CHAPTER 5:

WATER RUNOFF
INTODUCTION
It means the draining or flowing off of precipitation from a catchment area
RUNOFF through a surface channel.
WATER RUNOFF
The water runoff is classified into three categories:

DIRECT RUN-OFF BASE FLOW

It is the part of the

It is the delayed flow
runoff which enters
that reaches a
the stream
stream essentially as
immediately after
groundwater flow.
the rainfall.
CLIMATIC FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF

RAINFALL DURATION and INTENSITY

SEASON OF THE YEAR

METEOROLOGIC CONDITIONS BEFORE

THE STORM

FROZEN SOIL CONDITIONS BEFORE

THE STORM
WATERSHED FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF

LANDSLOPE

SOIL

ALND USE VEGETATION

 HYDROGRAPH
HYDROGRAPH It is the plot of discharge in a stream plotted against time chronologically.

Depending on the time involved, we have:

• Annual hydrographs showing the variation of daily or weekly or 10 daily mean

flows over a year.

• Monthly hydrographs showing the variation of daily mean flows over a month.

• Seasonal hydrographs depicting the variation of the discharge in a particular

season such as the monsoon season or dry season.

• Flood hydrographs due to a storm representing stream flow due to a storm over a
catchment.
RUN-OFF CHARACTERISTIC OF STREAM
A study of the annual hydrographs of stream enables one to classify
streams into three classes:

PERENNIAL
RUN-OFF CHARACTERISTIC OF STREAM
A study of the annual hydrographs of stream enables one to classify
streams into three classes:

INTERMITTENT
RUN-OFF CHARACTERISTIC OF STREAM
A study of the annual hydrographs of stream enables one to classify
streams into three classes:

EPHEMERAL
 DROUGHTS
DROUGHTS Drought is a climatic anomaly characterized by deficit supply of moisture.

Classification of drought:

METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT

HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT

AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT