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IFAC Proceedings Volumes
Volume 12, Issue 1, September 1979, Pages 169-177

Overview of Hardware-related Safety

Problems of Computer Control Systems
W. Schwier

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Abstract
The main hardware failure types of computer systems are classified.
The risks and the difficulties in the safety demonstration of
different fail-safe computer systems are compared. Such computer
systems are: Multi-computer with hard- or software comparator,
with equal and diverse processing; single computer with checking
program or with diverse multi-processing. The problems of
computers with fail-safe circuits or with processing in coded form
are discussed. A structure of the safety demonstration is
 recommended. In order to achieve a low probability of multiple
failures a fast failure detection is necessary. In practise it is not
possible to analyse the internal failures of a microprocessor in detail.
An operational method of failure detection using a second processor
and a function test program is outlined. Advantages and
disadvantages of hardware diversity are discussed.

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Keywords
Safety; computer hardware; microprocessor; fail-safe; failure modes;
failure detection; hardware diversity; safety demonstration

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Copyright © 1979 International Federation of Automatic Control. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights
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