Saep-1143 RT

Engineering Procedure
SAEP-1143 2 October 2014

Radiographic Examination
Document Responsibility: Non-Destructive Testing Standards Committee
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Table of Contents
1 Scope............................................................. 2
2 Conflicts and Deviations................................. 2
3 Applicable Documents.................................... 2
4 Precautions for Personnel Safety................... 4
5 General Requirements................................... 5
6 Equipment and Materials................................ 6
7 Examination.................................................... 9
8 Radiographic Exposure Requirements......... 10
9 Radiographic Film Interpretation.................. 16
10 Film Viewing................................................. 17
11 Final Interpretation of Radiographs.............. 17
12 Acceptance Criteria………………………….. 17
13 Documentation............................................. 18
Figure 1 - Single Wall Radiographic
Techniques........................................... 20
Figure 2 - Double Wall Radiographic
Techniques........................................... 21
Figure 3 - Identification for Film Marker
Locations & Arrows............................... 23
Attachment 1 - Radiographic Request /
Report Forms........................................ 24
Previous Issue: 19 May 2009 Next Planned Update: 2 October 2019

Page 1 of 25
Primary contact: Al-Mudaibegh, Isa Houmud (mudaibih) on +966-13-8720240
Copyright©Saudi Aramco 2014. All rights reserved.

Document Responsibility: Non-Destructive Testing Standards Committee SAEP-1143
Issue Date: 2 October 2014
Next Planned Update: 2 October 2019 Radiographic Examination
1 Scope
1.1 This Engineering Procedure establishes the minimum requirements for

performing radiographic examination conducted in accordance with the
requirements of the referenced codes/standards.
1.2 This Engineering Procedure applies to Saudi Aramco NDT personnel and to
contract personnel seconded to Saudi Aramco on an In-Kingdom Inspection
Contract conducting radiographic examination on behalf of Saudi Aramco.
1.3 This Engineering Procedure shall apply to NDT activities for Saudi Aramco to
the extent specified in Contract Documents or purchase orders.
1.4 This Engineering Procedure does not apply to radiography performed by out-of-
kingdom vendors.
2 Conflicts and Deviations
2.1 Any conflicts between this procedure and other Saudi Aramco Engineering
Standards (SAES's), Materials System Specifications (SAMSS's), Standard
Drawings (SASD's), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be resolved in
writing by the Company or Buyer Representative through the Manager,
Inspection Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.
2.2 Direct all requests to deviate from this procedure in writing to the Company or
Buyer Representative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302
and forward such requests to the Manager, Saudi Aramco Inspection
Department.
3 Applicable Documents
Unless otherwise noted, the referenced codes and standards listed below shall be the
latest edition.
3.1 Saudi Aramco References
Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures

SAEP-103 Metric Units of Weights and Measures
SAEP-302 Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory
Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirement
SAEP-1140 Qual. and Cert. of Saudi Aramco NDT Personnel
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SAEP-1141 Industrial Radiation Safety

SAEP-1142 Qual. of Non-Saudi Aramco NDT Personnel
Saudi Aramco General Instructions

GI-0150.003 Ionizing Radiation Protection
GI-0710.002 Classification of Sensitive Documents
Saudi Aramco Engineering Form

SA-4719-A-ENG Radiography Request/Report Sheet
3.2 Industry Codes and Standards
The listed international standards are essential documents and relevant to the
contents of this SAEP. They are also used as a reference to the acceptance
criteria as per Section 12 of this procedure.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME B31.1 Power Piping
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid
Hydrocarbons and Other liquids
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission & Distribution Piping Systems
ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping
ASME B46.1 Surface Texture
ASME SEC I Rules for Construction of Power Boilers
ASME SEC V, Article 2 Nondestructive Examination - Radiographic
Examination
ASME SEC VIII D1 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
ASME SEC IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
American Welding Society
AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code - Steel
American Petroleum Institute
API STD 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
API STD 1104 Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities
Page 3 of 25
American Society for Testing & Materials

ASTM E94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
ASTM E747 Test Method for Controlling Quality of
Radiographic Exam Using Wire Penetrameters
ASTM E1079 Practice for Calibration of Trans. Densitometers
ASTM E1254 Standard Guide for Storage of Radiographs and
Unexposed Industrial Radiographic Films
ASTM E1815 Standard Test Method for Classification of Film
Systems for Industrial Radiography
International Organization for Standardization

ISO 5580 Industrial Radiographic Illuminators - Minimum
Requirements
ISO 11699 Non-Destructive Testing - Industrial Radiographic
Films - Part 1: Classification of Film Systems for
Industrial Radiography
ISO 16371-1 Non-Destructive Testing - Industrial Computed
Radiography with Storage Phosphor Imaging
Plates - Part 1: Classification of Systems
ISO 17636-2 Non-Destructive Testing of Welds - Radiographic
Testing - Part 2: X- and Gamma- Ray Techniques
with Digital Detectors
4 Precautions for Personnel Safety
4.1 The materials and/or equipment used during radiographic examination shall
comply with SAEP-1141 and GI-0150.003.
4.2 Protective measures shall be taken by radiographic personnel to insure that no

individual is exposed to radiation in excess of the prescribed limits as mandated
in SAEP-1141 and GI-0150.003.
4.3 All personnel performing radiography for Saudi Aramco or on Saudi Aramco
property or concessionaire areas shall have passed the Radiation Safety examination
administered by the Saudi Aramco Environment Protection Department (EPD) and
be in possession of a current Saudi Aramco Radiation Protection Permit (RPP)
issued by the EPD prior to commencement of radiography.
4.4 Saudi Aramco personnel who possess valid Radiation Protection Officer (RPO)
and current RT Level 3 certificates are exempted from obtaining RPP.
Page 4 of 25
5 General Requirements
5.1 All measurements shall be in SI Units as per SAEP-103.
5.2 All industrial radiography shall be performed in accordance with this procedure.
Where radiographic techniques not covered by this procedure are developed, the
technique shall be submitted to a Saudi Aramco Inspection Department for
approval prior to implementation. The technique shall be approved by RT Level
III and assigned Company RPO.
5.3 Personnel Qualifications
5.3.1 Saudi Aramco Personnel performing radiography shall be certified in

accordance with SAEP-1140.
5.3.2 Contractor personnel performing radiography and/or Radiographic Film

Interpretation (RTFI) shall be certified in accordance with their
employer’s written practice and pass Saudi Aramco qualification
verification exam in accordance with SAEP-1142.
5.3.3 All personnel performing RTFI shall be certified to level II and

have met the requirements of SAEP-1140 or SAEP-1142 as applicable.
Personnel performing RTFI or having an influence on the results of
RTFI shall have passed the Saudi Aramco RTFI examination.
5.4 Surface Preparation
5.4.1 The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside
(where accessible) and outside may be removed by any suitable process
to such a degree that any such irregularities appearing on the resulting
radiographic image do not mask nor are confused with the image of any
discontinuity.
5.4.2 Welds shall be visually examined and found acceptable prior to release
for radiography.
5.4.3 If the weld is ground flush, markers, such as arrows or V's, pointing
toward the centerline of the weld shall be placed on both sides of the
weld approximately 6 mm (.25 inch) away from the toe of the weld.
At least two sets of arrows or V's shall appear on each film; one set near
each end of the interpreted area of the film.
5.5 Backscatter Radiation
A lead letter “B” with minimum dimensions of 13 mm (0.5 inch) in height and
1.5 mm (0.0625 inch) in thickness shall be attached to the back of each film holder
Page 5 of 25
during each exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the film.
5.6 When the time of the examination is not specifically stated in the referenced
code or project specification, final radiography for acceptance of the
weld/material shall be performed after final post weld heat treatment.
6 Equipment and Materials
6.1 Acceptable Radiation Sources

X-ray generators (up to 10MeV)
Iridium 192 (Ir-192) [up to 7400 GigaBeqcquerels (200 Ci)]
Cobalt 60 (Co-60) [up to 3700 GigaBeqcquerels (100 Ci)]
Selenium 75 (Se-75) [up to 2960 GigaBeqcquerels (80 Ci)]
Gadalinium 153 (Gd-153) [up to 37 GigaBecquerels (1 Ci)]
6.2 Film
6.2.1 Radiography shall be conducted with industrial radiographic film that

complies with ASTM E1815 (or equivalent) from a manufacturer
holding valid third party certification for film classification systems,
e.g., BAM-ZBF certification. Film shall be either Type I or Type II.
Film shall be selected to produce radiographs possessing acceptable
sensitivity, density, and contrast. Type I film shall be used for
radiography of pipe diameters of 8 inch nominal pipe size (NPS) or less.
6.2.2 Radiographic film can be processed either manually or automatically.

Processing shall be done in accordance with procedures written to the
requirements of ASTM E94, the chemical manufacturer's recommendations,
and time and temperature charts. Variation to the film manufacturer's
processing recommendations to compensate for exposure is not permitted.
6.2.3 Unexposed film shall be stored on its side or end and protected from the
effects of light, pressure, excessive humidity, damaging fumes, vapors,
or penetrating radiation. Expired film shall not be used.
6.3 Intensifying Screens
6.3.1 Only lead intensifying screens shall be used.
6.3.2 For radiography using gamma ray sources, the minimum thickness of the
front lead screen shall be 0.13 mm (0.005 inch) for Ir-192 and Se-75 and
0.25 mm (0.010 inch) for Co-60 or the linear accelerator.
Page 6 of 25
6.3.3 Lead screens which are an integral part of “ready pack” film, i.e., Pb
contact pack, are acceptable.
6.3.4 Special techniques involving the use of intensifying screens of materials

other than lead may be utilized provided the technique is qualified and
the density and penetrameter requirements of this procedure are met.
Such special techniques shall require prior written approval by a Saudi
Aramco Inspection Department RT Level III before employed in
production radiography.
6.4 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
6.4.1 DIN type IQI as described in DIN 54 109, ISO type IQI as described in
ISO 1027, EN type IQI as described in BS EN 462.1, or ASTM type IQI
as described in ASTM E747 shall be used. Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 show
the standard identification numbers found on the IQI packs and the wire
sizes found in the DIN, ISO, EN, and ASTM type typical packs.
Table 1 – DIN Wire Type IQI

DIN Pack Wire Diameter mm (inch)
Designation Corresponding Wire Number
3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.80
1 FE DIN (0.125) (0.098) (0.078) (0.062) (0.050) (0.040) (0.032)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.00 0.80 0.63 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.25
6 FE DIN (0.040) (0.032) (0.024) (0.020) (0.016) (0.013) (0.010)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.40 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.125 0.1
10 FE DIN (0.016) (0.013) (0.010) (0.008) (0.006) (0.004 (0.004)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Table 2 – ISO Wire Type IQI

ISO Pack Wire Diameter mm (inch)
3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.80
1 ISO 7 (0.125) (0.098) (0.078) (0.062) (0.050) (0.040) (0.032)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.00 0.80 0.63 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.25
6 ISO 12 (0.040) (0.032) (0.024) (0.020) (0.016) (0.013) (0.010)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.40 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.125 0.1
10 ISO 16 (0.016) (0.013) (0.010) (0.008) (0.006) (0.005) (0.004)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Page 7 of 25
Table 3 – ASTM Wire Type IQI

ASTM Set
Designation Wire Diameter mm (inch)
0.081 0.102 0.127 0.160 0.203 0.254
A
(0.0032) (0.004) (0.005) (0.0063) (0.008) (0.010)
0.254 0.330 0.406 0.508 0.635 0.813
B
(0.010) (0.013) (0.016) (0.020) (0.025) (0.032)
0.813 1.016 1.27 1.6 2.03 2.54
C
(0.032) (0.040) (0.050) (0.063) (0.080) (0.100)
2.54 3.2 4.06 5.08 6.35 8.13
D
(0.100) (0.126) (0.160) (0.200) (0.250) (0.320)
Table 4 – EN Wire Type IQI

EN Pack Wire Diameter mm (inch)
3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.80
W 1 FE (0.125) (0.098) (0.078) (0.062) (0.050) (0.040) (0.032)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.00 0.80 0.63 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.25
W 6 FE (0.040) (0.032) (0.024) (0.020) (0.016) (0.013) (0.010)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.40 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.125 0.100
W 10 FE (0.016) (0.013) (0.010) (0.008) (0.006) (0.005) (0.004)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0.20 0.16 0.125 0.100 0.080 0.063 0.050
W 13 FE (0.008) (0.006) (0.005) (0.004) (0.0032) (0.0025) (0.0020)
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6.4.2 Damaged IQI's shall not be used, e.g., bent wires. IQI's shall not be
modified in any way.
6.4.3 IQI's shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade
as identified in ASTM E747 or from an alloy material group or grade
with less radiation absorption than the material being radiographed.
6.5 Viewing Facilities
6.5.1 The viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an

intensity that will not cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare
on the radiograph.
6.5.2 Radiographic viewers shall meet the minimum requirements set forth in
ISO 5580 and shall provide a variable light source for the essential
designated wire to be visible throughout the specified density range.
6.5.3 Light coming from the outer edges of the radiograph or through low
density portions of the radiograph shall not interfere with interpretation.
Page 8 of 25
6.5.4 Densitometers shall be used to measure the density of the film.

The densitometer shall be calibrated annually in accordance with
ASTM E1079. Performance shall be verified before each use with a
density film strip traceable to a national standard.
6.5.5 The Density film strip shall be replaced annually. The first time use date
shall be recorded.
7 Examination
7.1 A single wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical.
When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, a double wall technique shall
be used. (See Table 5 for Technique and Exposure Requirements).
Table 5 – Technique and Exposure Requirements

Nominal Type of
Min. Num. of Location
Pipe Size Technique Exposure
Exposures Figure
mm (in) and Viewing
Dbl. Wall Exp. 2
≤ 89.0 (3.5) Elliptical 2F
Dbl. Wall Viewing (0°,90°)
Dbl. Wall Exp. 4
Elliptical 2E or F
Sgl. Wall Viewing (0°,90°,180°,270°)
Dbl. Wall Exp. 3
Superimposed 2G
Dbl. Wall Viewing (0°,60°,l20°)
Dbl. Wall Exp. 3
≥ 89.0 (3.5) Contact 2D or E
Sgl. Wall Viewing (0°,120°, 240°)
Sgl. Wall Exp.
≥ 89.0 (3.5) Panoramic 1 1A
Sgl. Wall Viewing
Single Wall 4
≥ 89.0 (3.5) Single wall 1B or 1C
Viewing (0°,90°,180°,270°)
Notes:
1. Techniques other than those described in Table 5 may be used with the approval of the Saudi
Aramco Inspection Department, RT Level III.
2. If the minimum number of exposures as shown above is not adequate to demonstrate the required
coverage, additional exposures shall be made as specified by the certified Saudi Aramco film
interpreter.
7.2 Single Wall Exposure - Single Wall Viewing (SWE/SWV) Technique - the
radiation passes through only one wall of the weld (material), which is viewed
on the radiograph for acceptance. (Figure 1)
7.3 Double Wall Exposure - Single Wall Viewing (DWE/SWV) Technique- Radiation
passes through two walls and only the weld (material) on the film side wall is
viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. For full weld coverage of circumferential
welds a minimum of 3 exposures shall be taken at 120 intervals. (Figure 2)
Page 9 of 25
7.4 Double Wall Exposure - Double Wall Viewing (DWE/DWV) Technique -

radiation passes through two walls and both walls are viewed for acceptance on
the radiograph. These techniques shall only be used for materials and welds in
piping 89.0 mm (3.5 inch) NPS or less. (Figure 2)
7.4.1 Only a source side IQI shall be used for the double wall viewing technique.
7.4.2 For the elliptical DWE/DWV technique the radiation beam shall be
offset from the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient to separate the
images of the source side and film side portions of the weld so that there
is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted. The elliptical technique
requires at least 2 exposures 90 to each other for each weld to be
radiographed to achieve complete coverage.
7.4.3 In the superimposed DWE/DWV technique, the source shall be at right

angles to the weld and the images of both walls are superimposed.
The superimposed technique, as a minimum, requires three (3) exposures
taken either 60° or 120 to each other for each weld to be radiographed
to achieve complete coverage.
8 Radiographic Exposure Requirements
8.1 Selection of Radiation Energy
8.1.1 The voltage for examinations with x-ray tubes shall be selected to insure
that the required wire is visible on the radiograph.
8.1.2 Gamma Radiation of Ir-192, Se-75 and Co-60 may be used for any
material thickness provided the radiographic technique used
demonstrates that the required radiographic sensitivity has been
obtained. Use of Co-60 is only permitted when the thickness of the
material exceeds the practical limits of Ir-192 or Se-75.
8.2 Geometric Unsharpness
8.2.1 Geometrical unsharpness, “Ug”, equals source size times thickness

divided by the object-to-source distance.
Ug = Ft/D (1)
Ug = Geometrical Unsharpness
F = Source size, the maximum projected dimension of the radiating
source (or effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to the
distance (D) from the weld or object being radiographed.
Page 10 of 25
D = Distance from source of radiation to weld or other object being

radiographed.
t = Distance from source side of the object being radiographed to
the film.
8.2.2 The minimum source to object distance, D, shall be great enough to

insure that geometric unsharpness, Ug, of the radiograph does not exceed
the values listed in Table 6.
Table 6 – Geometrical Unsharpness

Material Ug
Thickness, mm (in) Maximum mm (in)
Below 50.8 (2.0) 0.500 (0.020)
Between 50.8 - 76.2 (2.0 – 3.0) 0.760 (0.030)
Between 76.4 - 101.6 (3.01 - 4.0) 1.010 (0.040)
Greater than 101.6 mm (4) 1.780 (0.070)
8.2.3 The following formula should be used to determine the minimum source
to object distance, D, necessary to insure that the Ug does not exceed the
values listed in Table 6.
D = (Ft/Ug) + t (2)
8.3 Location Markers
8.3.1 Each radiograph shall exhibit location markers which shall appear as
radiographic images on the film. The markers shall be placed on the part
being examined and not on the exposure holder/cassette. Figures 1 and 2
indicate the recommended placement of location markers. Location
markers shall not intrude into the area of interest. Regardless of the
technique used, the area of interest of the radiograph shall be accurately
traceable to its location on the part until acceptance.
8.3.1.1 The starting point and the direction of numbering shall be

identified adjacent to the weld.
8.3.1.2 Number belt spacing around the circumference of the piping

shall not exceed the requirements of Table 7. Number belts
shall be in “inch” units of measure unless specifically noted on
the report.
Page 11 of 25
Table 7 – Number Belt Spacing

N U M B E R S P AC I N G
Nominal Pipe Size, mm (in) Spacing, mm (in)
Over 89.0 (3.5)through 203.2 (8.0) 25.4 (1.0)

Over 203.2 (8.0)through 508 (20.0) 50.8 (2.0)
Up to the discretion of the
Over 508 (20.0) RTFI Film Interpreter or Field
Supervisor
8.3.1.3 Station or location markers, i.e., numbers, shall be spaced in

centimeters (inches), with the unit of measure clearly identified
on the RT report.
8.3.1.4 For pipe or tube welds greater than 89.0 mm (3.5 in) NPS, a
number belt shall be used. The number belt shall consist of
lead numbers between 6.0 mm (0.25 in) and 12.0 mm (0.50 in)
in height.
8.3.2 When using a DWE/DWV technique for pipe or tube welds 89.0 mm
(3.5 in) NPS or less in diameter, the first exposure shall be identified
with a lead letter “A” and the second exposure shall be identified with a
lead letter “B”. (“C” for the third exposure when required).
8.4 Film Identification
8.4.1 Each radiograph shall be permanently identified using lead numbers and/or
letters. Other methods of Identification may be used with the approval of a
Saudi Aramco Inspection Department RT Level III prior to implementation.
In any case, this information shall not obscure the area of interest.
The radiographic identification shall include the following information:
 JO number or BI number
 Component, vessel, or piping identification
 Seam or weld identification
 R1 for Repair, if necessary; R2, etc., if more than one repair.
Cutouts shall be identified as a new weld, e.g., NW1, etc.
 Date of radiography
8.4.2 Radiographs misidentified may be re-identified, utilizing a permanent

marking method, only when the Saudi Aramco film interpreter or field
Page 12 of 25
supervisor has determined that it is impractical to re-radiograph.

Re-identification of radiographs shall be noted on the inspection report.
8.5 IQI (Penetrameter) Selection
8.5.1 IQI's shall be wire type and shall be selected to insure that the designated
wire required by Table 8 or Table 9 as applicable, shall be included in
the penetrameter pack used. When possible the IQI shall be selected to
ensure that there exists a wire both above and below the designated wire.
8.5.2 Welds with Reinforcement - Selection of the IQI shall be based on the
nominal thickness of the base material plus the estimated weld
reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing
code section. Internal protrusion of single bevel welds, backing rings or
strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in IQI selection.
In general, the following applies:
8.5.2.1 SWE/SWV or DWE/SWV techniques - the required wire size

is based on the wall thickness plus one reinforcement where
such reinforcement is not ground off.
8.5.2.2 DWE/DWV elliptical technique - the required wire size is

based on one wall thickness plus one reinforcement where such
reinforcement is not ground off.
8.5.2.3 DWE/DWV superimposed technique - the required wire size is

based on one wall thickness plus one reinforcement where such
reinforcement is not ground off.
8.5.2.4 Welds without Reinforcement - the thickness on which the IQI

is based is the nominal single wall thickness for SWE/SWV and
the nominal single wall thickness for DWE/DWV technique.
Table 8 – IQI Selection ASME

Unless otherwise stated in the Scope of Work, IQI's
shall be selected as shown in the following columns:
Nominal Material Thickness Source Side Film Side
mm inch Wire Number Wire Number
Up to 6.4, inclusive Up to 0.25, incl. 13 14
Over 6.4 through 9.5 Over 0.25 through 0.375 12 13
Over 9.5 through l2.7 Over 0.375 through 0.50 11 12
Over l2.7 through 19 Over 0.50 through 0.75 10 11
Over 19 through 25.4 Over 0.75 through 1.00 9 10
Page 13 of 25

Nominal Material Thickness Source Side Film Side
mm inch Wire Number Wire Number
Over 2.50 through 4.00 5 6
Over203.2 through 25 Over 8.00 through 10.00 1 2
Table 9 – IQI Selection API

Nominal Material Thickness
mm inch Wire Number
Up to 6.4, inclusive Up to 0.25, incl. 13
Over 6.4 through 9.5 Over 0.25 through 0.375 12
Over 9.5 through l2.7 Over 0.375 through 0.50 11
Over l2.7 through 19.1 Over 0.50 through 0.75 10
8.6 IQI Placement
8.6.1 Source side IQI(s) shall be used at all times unless placement of the
IQI(s) on the source side of the object is not possible.
8.6.2 When film side IQI's are used, the IQI shall be in contact with the part
being examined. A lead letter “F”, as least as high as the IQI
identification numbers, shall be placed adjacent to or on each IQI and
shall not interfere with the IQI or be in an area of interest.
8.6.3 When configuration or size prevents placing the IQI(s) on the part or
weld, the IQI(s) may be placed on a separate block of radiographically
similar material. The block shall be placed as close as possible to the
item being examined, and the resulting radiographic density of the block
image shall be within the prescribed IQI/area of interest density variation
tolerances as stated in paragraph 9.4. The IQI on the source side of the
block shall be placed no closer to the film than the source side of the part
Page 14 of 25
being radiographed. Refer to an Inspection Department RT Level III for

evaluation of radiographically similar material.
8.6.4 The IQI(s) shall be placed perpendicular across the weld. ID numbers
and, when used, the lead letter “F”, shall not be in the area of interest.
Where placement of the IQI across the weld or area of interest is not
possible refer to the paragraphs above and/or refer to an Inspection
Department RT Level III for clarification.
8.6.5 IQI Location for Materials other than welds – The IQI(s) with the
penetrameter identification number(s), and, when used, the lead letter
“F”, may be placed in the area of interest.
8.6.6 When using the DWE/SWV technique, only that portion of the weld
adjacent to the film, when the IQI is placed on the film side of the object,
may be viewed for acceptance for the radiographic technique.
8.7 Number of IQI's
8.7.1 For DWE/SWV or SWE/SWV techniques requiring multiple exposures

for complete inspection of the weld, and where the length of the film to
be interpreted is greater than 127.0 mm (5.0 in), two IQI's placed across
the weld and perpendicular to the weld length shall be used. One IQI
shall be within 25.4 mm (1.0 in) of the end of the film length to be
interpreted and the other IQI shall be at the center of the film length to be
interpreted. When the film length to be interpreted is 127.0 mm (5.0 in)
or less, one IQI shall be placed across the weld and perpendicular to the
weld length at the center of the length to be interpreted.
Note: For placement of the IQI as mandated above, the IQI is defined as the
required wire within the wire pack placed on the weld.
8.7.2 If more than two IQI's are used because of density requirements, one IQI
shall be placed in the lightest area of interest and the other IQI in the
darkest area of interest. The intervening densities on the radiograph shall
be considered as having acceptable density.
8.7.3 When a complete circumferential weld is radiographed in a single

exposure using a source inside the piping, i.e., panoramic radiography, at
least four (4) IQI's shall be used and placed perpendicular to the weld
and spaced equally around the circumference.
8.7.4 When an array of objects in a circle is radiographed, at least one IQI

shall show on each radiograph.
Page 15 of 25
8.7.5 Where portions of longitudinal welds adjoining the circumferential weld

are being examined simultaneously with the circumferential weld,
additional IQI's shall be placed on the longitudinal weld at the ends of
the welds being radiographed.
Commentary Notes:
Digital radiography (DR) or Computed Radiography (CR) may be utilized

in lieu of conventional film radiography when approved by Inspection
Department.
A radiographic procedure shall be written in accordance with this

engineering standard and ASME SEC V Article 2, ISO16371-1 and
ISO 17636-2, as applicable. The procedure shall include system
components and sample images covering the range of applications and
techniques in which approval is sought and shall be submitted to
Inspection Department RT Level III for review, demonstration and approval.
9 Radiographic Film Interpretation
9.1 All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to
the extent that they do not mask and are not confused with the image of any
discontinuity in the area of interest. Such blemishes include, but are not limited
to; fogging, processing defects such as streaks, watermarks, or chemical stains,
scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirt, static marks, smudges, or false indications
due to defective screens.
9.2 One sheet of film shall be used for each exposure. If an area of interest contains
an artifact a second exposure shall be made.
9.3 Radiographic Film Density - For Gamma radiography the minimum density
shall be 2.0. For X-radiography, the minimum density shall be no less than 1.8.
Radiographic film density through the area of interest or adjacent to the
designated wire type IQI shall be no greater than 4.0 for radiographs produced
by Gamma Rays or X-rays.
9.4 Density Variation
Radiographic density anywhere through the area of interest shall not vary more
than -15% and +30% from the measured density next to the designation wire of
the IQI. If the density variation exceeds the permissible -15% and +30% ranges,
additional IQI's shall be used for each exceptional area or areas and the area of
interest re-radiographed.
9.5 IQI Sensitivity - Acceptance of the radiograph for sensitivity is based on ability
of the radiograph to display the required wire on the IQI, viewed across the
Page 16 of 25
weld, and the penetrameter identifying numbers and letters. Radiographs not
meeting this requirement shall be re-radiographed.
9.6 Back Scatter Radiation - Radiographic film displaying a light image of

the letter “B” on a darker background shall be cause for rejection of the
radiograph. No image of the letter “B” or a dark image of the letter “B” on a
lighter background shall be considered acceptable.
10 Film Viewing
10.1 Film shall be viewed in an area with subdued lighting as required by

paragraph 6.5.1.
10.2 Personnel interpreting radiographs shall allow 3 minutes in any darkened area
for their eyes to adjust if coming into the darkened area from normal room light
and at least 5 minutes if coming in from full sunlight.
10.3 Radiographs shall be interpreted only in those areas in which the IQI(s) have
established that a suitable radiographic technique has been used.
10.4 Composite viewing of double film exposure is not permitted unless approved in
writing by a Saudi Aramco Inspection Department RT Level III.
10.5 Each exposed film shall be properly stored to prevent damage to the film, as per
ASTM E1254.
11 Final Interpretation of Radiographs
11.1 The radiographs shall be examined and interpreted for film quality and for
discontinuities by personnel certified to perform RTFI by Saudi Aramco.
11.2 The film interpreter shall record on a review form (Attachment 1) accompanying
the radiographs, the type of defects present on each radiograph and the area(s)
rejected.
12 Acceptance Criteria
12.1 For RT of in-service equipment, such as corrosion surveys, standards/codes

acceptance criteria are not applicable. Radiography films with reports shall be
handed to the operating facilities for further action.
12.2 For RT on projects, new construction and in-service equipment repairs and
alterations, applicable standards/codes acceptance criteria shall be applied.
Page 17 of 25
13 Documentation
13.1 Radiography reports shall be issued using Saudi Aramco Form SA-4719-A-ENG
“Radiography Request & Report Sheet” (Attachment 1). Alternate report formats
including all of the information required by this procedure may be used when
approved in conjunction with third party NDT supplier Procedures. As a minimum,
the report shall include:
13.1.1 Report number, date, BI or JO number, names and Saudi Aramco badge
numbers of the radiographers, and the governing acceptance criteria.
13.1.2 Weld Identification number and orientation of individual films which

clearly shows the sequence of exposures, location of weld and
component designation.
13.1.3 Radiation source, type, strength, and size.
13.1.4 The radiographic interpreter's full name and Saudi Aramco badge
number.
Note: Any individual interpreting or reviewing the film shall ensure that their
identification, meeting the requirement of this paragraph, is recorded
on the form. Initials, either on form or on the film envelope, are not
acceptable.
13.1.5 Film brand, type, and processing method,
13.1.6 IQI and designated wire.
13.1.7 Legible signature of all personnel interpreting or reviewing the film.
13.2 The following information shall either be provided on each film jacket or on the
final report noted above.
13.2.1 Shooting sketch showing the geometric arrangement of source, weld,

film, penetrameters, shims, and location markers, or technique
shooting sketch may be listed from this document.
13.2.2 Exposure time.
13.2.3 Source to weld or object distance.
13.2.4 Effective focal spot of the radiation source.
13.2.5 Calculated geometric unsharpness when required.
13.2.6 Weld thickness.
Page 18 of 25
13.3 Final disposition of the radiographs and records shall be in accordance with the
following.
13.3.1 Radiographs shall be turned over to the proponent upon completion of

the work.
13.3.2 The radiographs may be retained at the proponent's facilities or turned

over to Saudi Aramco's Management Records Group. Refer to
“Records Management Manual and GI-0710.002 for the requirements
on classification, storage, and retention.
Revision Summary
2 October 2014 Revised the Next Planned Update, reaffirmed the content of the document, and reissued as
major revision.
Page 19 of 25
Figure 1 – Single Wall Radiographic Techniques
Radio- IQI Location

Pipe Exposure
graphic End View Side View Placement Marker
OD Technique
Viewing Side Placement
 12” Single Single Source side Either
Wall Wall if accessible, Side
film side if
not
 12” Single Single Source Source

Wall Wall Side Side
Any Single Single Source Source

Wall Wall Side Side
Note: The above sketches are standard techniques. Other exposure arrangements may be made provide the Saudi Aramco
Inspection Department, NDT Unit, approves them.
Page 20 of 25
Figure 2 – Double Wall Radiographic Techniques
Radio- IQI Location

Pipe Exposure
OD Technique
Any Double Wall, Single Either Film
at least 3 Wall Side Side
exposures
120° to each
other for
complete
coverage
Any Double Wall, Single Either Film

at least 3 Wall Side Side
exposures
120° to each
other for
complete
coverage
3-½” Double Wall, Double Source Either

or at least 2 Wall: Side Side
less exposures at (Ellipse)
90° to each Read offset
other for source side
complete and film
coverage side images
Note: The above sketches are standard techniques. Other exposure arrangements may be made with documented Saudi Aramco
Inspection Department NDT RT Level III approval.
Page 21 of 25
Figure 2 (Con't) – Double Wall Radiographic Techniques

Radio- IQI Location
Pipe Exposure
OD Technique
3-½” Double Wall, Double Source Either
or at least 3 Wall: Side Side
less exposures at Read
60° or 120° Super-
to each other imposed
for complete source and
coverage film side
images
Note: The above sketches are standard techniques. Other exposure arrangements may be made with documented Saudi Aramco
Inspection Department NDT RT Level III approval.
Page 22 of 25
Figure 3 – Identification for Film Marker Locations & Arrows
Page 23 of 25
Attachment 1 – Radiographic Request/Report Forms
(A) For Saudi Aramco Operating Facilities Use
Page 24 of 25
(B) For Saudi Aramco Projects Use
Page 25 of 25

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Engineering Procedure

SAEP-1143 2 October 2014

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Previous Issue: 19 May 2009 Next Planned Update: 2 October 2019

Copyright©Saudi Aramco 2014. All rights reserved.

1.1 This Engineering Procedure establishes the minimum requirements for

2 Conflicts and Deviations

3.1 Saudi Aramco References

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures

SAEP-1141 Industrial Radiation Safety

Saudi Aramco General Instructions

Saudi Aramco Engineering Form

3.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

American Society for Testing & Materials

International Organization for Standardization

4 Precautions for Personnel Safety

4.2 Protective measures shall be taken by radiographic personnel to insure that no

5.1 All measurements shall be in SI Units as per SAEP-103.

5.3 Personnel Qualifications

5.3.1 Saudi Aramco Personnel performing radiography shall be certified in

5.3.2 Contractor personnel performing radiography and/or Radiographic Film

5.3.3 All personnel performing RTFI shall be certified to level II and

5.4 Surface Preparation

5.5 Backscatter Radiation

during each exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the film.

6 Equipment and Materials

6.1 Acceptable Radiation Sources

6.2.1 Radiography shall be conducted with industrial radiographic film that

6.2.2 Radiographic film can be processed either manually or automatically.

6.3 Intensifying Screens

6.3.1 Only lead intensifying screens shall be used.

6.3.4 Special techniques involving the use of intensifying screens of materials

6.4 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)

Table 1 – DIN Wire Type IQI

Table 2 – ISO Wire Type IQI

Table 3 – ASTM Wire Type IQI

Table 4 – EN Wire Type IQI

6.5 Viewing Facilities

6.5.1 The viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an

6.5.4 Densitometers shall be used to measure the density of the film.

Table 5 – Technique and Exposure Requirements

7.4 Double Wall Exposure - Double Wall Viewing (DWE/DWV) Technique -

7.4.3 In the superimposed DWE/DWV technique, the source shall be at right

8 Radiographic Exposure Requirements

8.1 Selection of Radiation Energy

8.2 Geometric Unsharpness

8.2.1 Geometrical unsharpness, “Ug”, equals source size times thickness

D = Distance from source of radiation to weld or other object being

8.2.2 The minimum source to object distance, D, shall be great enough to

Table 6 – Geometrical Unsharpness

8.3 Location Markers

8.3.1.1 The starting point and the direction of numbering shall be

8.3.1.2 Number belt spacing around the circumference of the piping

Table 7 – Number Belt Spacing

Over 89.0 (3.5)through 203.2 (8.0) 25.4 (1.0)

8.3.1.3 Station or location markers, i.e., numbers, shall be spaced in

8.4 Film Identification

8.4.2 Radiographs misidentified may be re-identified, utilizing a permanent

supervisor has determined that it is impractical to re-radiograph.

8.5 IQI (Penetrameter) Selection

8.5.2.1 SWE/SWV or DWE/SWV techniques - the required wire size

8.5.2.2 DWE/DWV elliptical technique - the required wire size is