CALCULATION SHEET Calculation No.: Rev.

Job: Revision:
Title: Hydraulic Calculation - Single Phase Sheet No.: 1 of 11
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15 Calculation No. :
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17 Title: Hydraulic Calculation - Single Phase
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24 Important note: These calculations have been developed as a tool to aid Process Design.
25 Any changes to the calculation cells necessitates a full revalidation of the
26 calculation procedure, by the calculation checker. Users should give full
27 consideration to the basis of these calculation sheets for applicability to their
28 problem, and all calculation sheets should be used in conjunction with the
29 references quoted within.
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PSN Calculation No.: PSN Updated
PR-CALC-PD-004 9/1/2009
 CALCULATION SHEET Calculation No.: Rev.

Job: Revision:
Title: Hydraulic Calculation - Single Phase Sheet No.: 2 of 11
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3 1. SPECIFIC PROBLEM OBJECTIVE (To be input by user)
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8 2. Basis
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10 90' Bend 14
11 Ball valves 4
12 Globe Valve 2
13 NRV 2
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16 150# spec A01E2B
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18 NB Sch
19 2 XS
20 3-6 40
21 8-16 20
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23 4" = Sch 40
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26 Elevation
27 Pump Outlet 0m
28 Manifold 7m
29 d-Height 7m
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32 Pump Flow
33 Rated Flow 6 m3/h
34 Density 760 kg/m3 This is high for condensate.
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PSN Calculation No.:
PR-CALC-LS-004
 CALCULATION SHEET Calculation No.: Rev.

Job: Revision:
Title: Hydraulic Calculation - Single Phase Sheet No.: 3 of 11
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PSN Calculation No.:
PR-CALC-LS-004
 CALCULATION SHEET Calculation No.: Rev.

Job: Revision:
Title: Hydraulic Calculation - Single Phase Sheet No.: 4 of 11
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3 2. CALCULATION OBJECTIVE (To be input by user)
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13 3. CALCULATION PROCEDURE
14
15 This spreadsheet provides a variety of process hydraulic calculations for liquid and gas services.
16 Compressible fluids will be advised to the user when the calculated pressure drop across a
17 section of pipe is greater than about 10% of the inlet pressure as restricted by Darcy (Ref. 1).
18 User shall use a shorter segment of pipe to eliminate the restriction and thus obtain more accurate
19 results.
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21 In fluid data section, user should initially specify the phase of process fluid and then enter the
22 associated properties of selected fluid. Default values are available for gas properties such as
23 viscosity, ratio of specific heat and compressibility factor. Density of gas can also be auto-calculated
24 if the value is unknown.
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26 User is given with the flexibilty to enter either nominal size of pipe or internal diameter directly to get
27 the internal diameter of pipe. If nominal size is selected, schedule number needs to be provided or
28 alternatively put a cross to enable the system to compute the internal diameter based on standard
29 pipe specification. Available input values for NB are ranged from 0.25" to 30" whereas for schedule
30 number are 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, X, STD, XS, XXS, 10S, 40S and 80S.
31 Default value for pipe roughness is 0.05 mm for carbon steel pipe. Refer to the chart A-23 in Crane
32 (Ref. 3) or Fig. 17-3 (Ref. 4) in section 17 of GPSA for the other pipe materials.
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34 For typical case, user is recommended to divide the pipe by the change of pipe spec or line size. Any
35 valves and fitting associated with the pipe should be encountered. Equivalent length calculation in
36 this spreadsheet is determined by method in Ref. 5.
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38 Other equipments or items (e.g. strainers, control valve) which gives significant pressure drop for the
39 system can also be defined in the spreadsheet.
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43 The following part provides the detail equation used for determining the hydraulic parameters.
44
45 Actual velocity, W V̄
46 υ=354 (Ref. 6)
47 d2
48
49 Where, v = Actual velocity [m/s]
50 W = Flowrate of fluid [kg/hr]
= Specific volume of fluid [m3/kg]
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V̄
52 d = Internal diameter of pipe [mm]
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PSN Calculation No.:
PR-CALC-LS-004
 CALCULATION SHEET Calculation No.: Rev.

Job: Revision:
Title: Hydraulic Calculation - Single Phase Sheet No.: 5 of 11
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3 Erosional velocity - API 14E
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5 Original equation - in english unit 100
6 ve=
7 √ρ
8 where, ve = Erosional velocity limit [ft/s]
9 r = Density [lb/ft3]
10 Note: material of carbon steel is assummed in this spreadsheet to simplified the calculation.
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13 Modified equation - in SI unit 122
14 ve =
15 √ρ
16 where, ve = Erosional velocity limit [m/s]
17 r = Density [kg/m3]
18 Note: material of carbon steel is assummed in this spreadsheet to simplified the calculation.
19
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21 Sonic velocity,
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23 Original equation v s= √ γ p V̄ (Ref. 7)
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25 zRT
26 V̄ =
27
PM
28 Modified equation
γ zRT
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v s=
√ M
32 Where, vs = Sonic velocity [m/s]
33 g = Ratio of specific heat
34 z = Gas compressibility factor
35 R = Universal gas constant = 8314 J/kg-mol. K
36 T = Temperature [K]
37 M = Molecular weight of gas
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40 Mach Number Mach No = actual velocity/ sonic velocity
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43 Reynolds Number,
W (Ref. 8)
44 Re=354
45 dμ
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47 Re = Reynold number
48 W = Flowrate of fluid [kg/hr]
49 d = Internal diameter of pipe [mm]
50 m = Dynamic (absolute) viscosity [cP]
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PSN Calculation No.:
PR-CALC-LS-004
 CALCULATION SHEET Calculation No.: Rev.

Job: Revision:
Title: Hydraulic Calculation - Single Phase Sheet No.: 6 of 11
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3 Friction Factor, f
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5 For Laminar flow f = 16/Re (Ref. 9)
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7 For Turbulent flow 1 0 . 4587 Re
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√f
=0 . 8686 ln
(s
s
s+1 ) (Ref. 10)

11 s=0 . 124 ( ε / d ) Re+ln ( 0. 4587 Re )

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14 The equation above used for calculating the friction factor for turbulent flow in rough pipeis a derived,
15 non-empirical and simplification of a mathematically equivalent to Colebrook-White (CW) equation which
16 does not requires an iterative numerical method to determine f. The error associated with f estimation
17 from this equation is about 1% and valid over the entire Re range (4000 < Re < 108).
18
19
Frictional Loss,
20
fLW 2 V̄
21 ΔP=625 . 3 (Ref. 11)
22 d5
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24 where, DP = Frictional Loss [bar]
25 f = Friction factor
26 L = Length of pipe (including equivalent length of valves & fittings) [m]
27 W = Flowrate of fluid [kg/hr]
28
V̄ = Specific volume of fluid [m3/kg]
29 d = Internal diameter of pipe [mm]
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38 4. ASSUMPTION (To be provided by user, if required)
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PSN Calculation No.:
PR-CALC-LS-004
 CALCULATION SHEET Calculation No.:

Job: Revision:
Title: Hydraulic Calculation - Single Phase Sheet No.: 7 of 11
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2 5. CALCULATION Input data to shaded cells
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4 Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Remarks
5 From Condensate Vessel Condensate Vessel Crude Oil
6 To Flow Tank Inlet Flow Tank Inlet Skimmed oil
7 Fluid Data:
8 Phase (L / G) (Note 1) -- L L L
9 Liquid Mass Flowrate kg/hr 4560 4560 123660
10 -- --
11 Temperature o
C 27 27 25
12 Inlet Pressure barg 3 3 4.000
13 Liquid Density kg/m3 760 760 916
14 -- --
15 Liquid/Mixed Phase Viscosity cP 1 1 3000
16 -- -- `
17 Liquid Surface Tension dynes/cm
18 -- --
19 -- --
20 -- --
21 Line Data:
22 Nominal or Internal Diameter (N / I) -- N N N
23 Nominal Size (NB) in 4 2 16
24 Schedule/spec. (X for standard) -- 40 XS 40
25 Internal diameter, d mm 102.3 49.2 381
26 -- --
27 Straight Length m 302.5 302.5 1500
28 Section Inlet Elevation m 0 0 0.5
29 Section Outlet Elevation m 7 5 7
30 Pipe Roughness (X to defau (Note 3) mm 0.04572 0.04572 0.04572
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Fittings Count:
32 No. L(m) No. L(m) No. L(m) No. L(m) No. L(m) No. L(m) No. L(m) No. L(m) No. L(m) No. L(m) No. L(m) No. L(m)
33 Ball Check Valve / Globe Valve 1 2 79.2 2 42.7 2 304.8
34 Angle Valve 2
35 Swing Check Valve 3 2 19.5 2 10.4 2 73.2
36 Plug Valve 4
37 Ball / Gate Valve 5 4 3.7 4 2.4 5 16.8
38 Butterfly Valve (90o) 6
39 45o Elbow 7
40 90o Elbow 8 14 21.3 14 17.1 15 82.3
41 Hard T (Flow Turns) 9
42 Soft T (Flow Straight) 10
43 Sudden Enlargement (Y/N)
44 Sudden Contraction (Y/N)
45 Concentric Enlarger (Y/N)
46 Concentric Reducer (Y/N)
47 Other Equivalent Lengths (By User):
48 m
49 m
50 m
51 m
52 m
53 Equipment/Piping Item DP (By User):
54 bar
55 bar
56 bar
57 bar
58 bar
59
Calculated Data:
60
61 Velocity (Note 4) m/s 0.20 0.88 0.33 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
62 Erosional Velocity Limit - (Note 2) -- 4.43 4.43 4.03 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
63 -- -- -- -- -- #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
64 -- -- -- -- -- #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
65 Reynolds Number, Re -- 15779 32810 38 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
66 Flow Characteristic -- Transition Transition Laminar #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
67 Friction factor, f (CW) -- 0.0285 0.0255 1.6711 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
68 Frictional Loss bar 0.019 0.568 4.296 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
69 Hydrostatic Loss bar 0.522 0.373 0.584 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
70 Total Section DP bar 0.540 0.941 4.880 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
71 Cumulative DP bar 0.540 1.482 6.361 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
72 DP per length (Note 4) /100m 0.004 0.152 0.217 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
73 Section Inlet Pressure bara 4.013 4.013 5.013 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.013
74 Section Outlet Pressure bara 3.473 3.072 0.134 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
75
76 Darcy Equation restriction check: N/A Use shorter segment Use shorter segment #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
77
78 Note 1: For two-phase flow, use the spreasheet - "Pressure Drop for Two-phase Flow" on Process Portal or PIPESYS for more accurate calculation.
79 Note 2: This is a simple equation based on steady state sand free flow through a carbon steel line. For detailed erosional velocity limit calculation, use the specific spreadsheet on Process Portal.
80 Note 3: Default value of 0.05 mm used for normal process carbon steel pipe. For other material refer to Ref. 3 & 4. A pipe roughness coefficient of 0.5mm shall be used for all flare lines and relief valve outlet laterals.
81 Note 4: Refer Line Sizing in SEM for acceptable pressure drop per unit length and allowable velocity in the pipe.
PSN CalcPSN Calculation No.:
PR-CALCPR-CALC-LS-004
 CALCULATION SHEET Calculation No.: Rev.

Job: Revision:
Title: Hydraulic Calculation - Single Phase Sheet No.: 8 of 11
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16 7. REFERENCES
17
18 1. Crane, Principles of compressible flow in pipe, page 1-7.
19 2. Deleted.
20 3. Crane, Appendix A-23: Relative Roughness of Pipe Materials and Friction Factors for Complete
21 Turbulence.
22 4. GPSA, Figure 17-3, Relative Roughness of Pipe Materials and Friction Factors for Complete Turbulence.
23 5. Green Q Online Quality System - Section 4.1.8 Process System Reference Manual,
24 Volume I: Standard Practices
25 6. Crane, Equation 3-2, Page 3-2.
26 7. Crane, Equation 3-8, Page 3-3.
27 8. Crane, Equation 3-3, Page 3-2.
28 9. Crane, Page 1-6.
29 10. C.T. Goudar and J.R.Sonnad, Hydrocarbon Processing, April 2007, Page 103.
30 11. Crane, Equation 3-5, Page 3-2.
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46 8. ATTACHMENTS
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48 A Nominal pipe size & Schedule (NB & SCH)
49 B Equivalent Length
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PSN Calculation No.:
PR-CALC-LS-004
 Attachment A: Nominal pipe size & Schedule (NB & SCH) - Page 9 of 10 Page: 9 of 11

SCHEDULE 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 X STD XS XXS 10S 40S 80S
OFFSET 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

INSIDE DIAMETER 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
mm 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
0.25 N/A N/A N/A 9.2 N/A 7.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A 9.2 9.2 7.7 N/A 10.4 9.2 7.7
0.5 N/A N/A N/A 15.8 N/A 13.8 N/A N/A N/A 11.7 15.8 15.8 13.8 6.4 17.1 15.8 13.8
0.75 N/A N/A N/A 21.0 N/A 18.9 N/A N/A N/A 15.6 21.0 21.0 18.9 11.1 22.5 21.0 18.9
1 N/A N/A N/A 26.6 N/A 24.3 N/A N/A N/A 20.7 26.6 26.6 24.3 15.2 27.9 26.6 24.3
1.5 N/A N/A N/A 40.9 N/A 38.1 N/A N/A N/A 34.0 40.9 40.9 38.1 28.0 42.8 40.9 38.1
2 N/A N/A N/A 52.5 N/A 49.2 N/A N/A N/A 42.8 52.5 52.5 49.2 38.2 54.8 52.5 49.2
2.5 N/A N/A N/A 62.7 N/A 59.0 N/A N/A N/A 54.0 62.7 62.7 59.0 45.0 66.9 62.7 59.0
3 N/A N/A N/A 77.9 N/A 73.7 N/A N/A N/A 66.6 77.9 77.9 73.7 58.4 82.8 77.9 73.7
4 N/A N/A N/A 102.3 N/A 97.2 N/A 92.0 N/A 87.3 102.3 102.3 97.2 80.1 108.2 102.3 97.2
6 N/A N/A N/A 154.1 N/A 146.4 N/A 139.8 N/A 131.8 154.1 154.1 146.4 124.4 161.5 154.1 146.4
8 N/A 206.4 205.0 202.7 198.5 193.7 188.9 182.6 177.9 173.1 202.7 202.7 193.7 174.7 211.6 202.7 193.7
10 N/A 260.3 257.4 254.5 247.6 242.8 236.5 230.1 222.2 215.8 254.5 254.5 247.6 222.2 264.6 254.5 247.6
12 N/A 311.2 307.1 303.3 295.4 289.0 281.0 273.1 266.7 257.2 304.9 304.9 298.5 273.1 314.8 304.9 298.5
14 342.9 339.8 336.6 333.3 325.4 317.5 308.0 300.0 292.1 284.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
16 393.7 390.6 387.4 381.0 373.1 363.5 354.0 344.5 333.4 325.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
18 444.5 441.4 434.9 428.7 419.1 409.6 398.5 387.4 377.8 366.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
20 495.3 489.0 482.6 477.8 466.8 455.6 442.9 431.8 419.1 408.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
24 596.9 590.6 581.1 574.6 560.4 547.7 531.8 517.6 504.8 490.5 590.6 590.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
30 746.2 736.6 730.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Attachment B: Equivalent Length Page : 10 of 11

Fittings

Nominal Pipe Size (inch) 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120

Ball Check Valve / Globe Valve ft 55 70 100 130 200 260 330 400 450 500 550 650 750 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Angle Valve ft 26 33 50 65 100 125 160 190 210 240 280 300 370 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Swing Check Valve ft 13 17 25 32 48 64 80 95 105 120 140 155 185 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Plug Valve ft 7 11 17 30 70 120 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Ball / Gate Valve ft 1 2 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 16 21 25 30 35 40 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85
Butterfly Valve (90°) ft 8 8 12 16 23 30 30 35 39 32 36 40 49 61 74 86 98 111 123 138 150 163 175 188 200 213 225 238 250
45° Elbow ft 2 3 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 16 21 25 30 35 40 45 46 50 53 57 60 64 133 140 148 155
90° Elbow ft 3 4 4 5 8 9 12 14 16 18 20 23 27 40 47 55 65 70 80 82 89 96 103 110 117 255 270 285 300
Hard T (Flow Turns) ft 9 11 14 19 28 37 47 55 62 72 82 90 110 140 170 200 220 250 280 335 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600
Soft T (Flow Straight) ft 3 4 4 5 8 9 12 14 16 18 20 23 27 40 47 55 65 70 80 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

Nominal Pipe Size (inch) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120
Offset 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120

Ball Check Valve or Globe Valve m 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 16.76 21.34 30.48 39.62 60.96 79.25 100.58 121.92 137.16 152.40 167.64 198.12 228.60 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Angle Valve m 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 7.92 10.06 15.24 19.81 30.48 38.10 48.77 57.91 64.01 73.15 85.34 91.44 112.78 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Swing Check Valve m 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3.96 5.18 7.62 9.75 14.63 19.51 24.38 28.96 32.00 36.58 42.67 47.24 56.39 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Plug Valve m 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.13 3.35 5.18 9.14 21.34 36.58 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Gate or Ball Valve m 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.30 0.61 0.61 0.91 1.22 1.83 2.13 2.74 3.05 3.35 3.66 4.27 4.88 6.40 7.62 9.14 10.67 12.19 13.72 14.94 16.15 17.37 18.59 19.81 21.03 22.25 23.47 24.69 25.91
Butterfly Valve (90°) m 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.44 2.44 3.66 4.88 7.01 9.14 9.14 10.67 11.89 9.75 10.97 12.19 14.94 18.59 22.56 26.21 29.87 33.83 37.49 42.06 45.72 49.68 53.34 57.30 60.96 64.92 68.58 72.54 76.20
45° Elbow m 7 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.61 0.91 0.61 0.91 1.22 1.83 2.13 2.74 3.05 3.35 3.66 4.27 4.88 6.40 7.62 9.14 10.67 12.19 13.72 14.02 15.24 16.15 17.37 18.29 19.51 40.54 42.67 45.11 47.24
90° Elbow m 8 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.91 1.22 1.22 1.52 2.44 2.74 3.66 4.27 4.88 5.49 6.10 7.01 8.23 12.19 14.33 16.76 19.81 21.34 24.38 24.99 27.13 29.26 31.39 33.53 35.66 77.72 82.30 86.87 91.44
Hard T (Flow Turns) m 9 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.74 3.35 4.27 5.79 8.53 11.28 14.33 16.76 18.90 21.95 24.99 27.43 33.53 42.67 51.82 60.96 67.06 76.20 85.34 102.11 109.73 118.87 128.02 137.16 146.30 155.45 164.59 173.74 182.88
Soft T (Flow Straight) m 10 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.91 1.22 1.22 1.52 2.44 2.74 3.66 4.27 4.88 5.49 6.10 7.01 8.23 12.19 14.33 16.76 19.81 21.34 24.38 33.53 36.58 39.62 42.67 45.72 48.77 51.82 54.86 57.91 60.96

Reducer/Enlarger

Nominal Size (inch) d 1.5 1.5 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 14 14 14 16 16 18 18 20

Nominal Size (inch) D 2 3 3 4 4 6 6 8 10 8 10 12 14 10 12 14 16 12 14 16 18 14 16 18 20 16 18 20 18 20 20 24 24

Sudden Enlargement (in terms of d) ft 1 3 2 4 2 6 4 8 12 4 11 12 17 4 11 15 16 5 12 14 18 5 8 12 17 6 8 11 6 6 6 11 7

m 0.30 0.91 0.61 1.22 0.61 1.83 1.22 2.44 3.66 1.22 3.35 3.66 5.18 1.22 3.35 4.57 4.88 1.52 3.66 4.27 5.49 1.52 2.44 3.66 5.18 1.83 2.44 3.35 1.83 1.83 1.83 3.35 2.13
ASA Welding Enlarger (in terms of d) ft 1 4 2 5 2 8 4 10 14 4 12 14 19 4 11 18 19 5 12 17 24 5 8 12 20 6 8 12 6 6 6 12 7
m 0.30 1.22 0.61 1.52 0.61 2.44 1.22 3.05 4.27 1.22 3.66 4.27 5.79 1.22 3.35 5.49 5.79 1.52 3.66 5.18 7.32 1.52 2.44 3.66 6.10 1.83 2.44 3.66 1.83 1.83 1.83 3.66 2.13

Sudden Contraction (in terms of d) ft 1 2 2 3 2 4 3 5 7 4 6 7 8 3 6 8 9 4 7 9 10 5 7 10 12 5 6 9 6 6 6 12 7

m 0.30 0.61 0.61 0.91 0.61 1.22 0.91 1.52 2.13 1.22 1.83 2.13 2.44 0.91 1.83 2.44 2.74 1.22 2.13 2.74 3.05 1.52 2.13 3.05 3.66 1.52 1.83 2.74 1.83 1.83 1.83 3.66 2.13
Sudden Contraction (in terms of D) m 1.28 19.51 4.63 29.26 2.57 39.01 6.94 48.77 208.36 5.14 23.52 68.28 168.65 2.79 13.89 40.02 87.78 3.03 11.48 28.76 57.59 3.29 8.99 23.15 47.04 2.97 6.43 16.32 3.30 5.58 3.10 15.41 5.31

ASA Welding Reducer (in terms of d) ft - 1 1 1 - 2 2 3 5 1 2 4 4 3 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 2 3 5 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 2

m - 0.30 0.30 0.30 - 0.61 0.61 0.91 1.52 0.30 0.61 1.22 1.22 0.91 0.91 1.22 1.52 0.61 0.91 1.22 1.52 0.61 0.61 0.91 1.52 0.61 0.61 1.22 0.61 0.61 0.61 1.52 0.61
ASA Welding Reducer (in terms of D) m - 9.75 2.31 9.75 - 19.51 4.63 29.26 148.83 1.28 7.84 39.01 84.33 2.79 6.94 20.01 48.77 1.52 4.92 12.78 28.80 1.32 2.57 6.94 19.60 1.19 2.14 7.25 1.10 1.86 1.03 6.42 1.52

Enlarger LOOKUP Table

Size 2, D 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Offset 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1.5 0.30 1.22 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2 N/A 0.61 1.52 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
3 N/A N/A 0.61 2.44 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
4 N/A N/A N/A 1.22 3.05 4.27 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.22 3.66 4.27 5.79 N/A N/A N/A N/A
8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.22 3.35 5.49 5.79 N/A N/A N/A
10 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.52 3.66 5.18 7.32 N/A N/A
12 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.52 2.44 3.66 6.10 N/A
14 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.83 2.44 3.66 N/A
16 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.83 1.83 N/A
18 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.83 3.66
20 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.13
Attachment B: Equivalent Length (Continued) Page : 11 of 11

Reducer LOOKUP Table

Size 2, d 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Offset 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
3 9.75 2.31 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
4 N/A 9.75 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 N/A N/A 19.51 4.63 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
8 N/A N/A N/A 29.26 1.28 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
10 N/A N/A N/A 148.83 7.84 2.79 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
12 N/A N/A N/A N/A 39.01 6.94 1.52 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
14 N/A N/A N/A N/A 84.33 20.01 4.92 1.32 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
16 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 48.77 12.78 2.57 1.19 N/A N/A N/A N/A
18 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 28.80 6.94 2.14 1.10 N/A N/A N/A
20 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 19.60 7.25 1.86 1.03 N/A N/A
24 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6.42 1.52 N/A

Sudden Enlargement LOOKUP Table

Size 2, D 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Offset 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1.5 N/A 0.30 0.91 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2 N/A N/A 0.61 1.22 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
3 N/A N/A N/A 0.61 1.83 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
4 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.22 2.44 3.66 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.22 3.35 3.66 5.18 N/A N/A N/A N/A
8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.22 3.35 4.57 4.88 N/A N/A N/A
10 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.52 3.66 4.27 5.49 N/A N/A
12 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.52 2.44 3.66 5.18 N/A
14 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.83 2.44 3.35 N/A
16 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.83 1.83 N/A
18 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.83 3.35
20 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.13
24 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Sudden Contraction LOOKUP Table

Size 2, d 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Offset 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2 1.28 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
3 19.51 4.63 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
4 N/A 29.26 2.57 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 N/A N/A 39.01 6.94 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
8 N/A N/A N/A 48.77 5.14 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
10 N/A N/A N/A 208.36 23.52 2.79 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
12 N/A N/A N/A N/A 68.28 13.89 3.03 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
14 N/A N/A N/A N/A 168.65 40.02 11.48 3.29 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
16 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 87.78 28.76 8.99 2.97 N/A N/A N/A N/A
18 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 57.59 23.15 6.43 3.30 N/A N/A N/A
20 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 47.04 16.32 5.58 3.10 N/A N/A
24 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 15.41 5.31 N/A