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The Muscular
System
Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Skeletal muscle
Most skeletal muscle fibers are attached by tendons to
bones
Skeletal muscle cells are large, cigar-shaped, and
multinucleate
Also known as striated muscle because of its obvious
stripes
Also known as voluntary muscle because it is the only
muscle tissue subject to conscious control
Cardiac muscle
Striations
Involuntary
Found only in the walls of
the heart
Uninucleate
Branching cells joined by
gap junctions called
intercalated discs
Contracts at a steady rate
set by pacemaker
Sarcomere
M line
Z disc Z disc
Thin (actin)
myofilament
Thick (myosin)
myofilament
Axon terminals at
neuromuscular junctions
Spinal cord
Motor Motor
unit 1 unit 2
Nerve
Axon of
Motor motor
neuron neuron
cell bodies
(a)
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Figure 6.4b Motor units.
Branching
axon to
motor unit
(b)
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
Neuromuscular junction
Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron
and sarcolemma of a muscle
Neurotransmitter
Chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve
impulse in the axon terminal
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter that
stimulates skeletal muscle
Synaptic cleft
Gap between nerve and muscle filled with interstitial
fluid
Although very close, the nerve and muscle do not
make contact
Myelinated axon
Nerve of motor neuron
impulse
Axon terminal of
Nucleus neuromuscular
junction
Sarcolemma of
the muscle fiber
Ca2+ Ca2+
Synaptic
cleft Sarcolemma
Fusing synaptic
vesicle
Sarcoplasm
ACh of muscle fiber
ACh Folds of
receptor sarcolemma
Fusing synaptic
vesicle
Sarcoplasm
ACh of muscle fiber
ACh Folds of
receptor sarcolemma
Fusing synaptic
vesicle
Sarcoplasm
3 Ca2+ entry causes some ACh of muscle fiber
synaptic vesicles to release their Folds of
contents (the neurotransmitter ACh
receptor sarcolemma
acetylcholine) by exocytosis.
Fusing synaptic
vesicle
Sarcoplasm
3 Ca2+ entry causes some ACh of muscle fiber
synaptic vesicles to release their Folds of
contents (the neurotransmitter ACh
receptor sarcolemma
acetylcholine) by exocytosis.
Ion channel in
5 ACh binds and opens channels Na+ K+ sarcolemma opens;
that allow simultaneous passage ions pass.
of Na+ into the muscle fiber and
K+ out of the muscle fiber. More
Na+ ions enter than K+ ions leave,
producing a local change in the
electrical conditions of the
membrane (depolarization). This
eventually leads to an action
potential.
Myelinated axon
Nerve of motor neuron
impulse Axon terminal of
Nucleus neuromuscular
junction
Sarcolemma of
the muscle fiber
Fusing synaptic
vesicle
Sarcoplasm
3 Ca2+ entry causes some ACh of muscle fiber
synaptic vesicles to release their Folds of
contents (the neurotransmitter ACh
receptor sarcolemma
acetylcholine) by exocytosis.
Ion channel in
5 ACh binds and opens channels Na+ K+ sarcolemma opens;
that allow simultaneous passage ions pass.
of Na+ into the muscle fiber and
K+ out of the muscle fiber. More
Na+ ions enter than K+ ions leave,
producing a local change in the
electrical conditions of the
membrane (depolarization). This
eventually leads to an action
potential. ACh Degraded ACh
Ion channel closes;
Na+
ions cannot pass.
6 The enzyme acetylcholinesterase
breaks down ACh in the synaptic
cleft, ending the process.
Acetylcholinesterase
K+
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Figure 6.6 Comparing the action potential to a flame consuming a dry twig.
Small twig
Match
flame
1 Flame ignites 2 Flame spreads
the twig. rapidly along the twig.
(a)
1 Na+ diffuses
into the cell.
2 Action potential spreads
rapidly along the sarcolemma.
(b)
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A&P Flix™: Events at the Neuromuscular
Junction
Myosin Actin
Z H Z
I A I
Z Z
I A I
(b) Fully contracted sarcomere
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Figure 6.8a Schematic representation of contraction mechanism: the sliding filament theory.
(a)
Myosin-binding site The flood of calcium acts as the final trigger for
Ca2+
contraction, because as calcium binds to the
regulatory proteins on the actin filaments, the
proteins undergo a change in both their shape and
their position on the thin filaments. This action
exposes myosin-binding sites on the actin, to which
the myosin heads can attach (see b), and the myosin
heads immediately begin seeking out binding sites.
Upper part of thick filament only
(b)
Graded responses
Muscle fiber contraction is ―all-or-none,‖ meaning it will
contract to its fullest when stimulated adequately
Within a whole skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be
stimulated during the same interval
Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions
may give differing responses
Graded responses—different degrees of skeletal
muscle shortening
Tension (g)
(Stimuli)
ATP
Only energy source that can be used to directly power
muscle contraction
Stored in muscle fibers in small amounts that are
quickly used up
After this initial time, other pathways must be utilized
to produce ATP
P Creatine ADP
Creatine ATP
Aerobic respiration
Supplies ATP at rest and during light/moderate
exercise
A series of metabolic pathways, called oxidative
phosphorylation, use oxygen and occur in the
mitochondria
Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water,
releasing energy (about 32 ATP)
This is a slower reaction that requires continuous
delivery of oxygen and nutrients
Glucose (from
glycogen breakdown or
delivered from blood)
Pyruvic acid
Fatty
acids O2
Aerobic respiration
Amino in mitochondria
acids
32 ATP
CO2
H2O net gain
per
glucose
Oxygen use: Required
Products: 32 ATP per glucose,
CO2, H2O
Duration of energy provision:
Hours
Glucose (from
glycogen breakdown or
delivered from blood)
Glycolysis
in cytosol
2 ATP
Pyruvic acid
net gain
Released
Lactic acid
to blood
Isotonic contractions
Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during
contractions
The muscle shortens, and movement occurs
Example: bending the knee; lifting weights, smiling
Isometric contractions
Muscle filaments are trying to slide, but the muscle is
pitted against an immovable object
Tension increases, but muscles do not shorten
Example: pushing your palms together in front of you
Muscle tone
State of continuous partial contractions
Result of different motor units being stimulated in a
systematic way
Muscle remains firm, healthy, and constantly ready for
action
Origin: attachment to an
immovable or less movable
bone
Insertion: attachment to a
movable bone
Types of Body Movements
Flexion
Decreases the angle of the joint
Brings two bones closer together
Typical of bending hinge joints (e.g., knee and elbow)
or ball-and-socket joints (e.g., the hip)
Extension
Opposite of flexion
Increases angle between two bones
Typical of straightening the elbow or knee
Extension beyond 180º is hyperextension
Flexion
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Rotation
Movement of a bone
around its longitudinal axis
Common in ball-and-socket
joints
Example: moving the atlas
around the dens of axis
(i.e., shaking your head
―no‖)
Dorsiflexion
Lifting the foot so
that the superior
surface approaches
the shin (toward the
dorsum)
Plantar flexion
Pointing the toes
away from the head
Inversion
Turning sole of
foot medially
Eversion
Turning sole of
foot laterally
Supination
Forearm rotates
laterally so palm faces
anteriorly
Radius and ulna are
parallel
Pronation
Forearm rotates
medially so palm faces
posteriorly
Radius and ulna cross
each other like an X
Opposition
Moving the thumb to
touch the tips of other
fingers on the same
hand
(a) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion*
Example:
Pectoralis
major
(anterior view)
* These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development.
The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.
(b) A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension*
Example: Latissimus
dorsi (posterior view)
The latissimus dorsi
is the antagonist of
the pectoralis major.
* These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development.
The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.
(c) A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction
Example: Deltoid
middle fibers
(anterolateral
view)
(d) A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction
Example:
Teres major
(posterolateral view)
The teres major
is the antagonist
of the deltoid.
transversus (transverse) –
at right angles to the
muscle’s long axis
oblique – diagonal
Muscles Named for Number of Origins
Number of Origins:
biceps – two origins
ex: biceps brachii
cleiodo = clavicle
mastoid = location on
the temporal bone
sternocleiodomastoid muscle
Muscles Named for Action
Action:
flexor carpi radialis –
flexes wrist
abductor magnus –
abducts the thigh
extensor digitorum –
extends the fingers
levator – lifts a structure
Figure 6.15 Relationship of fascicle
arrangement to muscle structure.
(a)
(b) (e)
(c)
(a) Circular (b) Convergent (e) Multipennate
(orbicularis oris) (pectoralis major) (deltoid)
(d) (f)
(f) Bipennate
(g) (rectus
femoris)
Cranial
Frontalis aponeurosis
Temporalis
Orbicularis
oculi Occipitalis
Zygomaticus
Buccinator
Masseter
Orbicularis
oris Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Platysma
Posterior muscles of the neck.
Figure 6.17a Clavicle
Muscles of the
anterior trunk,
shoulder, and Deltoid
arm. Sternum
Pectoralis
major
Biceps
brachii
Brachialis
Brachio-
radialis
Figure 6.19 The fleshy deltoid muscle is a favored
site for administering intramuscular injections.
Deltoid
muscle
Humerus
Rectus
abdominis
Transversus
abdominis
Internal
oblique
External
oblique
Aponeurosis
Occipital bone
Figure 6.18a Sternocleidomastoid
Muscles of Spine of scapula
Trapezius
the posterior Deltoid (cut)
neck, trunk, Deltoid
and arm.
Triceps
brachii
Latissimus
dorsi
Humerus
Olecranon
process of
(a) ulna (deep
to tendon)
Occipital bone
Figure Sternocleidomastoid
6.18a Spine of scapula
Muscles of Trapezius Deltoid (cut)
the Deltoid
posterior
neck, trunk,
and arm.
Triceps
brachii
Latissimus
dorsi
Humerus
Olecranon
process of
ulna (deep
to tendon)
12th
Figure 6.20c Pelvic, 12th rib thoracic vertebra
Sartorius
Adductor
group
Rectus femoris
Quadriceps*
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Patella
Patellar
ligament
(c)
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Figure 6.20d Pelvic, hip,
and thigh muscles of the
right side of the body.
Inguinal
ligament
Adductor
muscles
Sartorius
Vastus
lateralis
(d)
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Figure 6.21a Superficial muscles of the right
leg.
Fibularis longus
Tibia
Fibularis brevis
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum
longus
Fibularis tertius
(a)
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Figure 6.20 Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of Posterior superior
iliac spine
the right side of the body. Iliac crest
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Adductor
magnus Sciatic nerve
Iliotibial tract
(b)
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
(a)
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Superficial
Muscles:
Anterior
Superficial
Muscles:
Posterior
Figure 6.22
Facial
Major superficial Facial
• Frontalis
• Orbicularis oculi
• Masseter
• Zygomaticus
• Orbicularis oris
body. • Deltoid
Thorax
• Pectoralis minor
• Pectoralis major
Arm • Serratus anterior
• Triceps brachii
• Biceps brachii • Intercostals
• Brachialis
Abdomen
• Rectus abdominis
Forearm • External oblique
• Brachioradialis
• Internal oblique
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Transversus abdominis
Pelvis/thigh
• Iliopsoas
Thigh
• Sartorius
• Adductor muscles
Thigh (Quadriceps)
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
• Vastus intermedius (not shown,
deep to rectus femoris)
Leg
• Fibularis longus
• Extensor digitorum longus
Leg
• Gastrocnemius
• Tibialis anterior
• Soleus
Thigh
Iliotibial tract
• Adductor muscle
• Hamstrings:
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Leg
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Fibularis longus
Calcaneal
(Achilles)
tendon