ . Q_Q
^xfl "_@O ^ . 6, 7 OQOQ >| L<fl~.
J_qQz# "<fl
276
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H\~ . O, W`~ [O`=# P ~ g^ KH~. a_ ^\`
^ `@, JO^ K K@, < K@ LO\~. Q_ =O^ JQ~
^ O " \xH ~ O_ HOK ` U~~K~. WC_O^ JQ~
^ "_O^. Q_ H QO_ \, "b
H~ ~ ~K~. "\ H # JO^" # zH| "^ <<fl~. "=
[#O >= JH_ ~x, _ Hx P#OkOK"O. =~" XH
zH "^ #O ^x J=` XH z#fl HO_, K@, ^H fQ, =eH
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K@ QO_q. "= |r, H q JH_ Kk""O.
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H ~ k @~ < K"O. J~H, |r
Q "O Q#H \K~ ` He HO_g^ uiQ"O. ~H~ H "H
QiOz `<"O. "_x xOuOz# ^ O \_, `
Q_# O_ ye ~=_O Q=xOK"O.
= O ` HO Ui JO` K ` Q c ~ O Q
J^ #fl@O_k. Jxfl\H O > #<flHi OzOk K< û xiOz# ~ O_`
|s. aeOQ W~H K@, ~\xH ~OQ ~OQ @ LO_q. @
H ~ H# e L<fl~. ZC_ <H+" # XH = ~x H
K^ =<^xfl. =^ =^ K` K ~ O_ yOH K@ P# =@ O@
LO_^xfl. H #O_ < ^$+ =~QeQ q P ~ O_ K>.
OQ KOQ
277
< \K~ O ^~ =~ . Q_ 1, H + Q_ KOk#"~

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f# ~[H ~ Z=Q LO_q.
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= QQ JxOzOk. H$`[` ~fiHOQ = Hhfl ~~. u
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@|_^s q^<xH =~ _^x K @O. K< ~ =^ q^ O
=z# OQu "^\ ~ OQ ^K~. 1963 "^\ P OQu |@
_O k. e< =~}O `~ "` H$" JkH~xH =z# `~ "` q\
x< @|_^s q^<xH ^=#flk. Hq<\OQ HO
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278
= K"~. Z<fl =O^~ \K~ = "iflOQ WK~. "=

=Ò *Q` =OKH ` ~OQ =iÒ. ~ _ #O_ "e, QQ=i,
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ÔQK K #=fi<"~. < ~ =~H"x `H}O
x~~ OK#. P OÒ <#fl# < =~ ~ @=x |uq_#.
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~ O_~<fl~. <#fl <# z#fl=< =Oz ~K~ u H"< HiH
L#flk. JO^H P ~. Hx <# < ~ 'qe@s J< J~O ^fi xOKkQ
H"<fl#. < fl ` K=Ok Ps, ~ J< J~O =K ~
=~<fl~ . <#fl \# ~ Jung (OQ Jx `~) =~
Z~ J< Ô HH Kh Hq`fiO q#=O k. P =@ `HO
^ g~ ~\# Q~ KOk. =~ ~A <# H` ~`
H "#. \K~ H Jk Z ~ è^ .
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eK_. 1959 =~ OQ_
P~ ky~# `~ "` e< a"
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Ô WOH qe@s i\` =O^ Q<fl_ . P# P_"i #^t Oz
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279
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O "@xfl\ = >~xOQ "^~Ok. =O^
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P@g^ =s AQ HeyOk. <# D` <~ # flC _ #n f~=O`
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281
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|@_O k. rq` q^#O =Oz =~ =zOk. KOQ_ aO
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KH, @ifl , ~ K \xH K@ KH ~_ H Q@
"~. ~Ò` Jq JH_ L<fl Z=~ =@ <"~ H^. Z#
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W "O@ "o TiH O_ Oz#O` x K".
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yOzOk. Wk Q #H~OQ q $` K~O K~. J"iH
@|_^s |@ Wk n># ["| J<fl~. J^ >= H$"
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< JO_~ " K< # QiOzOk. t=O J QiOz# "^\
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Ô 3= `xH KOkOk. P =^ < ^xfl QK ~fi " = O
uiy `K~. D Q @ HOQ x "h (heavenly peace) Q @
XH LO\~. JkH~` He = @O|=O` L`" ~OO
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man Mao) Jx JH~
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<@H" ^$+ iOK~. "\ u<_ "~~~ qOQ
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Jx K `flO K < fl_x è "~g K =#<fl~ . ="
JO` JkH~xfl Q@ @ <fl_ . P# [ # ` x~ O k. xiO Q<
`= J~xfl `#<fl~ .
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xiO Q LO_\xfl "i `#O> qfiO #fly` #fl^x Q OK_.
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286
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îf^<fl~. =" P i[+< XCH^. Hx J`xfl Z=~
\ OKH^.
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J_qQz# "<fl
288
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O KO k. Di KZ< `fl e ÒQ =" [~ _.
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=~ `= H=Q< fl~< fl_ . P P ~ # ^= LOz` @|_^s
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[iyOk.
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291
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406
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~b U~@ K ^y#O` ^ =H _ H^.
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"~ ^ K, Uq=~ HiOK O_ =K"~. Hx XH Q
J= Q`xfl QiOz Z= =K~O` uiy =zOk.
1940 lO* _II+ XH ~= H=x U*O@ TH
J^H K _. J`# qe@s =K~O HiOz \ |@ O@O
J= . T # L#fl J`# (J= JC_ J`xfl Z~Q^)
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407
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Q~. 1955 J=# J_y# fl hfl =m J_Q~. Di =^#O
PtOz P fl_Q^. J=# Hq<\OQ Q_Ki#x XCH=x
P^tOK~. 1955 P" g^ [iy# qK~} P" Hq<\OQ
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" <fl~ . " =O^ u~ iOz< s "ix XCH=#flk. HOQ
q_^_.
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b "z ^fi~ P^tOzOk. P 61 =Ok K=Ok H=x
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408
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409
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< Hfi~~ ^~fi* ^Q~ ##fl w\ K \xH "z LO_"_.
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HK HK J~ ZQ~`<fl~. Q_ #Oz =\, ~x "_ "#
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531
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K @Q P =^flO xH =KO. Z=~ Ug J#^ . qQ`
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îH< He LO_"O. J LO_@O P#OÔ OÔ.
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x <<H^<fl. K=Ok =~~ ^ J+
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q +` L#fl^x , _ ##fl ^~^$ +O " Q`<fl_x , =~~ _ g^
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_ Ò_ Hq<\OQ J=@O ^$zHO . 1037 J`# W^~
fl `` He H=x ` Ki [<"iH =u~HOQ ~_x
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[# "i` ~_\xH U Kh Ps J~< XH> J#<fl_.
JO`~ Ô uiy ~OO J~#C_ J`#, J`x fl ` K~H
J_qQz# "<fl
532
Q LO_ ~_~. 1949 _ Ò_x |~ HO OOK~.

J`x fl è^~ H=x Ps ^ P ~
~.
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fl O K JO` Z^Q_ xH ufl < fl_x J#=# _ `<fl~ .
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_ OkQO < #K^ . ##fl q <H^ JO [~QÒ^x
J`# J#H=@O J~O ^ . <=kQ W^~ O ^~=O.
4 < = iK O "q^~ O , '= J< =@ ZC_
L yOK^ . << =@# << J}z"#. Uk K <fl @O|
H QO_ QiOz PzOK= =O k. =~ `=Q qOK @O`
O|OÔ @H"O> =K u` QiOz _ PzOKe.
JO`s# OQ ##fl <# H@_ K O\#. PH~}OQ< <# _` =
_^.
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qO` qO` == HO =~@ K@ u~Q`<flO ` +, =
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533
ZO_HO ~Q< J=# HOQ O`<fl~ . +e J=

fH"<fl~ _H~ . =~ =x+x J= `_Q O`=<fl~ . J=
##fl fH `#x J_yOk.
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HOQ#, \ Ol<# HO^~ Q # Hl # OkOzOk. H_
JH~O Hx H}u iyO^x, ~ Hg K h J<fl~ . DQ
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J=, <# fl `# K=Okx HeO. K=~HO ^~ uiy
`= L^Q "t OK~. HO^~ JC_ * #O_ q_^ J~.
HO^~ O $uH q= O = Kx~ _. =" \, W`~
_O Q ^~`<fl~. H ` Hh _ Z"
OK<flO. u WO@ U^ XH ^Yi `" # O @# [iyOk. "\x
QiOz ^ _< , q +` P[#HOQ LO_Ò^x, =Oz ~A
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. * i~H}
Y pQ K_. O $uH q= HO ~+ <
Jx =^" * \~ . +KOQ * ^ = LOK\xH
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U~_Ok. JO^ @OQ# XO@iQ LOK~. =" K O^ K_.

P# ~` P#fl JaO O* , e fl fx J`x` O|O^
ÒK< |=O` \~ . WO\ ~ J`xk f P" ~
\O K~. * =OQ J_. e< a" `# O `~ "` @OQ
'@< ^q H =K_. P< @OQx q_O K_, J`x ~# "#
eOK~. W^~ He rq< fl~ .
=" ~# H ` =~\ Kk""_ H^. @OQ L^QO
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@OQ ^Q~ 1972 " "= L#flC _ = >eQO =zOk.
<#fl HO =^\xH i+< îHO^x. _H~ <#fl [| QiOz
i~ WK~. ~H @, ~, e=~ @|` ^ _ `<fl_< fl~ .
HOQ i KH K~OKH=<fl~ .
KOQ_ ~ =z, HOQ q=#O =K_ <#fl. Z~~
~H } Hx "iH \<~ U~@ Un ^ . JO^= <#fl#
\ >i# ^Q~ HeO. Q ZO_ #Q Hqe#@<fl_ . 3 1/2 U
`~ "` q~ HO_ =^ #O_ |@ _Q e Q_ <#fl. ^ @}

J"@ __ xH HO`HO \O k. '~_ ^\e J#_xH, 'i=~ ^\e
J<"_. '| JO^H"e J#_xH '@ JO^H"e J<"_. @} O
[#O =^ W|OkQ #_K_. <#fl Q _ Q =~#. Wa< KOk#
<#fl fl `x WO\ kQO. P# _ <#fl =ki O $uH q=
k`_.
OQ KOQ
535
P fl `_x, @OQx ` <#fl =~=ih H=^ . `#HOH

L^QO uiy W=fi^< ^ H~}O. <# ZO` P"kQ L<fl< <#fl
JO` x~"kQ L<fl_ . JO` ZO_# <#fl#, J=# ^
K^=x f^xfl. P =~ <#fl =Oz K O ^x < #=HO.
XHi Q\ " K^=x HH i, T~_ O_ } ` L#fl
|O_ ZH |^~O. <# "Q_HQ "QÒ> <#fl z#flQ
#=fi` L<fl_ . XH" a_ U_O > XH\ "O k <#flz , 'H@
Jx JiK_. <#fl +~ y P#. JO^~ = " K~. JO\
O^~ =~ =H *HO K H@O K< ^~}OQ [~Q^ . <#fl
l<qOQ#, + "x z#fl Q L#flC _ H@@O Q~z, <#fl
ZO` =~_ J#<fl#.
<# HOQ Hxfl H Kk"#. Jq < H` PK#
~ H uOK~. P O=`~O |=i _O \ xH< K< =K_. P#
XH `x [O_ @HK_<fl~ . J"iH = <O|~ 1 `= J<
=#, =~ PK#`@ < `_z@ ~Ok. xH< ~H
< O`xfl HeyOzOk. P# ~H HO`=Oz KO k. q^j H
J#"^ ==Q~. "\ g^ x~t O|_# HOîH" J#fl
J~O . '~ WO@~fl ~ +< Jx =kOK ". Jk < "iH
JO^x ` HOQ Ug x~t OKH \#, HO^~ ` H" # =
"< , fl ` ^fi~ JOîH JO^q.
P aH +< < KuH Hxfl JO^~. < Jq`#OÔQ LO_k
Jq K^= @O. xH< 'H H ~#C_ P# H=x =u~H.
J_qQz# "<fl
536
_q_ P|~" 'k JO_ k > qeO, Z.+~ ~ 'k ~ * JO_

P k ^~ sK, WOH ~< "H 'k qO_ P "~ Kk"#. (<
^$+ ) JC_q |@ O Kxfl i~O Q zuOK~. k JO_ k
> H #fl_ i# QiOz Kkq J"iH "O` =~O O_,
KH x "`=~}O i# #_ < fl~ Jx = Ô ` e K#.
= JO` ~ O,
>k Q, [ ^~OQ i# L#flk.
#= Hx H JO` KH \ ~QeQ~x "K<fl#.
xH< 'H H _ O`` u~O JxOzOk. K< g_ ,
u` H\# @, JaO @, O =OQ LO@Ok. k qO_ P
"~ J\ HO QiOz QQ =iOK@OHO>, JH_ Zxfl ~OQ,
Zxfl , ZO` KH \ |@ H#Hx î ~ J<k ##fl PHiOzOk.
< 20 U =z< Ju Hk _ Jg |, Q, `x q JO^~
"< ~H L<fl~. P HOx _, <<C_ "\x
K_H ~<, T =@ x P#OkOK#.
e< a" KxH, HO` ^~} fiK W=fi@O, q^
#O_ =K~O JO^@O "^~Ok. xH< ~H` XH îHOk.
J"iH"i ^$+ Kh =s Jq"Q HxOK_^ H^
JO@<fl~ . U =~ JC_ =z< ^xfl ~[H OQ =iOKHQ~.
WOw+ <~ O> qQ` O KO` O|O^ U~_`~ J<fl~ . H#H
Jk <~O H^. O $uH q= O è ~A g^ , ~ ~ O@ q=
~ QOK~. =i WC_ Q~=h_# `H Q xH< ~H
O^~ O Q P ~h fl =i ~. L^~} KOQ_ XH ~ ~ O\
OQ KOQ
537
'k q P k Q< _~ J< q= <=^

O f ~ 'k Q < P
fi\ qO_ J< ` ~< =~ \~ . xH< KOQ_ ~^# HO_.
<# HOQ 5 < L<fl#. XO@iQ L#flC_ '_#
`K<^xfl. "= L`~ ~H^ . J`xfl L^t Oz Hq` ~#.
"\x < ^Q~ J\ \#. PYiH Q_z # Hxfl QiOz qKiOK@O
=x, q +` QiOz P=O OKHQeQ#. < 14 U =
#O_ Hr K^ =HQ# JHr
x=i\ P=H` LO^<fl_ . <# "O@< KOQ _ "o K^ =
#~OaOKe. x=i\ "t OKx x~~ OK<fl#.
1972 O |~ Hs H uiy =K#. _# K#. JO`Q
^ _ ^ . J`# _, ZC_<fl ` , OÒQ L#fl@ HxOK_.
==Q fl OQ L<flO. Hq`fixfl QiOz W^~ O =\_ ^ . <#
x=i\ H~ ~ +< "^ \#. Uq K^" e J#fl^ WOH
J#H^ . Jk < K` ^" ! =" q^ O~O Q q" `HO
H"<fl_ . JO> x=i\ _ O @, "i Ja~ z` xqÒ O_
Uk K^==O> J^ K^"#fl=@. J Z#flHx Jk '=H`fiO
zO k. Jk |~" J"@#fl=@. JO^Hx Jxfl "[~ |
Kh , H , l H, H q, |r, WOH WOw+ K^ =`<fl#.
J_qQz# "<fl
538
=" =~ PÔ K_. _ O \ q_ Q_@

#O_ HO_, =~~, ~ ` #O_ ~"<fl_ . J=@ < |O_OQ
i~. <# ~ ` Q L<fl#. WC_ =~~Q L<fl#.
" sH LO^<fl~ . K Z< sH J#O_ Jk _ O \
H
, q_=iK èqh KÒ^<fl_ . Jk _ ="
H #O_ =zO^. =" sH O> W+O ^ . =~ x\, _ O \x
iH" O_ K <fl_ . `~ "` sH, J_+< Jî\ i=~, qî
~[H K^ ~`# |\ @ x~~ ~ .
~_ Q~ `Q @Q qye# H k< Kk"#.
OH, "~O`, Hs >= JO` K^= =".
fl ` #O_ H `K#. K=Ok @@~ "i fiH =xfl
< H~ "zOK~. D ^xH =Oz O $u LO_k. Jk =O@Qe
`~ }O _ *# `$+Q "~O` XH H@Q xeK~.
1973 _OQ+"OQ " q~Q uiy JkH~O
K\ _ . [|Q L#fl K Z< H u~Qx _ \Q L<fl_ . _OQ ~H
O $uH q" xH Qs H@@
"#x <# O`+OK#. J`# =Oz
i< ^ _. q<<xH =u~H. K Z< =~} ~ _Q LO_\xH
=" _OQ# XH \H~ Hs H OOK_. ZO` =~ H* L<fl ="
'U~^\ ` `Q
O_ *Q`Q LO\_.
_OQ # " O , < =HQ ` H~}= _, O`xflzOk.
< z#fl`# O _OQ =u è` Q iK =#flk. J`x =~\
OQ KOQ
539
K K U HOO_ = H J~" O@ LO_k. P"#

"= 'PO\ _OQ J< "O . P"#, P" ~ # , _OQH |O^ ==@O
=# JaOOK~. O $uH q"xH =O^ P" K@ uiy#
"~, P" ^~OQ ~. "=O` P"` ==Q< L<fl=.
<#fl# _O K HO, P" <#fl# "K<k. P ~A XH z#fl #=fi,
XH =Oz =@, H~ "O k. JO\ =O _ = ~ O_ @O
fl OQ L<flO.
1973 "q x=i\ @ OHO "^~Ok. rq` M^ H,
=~} tHH Z^~ K# fl@
OQ LOk <. K P< x=i\,
q^j + qQO XH @ HO_ |~ P \ WO_ Z\
KOQ_ H WK~. ^x J*=~+ L#fl 23 Hs , <# xK
Hs XH\ . u Hs sH ~_xH XH =~~ ~ zOKe. =
Hs =O^=Ok =~~ LO_Q P~=Okq ^~M K <flO. H O__\
H< H ZH< \~ . Hs x 5 =~ , 4 ##fl H K~.
< =~ =~ HO__\ L#flk. P"H 19 U. <
fl `~ _. = =~ "@. Wî XHiH F@ " e. =O^"
~ Kk"~. < iu J^fi#flOQ LOk. P" Z= F@ =K~.
P" z z~#=fi`, `# @ =Ô@<fl#h, <H F@ " < fl#h
J#flk. `# <HO> ~ O_ z#fl^h , =K O=`~O `# K# fH=Kh
J#flk. =~~, ~Q #"fi~. P" =K U_ F@ K=<fl~ . JQ
K~. 1974 P" x=i\H "oOk.
J_qQz# "<fl
540
P" L^~`, F\OQ i[ _ ##fl HkeOz "~. =~~

< H H~O K H=_xH _ `<fl~ . _ ^~M K H^ .
J`xH K< ^~H^ x `.
<# Kh +, H , WOw+ sH ~#. Jxfl\# P#~
=K~. WOw+ F~ KOQ_ H O__@
O î# =K#.
<# Ti aQ@< ^ ^| H> "~ "=_Ok.
_~b XH`# ~OQ \ +OQ lO* " "
sH ~H Mm~ q\ K ^x` XH @~ \_ . ''sH
=Y` x=fi_O @|_ ^s q^<xfl J= K @O JO@ ~_.
=" "#_ P# ~ # Z~_, =" "< +< P q<#
ie< fl_ . J`# @~ `K_.
"_" =", P" J#K~ sH g^ < @_O |~"
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O $uH q= q[" =YO J<fl~ .
<# ~# sH q= ^<fl~. ~[H K`~`
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ZH+
< \=O` He x~~ OK ''g\OQ ##fl iH=O_ K
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< "_"
^xfl zuH \ e+ K~. JO^ ##fl =Oz "_ =~~Q
zfHiOK~. <O\ =~ifl =O^#fl_ K_^ < fl~ . < `
qQ` 22 =OkH < L#fl HfieH +# Jhfl L<fl x.
OQ KOQ
541
XH`# ^ ~Q a \ WK<fl_ . x=i\ J_+<

HfieH +< <#flk JO@ |_Q\# K` K K_. P |_
= JOî =~~ K` <fl~. JO^~O Hs <, < xK#
"" H^!
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J_+< Hq\` L#fl"~ JO` <#fl` xK# "~. "O `
uiy L^Q "t OK~. <#fl ^~ O, x|^` " "C Ok#".
<# x=i\H h <#fl Q_O Q HiH L<fl "# _= x
J_Q_. ''iH=O_+< x"i OQÒ\? JO^~ iH=O_+< û
J#i Ô U=~Òk ? J<fl_. P#` "^xH kQ#.
z=iH U_#. #<flu K_@O <#fl OKH~#@<fl_.
^Q < '~ O J_Q`# J<fl_ .
<#fl K~ @Hx XH " #_z @H O. J_+< Hq\
_~ H~ XH~ KH J HO JH_ L<fl_ . O $uH q= O k` O`
U^ XH~H " # J<~QO i# _# "~. <#fl "HOQ H O`
<=kQ #_K_. P# H, K~^#O #tOK~. <#fl J_Q_ H
~ HO J_Q@
O, PK#` _ ` H# HkeOK_xH J=
_ Ò> F~HH #. uiy "oÔ JO^=#<fl#. Hx
x=i\ K~< HiH < |bOQ L#flk.
@ Q@ ^Q~ ~u|g^ |_O. '<#fl, ##fl
Hq OKQ "? <h x K #= J<fl_ . < HO =zOk. Q\ Q
J_qQz# "<fl
542
Jiz K#<fl#. < x=i\ K^" x L#flk. < sH

^fi~, < Hi# = ^fi~, <# ZH J#. Q#H <# J~~< Jx
Hx J=hfl <#fl `. < *# `$+ HeyOzOk _ <<fl#x
P# `. P# Ô`<fl~. "\x JkQq Oz _ .
<#fl JO> < K =. P#fl ^`Ô Q <# XCH"e. hu
x= =$Q"# Ô hu=OÒQ rq< fl_ . < H haH~.
W^~ O x|OQ WO\ =YO \O.
J= ZO` =i` J=~xH `y#@ ==iO k. J_+<
_ ~# He J= < q+ O K Ok. P" `# ~ ` =\_O k.
J= qQ` ê fl _ HeOk. < sH i[ " "i ^$+ =~eOzOk.
XH \ H \e ~_~ "~O`. "~ J~O K HQeQ~. 1973 JH|~
KOQ_ x K P< x=i\H O|OkOz# q^j + qQO
WOw+ J^ #O K _xH < J_+< ^~HO k.
OQ KOQ
543
26
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=# WO H_^
=" `~O WOw+ q^
(19721974)
J= HOQ #O_ uiy =zOk. uiy `# O~H}
=xy~Ok. < z#fl `=_ +" OQ J<fl
q_. ~E J`xH + HzOQ W# flk. qQ` q +`
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P~ =[O H" ` ~yQ =i#O^# Z<fl = `` ~.
"\H q~Q_ H#H^ . "[~ |O qe# =f, =efl
O~. "~O` @} uiy ~"#O@<fl~ . e< a"
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PiHa=$kH
xK"~ H"e. @} [<# xOuOK@O, @} " P~O,
=u L^Q WK ^ ` \ `H ` #flk. JO^Hx HO`=Ok<
uiy~x"fix _ \ x~~ OzOk.
J_qQz# "<fl
544
'i@~fl \H @, O^\xH K=Ok \ _~ . O_ XH H~}O

uiy ~O_ LO_\xH. O_ KO> \ P~<*+< Un
"ix fH^. PH~}OQ< JH \ L^QxH Hh, x=i\
J_+# Qh ^~M K H^ . P ~ O_ KOQ_ `# uiy ~=\xH
=~. P" ~ Hs ~ Q~Q xK @O =# _ OQ "o
P"` Q_ _ O , \ i+< Wz# 12 ~A = ` , ^~^ .
`# #OQx ~QO =zO^x i H \ `Qe y` \ H =K J=HO
L#flk. K=Ok Jk K < fl~ . J= `# _H~ fl `~ #_y
+ "OQH e=~ iQ xK @O^x i H \ OkOzOk. 1972
z=~ JH KOQ_ =zOk.
^" i iK ^fi~< # J i` U~_~.
ZO` =Ok `= # #O_ @}
xH ~ OK\xH _= x
J_Q\ xH J= ^Q~ H < fl~ . _H~ , #~, #@, \K~ .
z#fl P ~ J =z# ". J= L^QO H ~< J=~" #
"i` =\_ # k # flk. <#fl =# P # H=. P#
Ô`# q_=_.
JkHiHOQ # [iQ g<fl iH=O_+# J=~= =`<fl~.
l<qOQ _ 1972 #O_ |@__ . l<qOQ xH Hs
x ~OaOK_. ZHH iH~ `~ K~. J Hs
O LO_k. KP< HO_ =^ =~_ =". l<qOQ
H+_ xK Hs JkH~ "C O^_. 200 =Ok ^~M
^~ 4Qix x=i\H O\xH H KO k Hs . "i
OQ KOQ
545
l<qOQ XH_ . sH hfl <OQ, =Oz =~` J_

l<. <#fl WOH L^QO K~^ Q#H Jk l<qOQ @H
J_~ _^x J= `flO. iH=O_+< =~=fi~ l< qOQ @
`#fl O_ KOk. `=_ T<x WO[hiOQ H* P
O@ K< HO Q K^= \xH K~_. <# K P< x=i\
L<fl#. `=_ [ H K^= @O W+ _ " _. J~< J_+< îH#O^
K O`+OQ L<fl_ .
= ~O_ `=_ +" iu P[#HOQ ^.
x=i\ ZO@< ~O> P =H ~ ` , =~~, ~ P =_O\
U^ XH\ J~ LO_e. `=_ W"g H_. Q=~fl" O@ WOH @}
=efl `~ =`< LOk. J`# Ps K~H ` =@O

` ^. _[#=Ok HO ^~M K <fl~ . iH=O_+# LO><
x ^ _ Òk.
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" QeQ_. =_ < H >~xOQ `~ "` ~ _ P~ @~ _.
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H Kk""_.
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LO> H_ xO_`x P_ `<fl~ .
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Adavigachina Vennela

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Adavigachina Vennela

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ADAVI GAACHINA VENNELA (WILD SWANS)

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Global Flair Ltd., 1991, 2003 (English Original)

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