MICROPROCESSOR

WMB Wan Daud

 Objectives

1 2
i.Explain microprocessor i.Explain briefly on
block diagram and a processor functions,
microprocessor based memory and input/output
system devices.

INTRODUCTION TO
MICROCOMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
 Microprocessor?
•Microprocessors can be
found in practically every
electronic consumer
product.

•Microprocessor is a
CPU(central processing
unit) in a chip and it cannot
be operated withoutsupport
from other devices such as
memory-RAM, mouse,
keyboard- IO.
 Examples of devices using
microprocessor-based systems
MOTOROLA 68000@68K?
Processor (CPU)

Processor (CPU) is the brain and heart of the

whole system.

It controls the whole operation done by the

system.

It also executes the instructions stored in

memory.

Contains three main components:

1.register/memory unit
2. arithmetic logic unit
3. control unit
 ALU (Arithmetic logic unit) Control Unit
Processes data or performs logical The main function is to control or
operations and arithmetic of data or either operation of all units
from the memory or input device. It adds and withproviding control signalsand
compares numbers. timing.

Registers/ Memory Unit

Fast memory for storing information during the Register are tiny amounts of short
operation of the CPU or store information that is term storage inside the
being processed. microprocessor.
 Memory Place to store programs
Its function is to store binary data representing instructions that are executed by the microprocessor.

In addition to the instruction, the memory is also used to store binary data will be used by the software.

Operations are controlled by the control unit, in which the received signal is either for READ operation (read) or
WRITE (write).

Formed in a 'long list' and each position contains the number of bitsthe same

Each bit value 0 or 1 (binary - binary)

Usually every position / address storing 1 byte (8 bits)

Total position is 2N (N an integer)

 Random access memory
(RAM)
data can be both stored (write
data to memory) and retrieved
read data from memory)

Read Only Memory (ROM)

the microprocessor can only
read data from ROM
 Known number of μP is the
address bus 24 bus. By the
amount of memory that can be
used is
2^24 = 16 777 216 Byte

last address of the memory:

2^24 – 1 = 16 777 215 Byte

= $FF FFFF
Input / Output (IO) Devices
I/O allows computers to exchange information with the outside world.
I/O also allows data to be stored for long-term (disk, tape, CD-ROM).
Peripheral - I/O devices are located outside of the main system box.
Bus Systems
Microcomputer system has 3 buses that carry all the information and
signals involved in the operation of the system. Address bus - brings the code to the data location in the

memory /
These buses connect the processor to each memory element and I / device. (consists of 24-bit)
O for data and information can flow between the processor and
Data bus - carry data in / out uP (consisting of 16-bit)
other elements.
Control bus - carry signals used to control other devices

and notify
The bus system can be defined as a communication path between
status of the device (eg operation read /
the processor and other devices or a group of wires that carry
information.
write)
 a) Address bus - unidirectional
The address bus carries signal that control where the data comes from or
goes to.
Is a bus that takes the address of the processor to the memory.
(determining the location address).
Total bit address bus usually be decisive memory capacity that can be
used by a processor.
Bus is unidirectional because the information flows in one direction only
that is, from the CPU to memory or to other devices.
 Control bus – bidirectional

•The control bus carries commands from the microprocessor and returns
status signals from the devices
•
•Bringing the discrete signal used to synchronize signals the activities of
the separate elements of microcomputers.

 b) Data bus – bidirectional

-Carries the data between parts of the microprocessor and with other
devices.
-Is a bi-directional bus system because data can flow to or from the CPU.
-Data can be input or output depending on whether the CPU
Currently reading (read) or write (write).

 In this section, You have seen:

The main components of a microprocessor, arithmetic

logic unit, register and control unit.

How a microprocessor communicates with the

outside world.

The function of the data, address and control busses.