CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE DE MARANDING, Inc. MODULE NO.

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Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte
ckcm_maranding@yahoo.com

DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Student Formation Course (SFC)

1st Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021

Welcome Note 

Dear Students,

Praised be Jesus and Mary!

Welcome to Student Formation Course (SFC)! My hope is that by the end of this
course you will have a deeper understanding and knowledge about yourself. My name is
Robert Adrian P. Yambot and I will be your instructor for the next __ weeks in this
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completely blended course. This course runs August 24 to _______ since we are modular type
of class.

In this message you will find basic information about the course as well as resources
for ensuring your success in online distance education. Edmodo is the name of the online
learning system we will be using. You can access the course by visiting the Edmodo App on
your smart phone device or via website on your PC through edmodo.com by logging in with
your account either Gmail or your phone number in this code ______. If you have difficulty
with your login, you can contact online help @support.edmodo.com. The course will be
conducted in Edmodo particularly for your quiz and submission of your activities every
Friday of the week.

In addition, you are required to download the Google Meet app for our consultation
every Monday of the week or just visit your course guide daily. Aside from that, you need
also to have a Messenger app on your mobile phone or personal computers for the control
of your daily attendances via poll and serve as our group chat in our class.

A blended course is the much like a face-to-face course; it takes a significant time
commitment from you. I expect you to spend at least 1 hour per week working on the
material. While there is a significant amount of performance task, I have worked to make it
all enjoyable. It is for this reason; I say the course will take a total of ___ hours in ___ days.

If you need accommodations, please let me know as soon as possible. Please do not
hesitate to contact me if you are having difficulties, concerns or questions personally in my
rbrtyambot@gmail.com is the best way to contact me for a quick response.

Sir Robert 

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Module 1. WHAT MAKES A WINNING PERSONALITY
Introduction 

Many companies have lost millions, a lot of customers and potential sales because of front liners
who happen to traumatize and disappoint their clients or patrons. Customers are insulted, taken for
granted and simply turned off by rude and indifferent treatment from the front liners who attended them.
Many of these staff are technically proficient, efficient and even excelled in their academic performance.
However, they possess a personality that turns people off. And such personality is projected in their
language, facial expression and disposition.

Intended Learning Outcomes 

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Define personality and identify the determinants of personality.
2. Using the theory (Freud, Maslow, Erikson, Adler, etc) as a framework, explain how personality is
developed.
3. Identify the stages of personal growth and development.
4. Describe a winning, pleasing personality and the winning qualities.
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Rationale 

This module provides a theoretical framework for understanding the dynamics of personality
change. It also describes winning personalities that will serve as reference for self-assessment.

Pre-activities 
Personality Test (Self-Inventory)
Directions: Answer the following self-test honestly.

The Big Five Personality Test

from personality-testing.info courtesy ipip.ori.org
Introduction
This is a personality test, it will help you understand why you act the way that you do and how your personality
is structured. Please follow the instructions below, scoring and results are on the next page.

Instructions
In the table below, for each statement 1-50 mark how much you agree with on the scale 1-5, where
1=disagree, 2=slightly disagree, 3=neutral, 4=slightly agree and 5=agree, in the box to the left of it.

Test
Rating I.... Rating I.....
1. Am the life of the party. 26. Have little to say.

2. Feel little concern for others. 27. Have a soft heart.

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3. Am always prepared. 28. Often forget to put things back in their proper
place.
4. Get stressed out easily. 29. Get upset easily.

5. Have a rich vocabulary. 30. Do not have a good imagination.

6. Don't talk a lot. 31. Talk to a lot of different people at parties.

7. Am interested in people. 32. Am not really interested in others.

8. Leave my belongings around. 33. Like order.

9. Am relaxed most of the time. 34. Change my mood a lot.

10. Have difficulty understanding abstract ideas. 35. Am quick to understand things.

11. Feel comfortable around people. 36. Don't like to draw attention to myself.

12. Insult people. 37. Take time out for others.

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13. Pay attention to details. 38. Shirk my duties.

14. Worry about things. 39. Have frequent mood swings.

15. Have a vivid imagination. 40. Use difficult words.

16. Keep in the background. 41. Don't mind being the center of attention.

17. Sympathize with others' feelings. 42. Feel others' emotions.

18. Make a mess of things. 43. Follow a schedule.

19. Seldom feel blue. 44. Get irritated easily.

20. Am not interested in abstract ideas. 45. Spend time reflecting on things.

21. Start conversations. 46. Am quiet around strangers.

22. Am not interested in other people's 47. Make people feel at ease.
problems.
23. Get chores done right away. 48. Am exacting in my work.

24. Am easily disturbed. 49. Often feel blue.

25. Have excellent ideas. 50. Am full of ideas.

• Write down your scale on the space provided according to the number in parenthesis and then get the
total score. The highest score will be your dominant traits.
• E = 20 + (1) ___ - (6) ___ + (11) ___ - (16) ___ + (21) ___ - (26) ___ + (31) ___ - (36) ___ + (41) ___ -

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(46) ___ = _____
• A = 14 - (2) ___ + (7) ___ - (12) ___ + (17) ___ - (22) ___ + (27) ___ - (32) ___ + (37) ___ + (42) ___ +
(47) ___ = _____
• C = 14 + (3) ___ - (8) ___ + (13) ___ - (18) ___ + (23) ___ - (28) ___ + (33) ___ - (38) ___ + (43) ___ +
(48) ___ = _____
• N = 38 - (4) ___ + (9) ___ - (14) ___ + (19) ___ - (24) ___ - (29) ___ - (34) ___ - (39) ___ - (44) ___ - (49)
___ = _____
• O = 8 + (5) ___ - (10) ___ + (15) ___ - (20) ___ + (25) ___ - (30) ___ + (35) ___ + (40) ___ + (45) ___ +
(50) ___ = _____
The scores you calculate should be between zero and forty. Below is a description of each trait.
• Extroversion (E) is the personality trait of seeking fulfillment from sources outside the self or in
community. High scorers tend to be very social while low scorers prefer to work on their projects
alone.
• Agreeableness (A) reflects much individuals adjust their behavior to suit others. High scorers are
typically polite and like people. Low scorers tend to 'tell it like it is'.
• Conscientiousness (C) is the personality trait of being honest and hardworking. High scorers tend to
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follow rules and prefer clean homes. Low scorers may be messy and cheat others.
• Neuroticism (N) is the personality trait of being emotional.
• Openness to Experience (O) is the personality trait of seeking new experience and intellectual pursuits.
High scores may day dream a lot. Low scorers may be very down to earth.

Discussions 

What is Personality?
Personality is the sum total of the biological, psychological, socio-cultural and other traits of a
person, manifested in the way he thinks, feels, acts and relates with others.

Personality is the fundamental and foremost determinant of individual behaviour. It seeks to

integrate the physiological and psychological facets of an individual to put them into action. Personality
consists of an individual’s characteristics and distinctive ways of behaviour.
Probably the most meaningful approach would be to include both the person and the role as
Floyd L Ruch does in his definition. He states that:
 the human personality includes:
 External appearance and behaviour or social stimulus value.
 Inner awareness of self as a permanent organising force.
 The particular pattern or organisation of measurable traits, both “inner and “outer”.

For Conklin C, personality is a fairly stable configuration of feelings attitudes, ideas and behavior
that characterize an individual, making him unique and different from others.

Gordon Allport defined personality as a collection of traits that determine a person's unique
adjustment to his environment. Each person is made up of determining tendencies that play an active role
in his behavior. Personality is what lies behind the specific acts of a person.

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Alfred Adler in his Social Psychological Theory stressed the uniqueness of personality. Each
person, according to him, has a unique configuration of motives, traits, values and interests. Every act
performed by the person bears the stamp of his/her own distinctive lifestyle.

Determinants of Personality
Behavioral experts agree that personality is a product of nature and nurture, an integration of his
biological and social heritage. What a person thinks, does and feels as a child, adolescent or adult results
from the inter-relationship that exists between biologically inherited factors and environmental
influences.
The determinants of personality can perhaps best be grouped in five broad categories: biological,
cultural, family, social and situational.
 Biological Factors
 Cultural Factors
 Family Factors
 Social Factors
 Situational Factors

Biological Factors
The study of the biological contributions to personality may be studied under three heads:
Heredity
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Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physical stature, facial
attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms
are characteristics that are considered to be inherent from one’s parents.
Brain
The second biological approach is to concentrate on the role that the brain plays in personality.  
Preliminary results from the electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) research give an indication that a
better understanding of human personality and behaviour might come from the study of the brain.
Physical features
A vital ingredient of the personality, an individual’s external appearance, is biologically
determined. The fact that a person is tall or short, fat or skinny, black or white will influence the
person’s effect on others and this in turn, will affect the self-concept.

Cultural Factors
Among the factors that influence personality formation is the culture in which we are raised,
early conditioning, norms prevailing within the family, friends and social groups and other
miscellaneous experiences that impact us. The culture largely determines attitudes
towards independence, aggression, competition, cooperation and a host of other human responses.
According to Paul H Mussen, “each culture expects, and trains, its members to behave in ways
that are acceptable to the group. To a marked degree, the child’s cultural group defines the range of
experiences and situations he is likely to encounter and the values and personality characteristics that will be
reinforced and hence learned.”

Family Factors
Whereas the culture generally prescribes and limits what a person can be taught, it is the family,
and later the social group, which selects, interprets and dispenses the culture. Thus, the family probably
has the most significant impact on early personality development.
A substantial amount of empirical evidence indicates that the overall home environment
created by the parents, in addition to their direct influence, is critical to personality development.
The parents play an especially important part in the identification process, which is important to the
person’s early development.
According to Mischel, the process can be examined from three different perspectives.
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(a) Identification can be viewed as the similarity of behaviour including feelings and attitudes between
child and model.

(b) Identification can be looked at as the child’s motives or desires to be like the model.

(c) It can be viewed as the process through which the child actually takes on the attributes of the model.

From all three perspectives, the identification process is fundamental to the understanding of personality
development. The home environment also influences the personality of an individual. Siblings (brothers
and sisters) also contribute to personality.

Social Factors
There is increasing recognition given to the role of other relevant persons, groups and especially
organizations, which greatly influence an individual’s personality. This is commonly called the
socialization process. Socialization involves the process by which a person acquires, from the
enormously wide range of behavioural potentialities that are open to him or her, those that are
ultimately synthesized and absorbed.

Socialization starts with the initial contact between a mother and her new infant. After infancy,
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other members of the immediate family – father, brothers, sisters and close relatives or friends, then the
social group: peers, school friends and members of the work group – play influential roles. Socialization
process is especially relevant to organizational behaviour because the process is not confined to early
childhood, taking place rather throughout one’s life. In particular, the evidence is accumulating
that socialization may be one of the best explanations for why employees behave the way they do
in today’s organizations.

Situational Factors
Human personality is also influenced by situational factors. The effect of the environment is quite
strong. Knowledge, skill and language are obviously acquired and represent important modifications
of behavior. An individual’s personality, while generally stable and consistent, does change in different
situations. The varying demands of different situations call forth different aspects of one’s personality.
According to Milgram, “Situation exerts an important press on the individual. It exercises
constraints and may provide a push. In certain circumstances, it is not so much the kind of person a man is, as
the kind of situation in which he is placed that determines his actions”. We should therefore not look at
personality patterns in isolation.
Personality Characteristics
Managers should learn as much as possible about personality in order to understand their
employees. Hundreds of personality characteristics have been identified.
7 personality characteristics that influence individual are:
 Locus of Control
 Self-Efficacy
 Self-Esteem
 Self-Monitoring
 Positive/Negative Affect
 Risk-Taking
 Type A and Type B Personality

Locus of Control: The degree to which individuals perceive control over a situation being
internal or external is called locus of control. Locus of control refers to the range of beliefs that individuals
hold in terms of being controlled by self (internal locus) or controlled by others or the situation

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(external locus).
Self-Efficacy: Generalized self-efficacy refers to a belief about one’s own ability to deal with
events and challenges. High self-efficacy results in greater confidence in one’s job-related abilities to
function effectively on the job. Success in previous situations leads to increased self-efficacy for present
and future challenges.
Self-Esteem: An individual’s self-worth is referred to as self-esteem. Individuals with high self-
esteem have positive feelings about themselves. Low self-esteem individuals are strongly affected by
what others think of them, and view themselves negatively.
Self-Monitoring: The extent to which people base their behavior on cues from other people and
situations is self-monitoring. Individuals high in self-monitoring pay attention to what behavior is
appropriate in certain situations by watching others and behaving accordingly. Low self-
monitoring individuals prefer that their behavior reflects their attitudes, and are not as flexible in
adapting their behavior to situational cues.
Positive/Negative Affect: Individuals exhibit attitudes about situations in a positive or negative
fashion. An individual’s tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of situations is referred to as positive
affect, while those accentuating less optimistic views are referred to as having negative affect. Employees
with positive affect are absent from work less often. Negative affect individuals report higher levels of
job stress.
Risk-Taking: People differ in their willingness to take chances. High-risk-taking managers
made more rapid decisions and used less information in making their choices than low risk taking
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managers.
Type A and Type B Personality: Type A personality individual is aggressively involved in a
chronic, struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and if required to do so, against the
opposing efforts of other things or other persons. Type B personalities are rarely harried by the desire to
obtain a wildly increasing number of things or participate in an endless growing series of events in an
ever decreasing amount of time.

Theories of Personality
Over time, researchers have developed a number of personality theories and no theory is
complete in itself. The theories of personality can be conveniently grouped under four heads:
1. Psychoanalytic Theory
2. Type Theories
3. Trait Theories
4. Self-Theory

1. Psychoanalytic Theory
The Psychoanalytic Theory of personality has held the interest of psychologists and psychiatrists
for a long time. Sigmund Freud, its formulator, was quite an influence.
It attends to emphasizes three main issues i.e. the id, the ego and the superego. Psychoanalysts
say that all human personality is comprised of these closely integrated functions.
2. Type Theories
The type theories represent an attempt to put some degree of order into the chaos of personality
theory. The type theory represents an attempt to scientifically describe personality by classifying
individuals into convenient categories.
Two categories of type theories are explained below:
Sheldon’s Physiognomy Theory: William Sheldon has presented a unique body-type
temperamental model that represents a link between certain anatomical features and psychological traits
with distinguishing characteristics of an individual and his behaviour.
Carl Jung’s Extrovert-introvert Theory: The way to type personality is in terms of behavior or
psychological factors. Jung’s introvert and extrovert types are an example.
3. Trait Theories
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Some early personality researchers believed that to understand individuals, we must break down
behaviour patterns into a series of observable traits.
According to trait theory, combining these traits into a group forms an individual’s personality. A
personality trait can be defined as an “enduring attribute of a person that appears consistently in a variety

of situations”. In combination, such traits distinguish one personality from another.

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Gordon Allport’s Personality Traits: Claims that personality traits are real entities, physically

located somewhere in the brain. We each inherit our own unique set of raw material for given traits,
which are then shaped by our experiences.
Raymond Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors: Raymond Cattell considered personality to be a
pattern of traits providing the key to understanding and predicting a person’s behaviour.
Cattell identified two types:
(a) Surface Traits
(b) Source Traits
4. Self-theory

The psychoanalytic, type and trait theories represent the more traditional approach to explaining
the complex human personality.
Carl Rogers is most closely associated with his approach of self-theory. Rogers and his
associates have developed this personality theory that places emphasis on the individual as an initiating,
creating, influential determinant of behaviour within the environmental framework.
According to Rogers basic ingredients of personality:
Self-Actualization: Carl Rogers believed that humans have one basic motive that is the tendency
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to self-actualize – i.e. to fulfil one’s potential and achieve the highest level of ‘human-beingness’ we can.
Self-concept: Self-concept is defined as “the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs
about oneself”.

Nature of Personality
Personality is the psychological growth and development within the ambit of change.
Hubert Bonner underlines six propositions to clarify the nature of personality. These
propositions are relevant to decision making by an administrator.
1. Human Behaviour consists of the totality of acts which culminate into Action
In an organization, human behaviour is the point of culmination which is preceded by a number
of acts. It is the totality of these acts in the form of responded behaviour which is relevant to both
individual and the organization. The isolated psychological or physiological aspect of individual in
personality is of no use for administrative decision or action.
2. Personality and Environment
Personality and environment are two interdependent variables of human behaviour. Personality
gets molded according to the environment, it is also a fact that it is the environment which stimulates
personality to action.
3. Personality Depicts consistency
Normal personality is dynamic due to the environmental setting around him. Personality can be
flexible to the point of consistency in a different environmental setting.
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4. Personality is goal-oriented behavior

Every individual seeks to achieve the desired goal through his personality. The process of goal
selection is in itself a dynamic quality of personality which also forges unity between personality and goal-
directed behaviour.
5. Time Integrating structure
Personality provides a synthesis of the retrospect and the prospect because the future is as much
related to past as the past is to future.
6. Personality Structure
Personality structure consists of three dimensions – determinants, stages and traits.

What Makes A Winner?

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Many of us look up to some successful, prosperous people with great admiration and wonder.
How did it all happen? Are they just lucky? Is It fate that brought them to the ladder of success?

Take a look at the success stories of some successful people.

Corazon is a millionaire, a co-owner and chairman of the board in one of the leading car
trading companies in the Philippines. She came from a very poor family and she had to earn her
education through her own efforts selling small items in the streets. With only few pesos available,
she had to walk to school because there was nothing left for her fare. But her poverty became a
driving force for her to succeed in life. She excelled in her academic studies; got a good job after
graduation, and her talents and achievements brought her to the executive post until she earned
enough to put up her own business.

Mar is simply a high school graduate, hardly able to speak good English. Despite his low
education, he was able to get a promotion as Restaurant Manager in a deluxe hotel because he
showed exemplary performance when he was yet a supervisor, the outlet he handled was always
hailed as the top grosser. He had that special charisma and ability to keep his customers. His
performance evaluation showed excellence in almost all areas, beating the other managers who
are college graduates and more senior than him.
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Melandro started to work as a cook helper in a well-known hotel. He did not also
finish college nor any formal education in culinary or food service management.
But he took every opportunity to master his culinary skills out of the hotel’s in
house training programs and through the coaching of his superior. He joined
culinary competitions and he got several awards. Fortunately, he had a chance
to work in China as a full time cook and was later promoted as Chef d' Partie
then as Sous Chef. Now he is one of the highest paid Executive Chefs.

Corazon, Mar and Melandro are among the so called self-made winners who were able to climb
the ladder of success despite certain limitations like poverty and lack of education.
While there are self-made winners, there are also self-made losers who have good education,
wealth and other blessings that Corazon, Mar and Melandro have been deprived of. Many of them are
college graduates from prestigious schools, coming from wealthy families and given the best comforts in
life but they end up school drop outs, unemployed adults and even havocs to society. An example is the
case of Johnny.

Johnny is an Accounting graduate but was unable to make t in the board exam.
Frustrated and desperate, he quit his job and ended up unemployed. Despite the
prodding of his wife he never took pains in searching for new career opportunities.
He was all the time dependent on his spouse. He simply chose to rut.

What made Corazon, Mar and Mel a winner and what turned Johnny into a loser?

Corazon, Mar, Mel and many other successful people reached the peak Of their career through
hard work and struggle. Johnny is a typical example of a loser who turned his disappointments and trials
into a devastating experience.
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Becoming a winner does no simply connote having the best in life like honors, material blessings,
high education, power, prestige, etc. A lot of people have all of these yet they live a meaningless, restless
and unhappy life.
The success stories of our characters attest to the fact that winners are made, they are not born.
Losers are neither born. They are created and perpetuated by people who give up easily, carrying
distorted paradigms and negative attitudes.
It is not easy to become a winner. There are many struggles and challenges. Life indeed is not a
bed of roses. There are many thorns to live with. Being able to succeed and to live happily in the midst of
thorns is what makes the big difference. It is what makes a winner.

A REAL VWINNER IS one who is able to:

 win over his/her battles and difficulties in life and turns them
into a learning and glorifying experience,
 find meaning in pleasant and unpleasant events in his/her life
 live in peace with difficult people and difficult situations
 win the goodwill of others, their respect and admiration
 get what he/she wants using win-win strategies, never at the
expense of others
 discover and use opportunities to his best advantage and
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 develop and use his talents and abilities to the best advantage and in so doing, make
meaningful contribution in making this world a better place to live in.

Becoming a winner requires the development of winning qualities, winning attitudes and
winning skills.
The winning qualities
1. A Wholesome Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence
2. Positive Social Image
3 Unbiased perception of others
4 Win-win Attitude
5. Proactive Behavior
6. Self-Discipline and Self-Control
7. Well-aligned hierarchy of values
8 Sense of Direction, Meaning and Purpose

The Winning Skills

1. Interpersonal /Human Relations Skills
2. Communication Skills
3. Technical Skills for the career or profession one has chosen
4 Customer/Client Relations for those in contact with customers or clients
5. Managerial and leadership skills for leaders and company officers
6 Time Management

Activities 
Activity #1
1. Can you identify with any of the characters mentioned – Corazon, Mar, Mel, Johnny? In what way?

a. Corazon –

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b. Mar –

c. Melandro –

d. Johnny –
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2. Look for at least one self made winner like Corazon, Mel, and Mar. It could be your relatives,
neighbors, friends, etc. Interview this person and find out the struggles he/she went through and
how he/she was able to cope. What were his/her limitations and weaknesses and how did he/she
overcome or compensate for them? Write his/her name and your relation to them.

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3. What lesson can you learn from the character you have chosen?

4. Briefly write the story of your character in the box.

Life Story of ________________________ Lessons/Insights I have learned from his/her
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story

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Assessments 

 For your Quiz no. 1 about Personality, please visit on your FB Messenger on September 2, 2020 at
8:00 am.

Reflections 

1. Why is it important to have a deeper understanding of our self?

2. With this current pandemic, COVID-19, what is your dominant feeling about this? How can you
help prevent this pandemic in your own simple way?

Submit this September 4, 2020 on the scheduled via Edmodo.

Resources and Additional Resources 

Reference
 Robbins, Stephen P. 2010. Organizational Behaviour. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall.
 Fred Luthans, Organisational Behaviour, McGraw Hill Book Co., 1995.
 Keith Davis, Human Behaviour at Wor/c,.-M.McGraw Hill Book Co., 1991.
 Cattell R.B. “Personality Pinned Down”, Psychology Today, July 1973.
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Glossary

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