Recursion

is the process of repeating items in a self-similar way. In programming languages, if a

program allows you to call a function inside the same function, then it is called
a recursive call of the function.
What does a Sequence and a Series Mean?

A sequence is defined as an arrangement of numbers in a particular order. On the

other hand, a series is defined as the sum of the elements of a sequence.

POLYNOMIAL
comes from poly- (meaning "many") and -nomial (in this case meaning "term") ... so it
says "many terms"

A polynomial can have:

▪ constants (like 3, −20, or ½)

▪ variables (like x and y)

▪ exponents (like the 2 in y2), but only 0, 1, 2, 3, ... etc are allowed

that can be combined using addition, subtraction, multiplication and division ...

except : not division by a variable (so something like 2/x is right out)

So: A polynomial can have constants, variables and exponents, but never division by a
variable.

These are polynomials:

• 3x
• x−2
• −6y2 − (79)x
• 3xyz + 3xy2z − 0.1xz − 200y + 0.5
• 512v5 + 99w5
• 5

These are not polynomials

• 3xy-2 is not, because the exponent is "-2" (exponents can only be 0,1,2,...)
• 2/(x+2) is not, because dividing by a variable is not allowed
• 1/x is not either
• √x is not, because the exponent is "½" (see fractional exponents)

But these are allowed:

Muhammad Habib Ur Rehman

 • x/2 is allowed, because you can divide by a constant
• also 3x/8 for the same reason
• √2 is allowed, because it is a constant (= 1.4142...etc)

Variables

• Polynomials can have no variable at all

• Example: 21 is a polynomial. It has just one term, which is a constant.
• Or one variable
• Example: x4 − 2x2 + x has three terms, but only one variable (x)
• Or two or more variables
• Example: xy4 − 5x2z has two terms, and three variables (x, y and z)
Degree

The degree of a polynomial with only one variable is the largest exponent of that
variable.

Example:

The Degree is 3 (the largest exponent of x)

Algebraic equation: statement of the equality of two expressions formulated by

applying to a set of variables called an algebraic equation or polynomial equation.
Transcendental function, In mathematics, a function not expressible as a finite
combination of the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
raising to a power, and extracting a root. Examples include the functions log x, sin x, cos x,
ex and any functions containing them. Such functions are expressible in algebraic terms
only as infinite series. In general, the term transcendental means non algebraic.
▪ Can we represent transcendental equation in algebraic form?

Yes, Taylor series.

TAYLOR SERIES:

First, let’s assume that the function f(x) does in fact have a power series
representation about x=a,

Next, we will need to assume that the function, f(x), has derivatives of
every order and that we can in fact find them all.

Now that we’ve assumed that a power series representation exists we need
to determine what the coefficients, cn, are. This is easier than it might at
first appear to be. Let’s first just evaluate everything at x=a.

Muhammad Habib Ur Rehman

This gives,

So, all the terms except the first are zero and we now know what c0 is.
Unfortunately, there isn’t any other value of x that we can plug into the
function that will allow us to quickly find any of the other coefficients.
However, if we take the derivative of the function (and its power series)
then plug in x=a we get,

Muhammad Habib Ur Rehman

 A Maclaurin Polynomial, is a special case of the Taylor Polynomial, that uses zero as our
single point.

Diff Taylor series and maclurin?

Taylor series is along a point (checking values at a particular point)

If that point is zero or we are checking values at 0 point => Maclaurian
▪ The basic idea behind this lesson is that we like polynomials because they’re
“easy” and we know how to differentiate and integrate them quickly. What a
Taylor Polynomial does for us is to take something that is “hard” and turn it into
something easier.
▪ The general premise is that we start at a single point, and calculate an infinite
number of derivatives knowing that the sum of these terms approximates the
function itself.

Muhammad Habib Ur Rehman