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Electric Machine:

Transformer

Introduction

 A transformer is a device that converts one AC voltage to another AC

voltage at the same frequency. It consists of one or more coil(s) of wire
wrapped around a common ferromagnetic core.
Energy converter

Transformer

Electrical energy Electrical energy

with A quantity Magnetic field
with B quantity

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I. Fundamentals
A. Function in power system
Transfering energy
and/or
Changing (transforming) value of an electric quantity

Types
Power Transformers
- Unit transformer
- Substation transformer
- Distribution transformer

High Frequency Transformers

- DC-DC converter
- Switching Mode Power Supply
- Uninterruptible Power Supply

Sensing (Instrument) Transformers

- Potential Transformer
- Current Transformer
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I. Fundamentals
B. Major components and
construction

Laminated Sheet
Core

Core type construction Shell type construction

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I. Fundamentals
C. Basic phenomenon of transformer operation

Faraday’s law & Lenz’s law

I
p I
Vp s R
es

Np Ns

I. Fundamentals
D. Voltage polarity and current direction

Ip Is
+ +

Vp Vs

- -

Dot Convention
1. If the primary voltage is positive at the dotted end of winding with respect to
undotted end, then the secondary voltage will be positive at the dotted end
also. Voltage polarities are the same with respect to the dots on each of the
core
2. If primary current of the transformer flows into the dotted end of the primary
winding, the secondary current will flow out the dotted end of the secondary
winding

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I. Fundamentals
E. Approach of transformer performances analysis

The characteristics of ideal transformer :

- Negligible winding resistance
- Perfect coupling
- Ideal core

Voltage ratio (1)

Average flux in
primary winding
Ip Is
+ +

V Vs
p Leakage flux
Average flux in
- -
secondary winding

I. Fundamentals
E. Approach of transformer performances analysis
Voltage ratio (2)

(1-4)

(1-5)

Primary voltage due to

the mutual flux

Secondary voltage due to

the mutual flux

Ideal transformer approach :

M >> LP and M >> LS

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I. Fundamentals
E. Approach of transformer performances analysis

Current ratio
Physical meaning of the dot convention:

i Produce positve magnetomotive force, 

i Produce negative magnetomotive force, 

Net mmf on the core

: Reluctance of the transformer core

Ideal Transformer Approach :

non saturated   0

II. Characteristics
A. Equivalent circuits (1 phase)

Secondary
Primary winding Reactance of Reactance of winding resistance
resistance primary winding secondary winding Secondary
Primary current self-inductance self-inductance current
Ip Is
Xp Magnetization Xs Rs
Rp
current
+
+

Ic Im
Primary Secondary
voltage Vp Vs
voltage
Rc Xm

- -
Core-loss Reactance of
Core loss
current magnetization
resistance
inductance

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II. Characteristics
A. Equivalent circuits (1 phase)

Phenomena physics represented by equiivalent circuit

- Copper losses Proportional to current square

Copper loss are resistive losses in the primary and secondary windings and are
modeled by resistor Rp and Rs connected to the primary and secondary winding
respectively

- Core (eddy current) losses Proportional to voltage square

Core loss current is a current proportional to the voltage applied to the core that is
in phase with the aplied voltage, so it is modeled by a resistance Rc connected
with the primary winding

- Hysterisis current losses Proportional to excitation frequency

The high excitation frequency is due to magnetic saturation in the transformer
core. Hysteresis losses are associated with the arrangement of the magnetic
domains in the core.

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II. Characteristics
A. Equivalent circuits (1 phase)

Phenomena physics represented by equiivalent circuit

- Leakage flux Represented by self-inductance

Self inductance of the primary winding

Self inductance of the secondary winding

: Permeance of flux path through the air

- Magnetization flux Represented by magnetization inductance

Magnetization flux is flux produced by magnetization current

Net mmf in transformer core

Magnetization inductance

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II. Characteristics
A. Equivalent circuits (1 phase)

Referring or reflecting the equivalent circuit to one of its voltage levels

- Equivalent circuit referred to the primary voltage level (side)
Rp jXp Is/a
Ip ja2 Xs a2 Rs
+ +

Vp Rc jXm aVs

- -

- Equivalent circuit referred to the secondary voltage level (side)

Rp/a2 jXp/a2 jXs Rs Is

aIp
+
+

Vp/a Rc/a2 jXm/a2 Vs

- -
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II. Characteristics
A. Equivalent circuits (1 phase)
Approximation of equivalent circuit for simple computation
(Rp, Xp << Rc, Xm)
- Move the excitation branch to the front
Referred to primary side Referred to secondary side
Ip jXeqp Reqp Is/a aIp jXeqs Reqs Is
+
+ +
+

Vp Rc jXm aVs Vp/a Rc/a2 jXm/a2 Vs

- - - -

- Neglect the excitation branch

Referred to secondary side
Referred to primary side aIp
Is/a jXeqs Reqs
Ip jXeqp Reqp
+
+ +

Vp/a
Vp aVs Vs

-
- -
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II. Characteristics
B. Open circuit and short circuit tests
Open circuit test (1 phase transformer)
Is/a = 0
Ioc jXp ja2 Xs a2 Rs
Rp

Voc Ioc Rc jXm

Ioc Rp jXp

Voc Ioc Rc jXm

Conditions assumed :
- All the input current (IOC) must be
flowing through the excitation branch
- Voltage drop caused by Rp and Xp
are too small (Rp, Xp << Rc, Xm) 15

II. Characteristics
B. Open circuit and short circuit tests
Short circuit test (1 phase transformer)
Rp jXp Is/a
Isc ja2 Xs a2 Rs

Isc
Vsc Rc jXm

Rp jXp Is/a
Isc ja2 Xs a2 Rs

Vsc Isc

Conditions assumed :
- The input voltage (VSC) is so low
- Negligible current flows through the
excitation branch
- Voltage drop is attributed to Zeq =(Req + j Xeq)
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III. Three-Phase Transformer

A. Construction

a. Three one-phase transformers are composed b. Three-phase transformer wrapped

to be a three-phase transformer bank around single three-legged core

Note : A three-phase transfomer is analized by looking at

one-phase equivalent circuit of the transformer

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Three-Phase Transformer Connections

 In a wye or delta configuration

 Wye configuration: one end of each transformer
coil connected together.
 Remaining end each coil connected to incoming
power lines (primary side) or used to supply power
to load (secondary side)

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Three-Phase Transformer Connections continue…

 Delta configuration: each transformer coil

connected end-to-end to form closed loop

 Each connecting point connected to incoming power

lines or used to supply power to load

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Transformer configuration

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Delta-to-Delta Connections

 To supply 3Φ voltage on secondary

 Each transformer connected end-to-end
 Advantage: if one unit disabled, the other two may
be used in an open-delta connection for emergency
power
 Used in applications that require large amount of 3Φ
and small amount 1Φ power

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Delta-to-Delta Connections

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Delta-to-Delta Connections

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Wye-to-Wye Connections

 Used to supply both 1Φ and 3Φ voltage

 Ends of each transformer are connected together
 Advantage: 1Φ power drawn can be divided over
three transformer units

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Wye-to-Wye Connections

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Wye-to-Wye Connections

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Wye-to-Delta Connections

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Wye-to-Delta Connections

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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Delta-to-Wye Connections


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III. Three-Phase Transformer

Delta-to-Wye Connections

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IV. Performances
Performances of Transformer
Efficiency

(%)

(W)

1 phase (W)

3 phase with (W)

balanced load

Power Capacity (apparent power)

1 phase (VA)

3 phase with
(VA)
balanced load

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IV. Performances
Performances of Transformer

Voltage Regulation
Load influence
Vp/a
(%) • Lagging PF
Is
 Vs jXeqs
Is IsReqs
Using 1 phase equivalent circuit refferd to secondary side VR = (+)
aIp jXeqs Reqs Is Vp/a
• Unity PF
+ Is jXeqs
+

Vp/a Rc/a2 jXm/a2 Is Vs IsReq

Vs s
VR = (+)
- - • Leading PF Vp/a Is jXeqs
(V)
Is
IsReqs
(V) 
VR = (-) Vs
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V. Autotransformer
A. Structure
Having only one winding
IH IH
+ + + +
ISE ISE
VSE VSE
IL NSE NSE IL
- -
+ VH VH +
+ +

NC NC
VL VC VC VL

IC
- -
Step-up autotransformer
IC
- +- - -
Step-down autotransformer
IH
IL
+ +

Step-down normal transformer

V VL
H
--
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V. Autotransformer
B. Utilization

Advantage
Most efficient type of transformer since a portion of the one winding carries
the difference between the primary and secondary current

Disadvantage
The use of only one winding makes it impossible to insulate the low-voltage
section from the high-voltage distribution line.

The use of autotransformer is limited to certain situation:

a. The system supplied contains an identified grounded conductor of the system
supplying the autotransformer
b. An induction motor is to be started or controlled
c. A dimming action is required, as in theater lighting
d. The autotransformer is to be a part of a ballast for supplying lighting unit
e. A voltage is to be boosted or bucked under certain conditions.

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V. Autotransformer
C. Characteristics
Voltage and current relationships

IH
+ +
ISE
VSE
IL NSE
-
+ VH
+

NC
VL VC

IC
- - -

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V. Autotransformer
C. Characteristics
Apparent power rating advantage
IH
+ +
ISE Input apparent power
VSE
IL NSE Output apparent power
-
+ VH
+

NC : Input and output apparent powers of the transformer

VL VC

IC
- - -

: Apparent power traveling through the transformer’s windings

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Summary
• A transformer is a device that convert electric energy at one level to
another level through the interactions of magnetic filed.

• When a voltage is applied to the primary of a transformer, a flux is produced

in the core and induced a voltage in the secondary winding of the
transformer.

• Because of the transformer’s cores have very high permeability, the net
magnetomotive force required in the core to produce its flux is very small.
So then, the voltage and current ratio between primary and secondary side
is approximated as an ideal transformer.

• There are four (4) types of three phase transformer connections available.

• The key to analyzing the three phase transformer bank is to look at a single
transformer in the bank.

• The autotransformer is used in some occasions that require the small amount
change of the voltage levels

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