ADM Q1 SHS PracticalResearch2v3

Practical Research 2
Quarter 1
DO_Q1_PracRes2SHS_Lessons1-7
i
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1
Revised Edition, 2021
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Writers : Jaime Boy A. Alegre - Gen. T. De Leon National High School

Content Editors : Dr. Benjamin A. Dillena Jr.
Language Editor : Eva Marie M. Mercado
Reviewers : Edna L. Llanera, PSDS/SHS Focal Person
Illustrator : Robelle R. Paderes
Layout Artist : Oliver G. Mariano
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Dr. Rustica R. Lorenzo, OIC-ASDS
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Jean A. Tropel, EPS in Charge of LRMS
Edna L. Llanera, PSDS/SHS Focal Person
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Quarter 1
Table of Contents
Page
Title Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Development Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………..
What I Need to Know? . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lesson 1:
Characteristics, strength, weaknesses, kinds of Quantitative
Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Lesson 2:
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields . . . . . . . . . 8
Lesson 3:
Kinds and Types of Variables and Their Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 16
Lesson 4 and 5:
Range of Research Topics in the Area of Inquiry, Value of
Research in the Area of Interest, the Specificity, and the
feasibility of the Problem Posed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 27
Lesson 6 and 7:
Formulation of Conceptual Framework, Define terms in the
study, Lists Research Hypothesis, and Present Objectively
Written Review of Related Literature and Conceptual
34
Framework. ……………………………………………………………………
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
iii
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the sampling and sampling distributions. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into seven lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1: Characteristics, strength, weaknesses, kinds of Quantitative
Research
• Lesson 2: Importance of Quantitative Research Across the fields
• Lesson 3: Kinds and Types of Variables and their Uses.
• Lesson 4 and 5: Range of research topics in the area of inquiry, value of
research in the area of interest, the specificity and feasibility of the problem
posed.
• Lesson 6 and 7: Formulation of conceptual framework, research hypotheses,
and define terms in the study, lists research hypothesis, present objectively
written review of related literature and conceptual framework.
1
Lesson Characteristics, strength, weaknesses,
1 kinds of Quantitative Research
What I need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to describe characteristics, strength
and weaknesses, kinds of quantitative research (CS_RS12-Ia_c-1).
What I Know
Directions: Put a check (✓) beside the number if the statement describes the
characteristics of a Quantitative Research.
1. Data is in the form of words, pictures, or objects.

2. The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.
3. It is not based upon numerical measurements and does not use numbers and
statistical methods as key research indicators and tools.
4. It tends to be associated with small-scale studies and a holistic perspective, often
studying a single occurrence or a small number of occurrences/case studies in
great depth.
5. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high
reliability.
6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts,
figures, or other non-textual forms.
7. Emphasis is on discovery rather than proof.
8. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the
population.
9. It tends to be associated with emergent research design, using a wide range of
approaches
10. A researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers
are sought.
What’s In
Directions: Write QUANTITATIVE when the sentence is true. If not, write

QUALITATIVE. Write your answer on the space provided after the item.
1. In quantitative research, researchers know in advance what they are looking

for. _______________
2
2. Quantitative research can be easily misinterpreted because it provides
numerical data. _______________
3. Quantitative research emphasizes on proof, rather than discovery.
_______________
4. Normative research is conducted by a researcher whose aims to find out the
direction and/or relationship between DO_Q1_PracRes2SHS_Lesson1
different variables or group of
respondents under study. _________________
5. Qualitative research requires a large number of respondents. It assumes that
the larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the findings are.
___________________
6. Evaluation describes the status of a phenomenon at a particular time. It
describes without value judgment a situation that prevents.
____________________
7. Correlational is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the
direction and/or relationship between different variables or groups of
respondents under study. _____________________
8. Methodological is the implementation of a variety of methodologies that forms
a critical part of achieving the goal of developing a scaled-matched approach,
where data from different disciplines can be integrated. ___________________
9. One characteristics of quantitative research is that its method can be repeated
to verify findings in another setting, thus, reinforcing validity findings.
_____________________
10. In quantitative experiments it filters out external factors, if properly designed,
and so the results gained can be seen, as real and unbiased.
What’s New
Directions: Explain briefly if the given situation suggests a quantitative research.
You may use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. A study comparing the performance of Grade 12 in Gen. T de Leon National High

School and Parada National high School in Physical Science when ICT is integrated
into teaching.
2. Surveying what viewers do in Ugong, Valenzuela prefers to watch between GMA

drama- rama or ABS-CBN Golden Kapamilya noontime show.
Give at least (2) of your own examples of quantitative research.
1._______________________________________________________________________.
2._______________________________________________________________________.
3
What is It
Quantitative research is an objective, systematic empirical investigation of
observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques. It highlights
DO_Q1_PracRes2SHS_Lesson1
the numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that
can be generalized to some larger population and explain a particular observation.
Simply, quantitative research is concerned with numbers and their relationship with
events.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. OBJECTIVE. Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and analysis of
target concepts. It is not merely on intuition and guesses. Data are gathered before
proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem.
2. CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS. The researchers know in advance
what they are looking for. The research questions are well-defined for which
objective answers are sought. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before
the data are gathered.
3. STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS. Standardized instruments guide
data collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and validity of data. Data
are normally gathered using structured research tools such as questionnaires to
collect measurable characteristics of the population: age, socio-economic status,
number of children, among others.
4. NUMERICAL DATA. Figures, tables, or graphs showcase summarized data
collection in order to show trends, relationships, or differences among variables
and allow you to see the evidence collected.
5. LARGE SAMPLE SIZES. To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal
population distribution curve is preferred. This requires a large sample size,
depending on how the characteristics of the population vary. Random sampling is
recommended in determining the sample size to avoid the researcher’s bias in
interpreting the results.
6. REPLICATION. Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another
setting, thus strengthen and reinforcing the validity of findings eliminating the
possibility of spurious conclusions.
7. FUTURE OUTCOMES. By using complex mathematical calculations and with the
aid of computers, if-then scenarios may be formulated thus predicting future
results. Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. It is objective. The most reliable and valid way of concluding results, giving way to
a new hypothesis or to disproving it. Because of bigger number of the sample of a
population, the results or generalizations are more reliable and valid. Since it
provides numerical data, it can’t be easily misinterpreted.
2. The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and allows you
to comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics of data.
3. It is real and unbiased. If the research is properly designed it filters out external
factors, and so can be seen as real and unbiased.
4. The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way. By employing
statistically valid random models, findings can be generalized to the population about
which information is necessary.
5. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approaches allow the study to
be replicated in different areas or over time with the formulation of comparable
findings.
6. Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a series of
qualitative experiments, leading to a final answer, and narrowing down possible
directions to follow.
WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Quantitative research requires a large number of respondents. It assumes that the
larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the findings are.
2. It is costly. Since there are more respondents compared to qualitative research,
the expenses will be greater in reaching out to these people and in reproducing the
questionnaires.
3. The information is contextual factors to help interpret the results or to explain
variations that are usually ignored. It does not consider the distinct capacity of the
respondents to share and elaborate further information, unlike qualitative research.
4. Much information is difficult to gather using structured research instruments,
specifically on sensitive issues like pre-marital sex, domestic violence, among others.
5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be
incomplete and inaccurate. Researchers must be on the lookout for respondents who
are just guessing in answering the instrument.
What’s More
Directions: Determine if the description given below is a strength or weakness of a
quantitative research. Write your answer on the blank provided.
1. The most reliable and valid way of concluding results, giving way to a new
hypothesis or to disproving it. ___________________________
2. Since, there are more respondents compared to qualitative research, the expenses
will be greater in reaching out to these people and in reproducing questionnaires.
_______________________
3. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete
and inaccurate. ____________________________
4. Standardized approaches allow the study to be replicated in different areas or over
time with formulation of comparable findings. _______________________________
5. Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a series of
qualitative experiments, leading to a final answer, and narrowing down of possible
directions to follow. _______________________________
6. It is assumed that the larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the
findings are. ________________________
7. Researchers must be on the look-out on respondents who are just guessing in
answering the instrument. ______________________________
8. It does not consider the distinct capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate
further information unlike the qualitative research. __________________________
9. It is real and unbiased. _____________________
10. It is costly. ______________________
What I Have Learned

Directions: Write your concise learning about the following.
1. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
2. Discuss the strengths of quantitative research.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
3. Discuss the weaknesses of quantitative research.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Directions: Identify and briefly explain the strength and weaknesses of the
following situations. Use another paper.
1. Sleep behavior and its relationships to Academic Achievement
2. Early reading matters: A study of effective reading strategies for every learner
3. Effect of student’s global warming awareness on their waste management

behavior.
4. Ethyl Alcohol from ripe banana peelings
5. Fuel briquettes from dried banana leaves and waste papers
6
Assessment
Directions: Choose the statement that best answers the given question or that
completes the statement. Write the letter of your answer before the number.
1. Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research?

A. It is an exploration associated with libraries, books, and journals.
B. It is an activity concerned with finding new truths in education.
C. It is a systematic process of obtaining numerical information about the world.
D. It is an activity of producing or proving a theorem.
2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

A. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem.
B. Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus
strengthen and reinforcing the validity of findings eliminating the possibility of
spurious conclusions.
C. Figures, tables, or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to
show trends, relationships, or differences among variables. In sum, the charts
and tables allow you to see the evidence collected.
D. It seeks to gather a more comprehensive understanding of activities related to
human behavior and the attributes that rule such behavior.
3. Which of the following describes the characteristics of research where data are in
form of statistics?
A. Objective B. Numerical Data C. Replication D. Large Sample Size
4. This characteristic of quantitative research refers to its necessity to arrive at more

reliable data analysis.
A. Large Sample Sizes B. Replication C. Numerical Data D. Objective
5. It is done to check the correctness and verify the findings of the study.
A. Large Sample Sizes B. Objective C. Numerical Data D. Replication
Additional Activities
RESEARCH WORK. Search (5) different titles of a quantitative research in research
reports and classify them as to the research design used. Use the format below.
No. Research Title Research Design

1
2
3
4
5
Lesson Importance of Quantitative Research
2 Across the fields
What I need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to illustrate the importance of
quantitative research across the fields (CS_RS12-Ia_c-2).
What I Know
MATCHING TYPE. Directions: Identify what discipline the given research title is
related to. Match the items from COLUMN A with COLUMN B. Write the letter of your
answer on the space before the number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. What Effect do Punitive Behavioral
Control Statements have on Classroom? A. QUANTI &
2. The Relationship between the ANTHROPOLOGY
Mushrooming of Fast-Food Chains and
Obesity of Children in Valenzuela City. B. QUANTI &
3. Effect of Tourism to the Cultural COMMUNICATION
System of Villagers in Southern
Cordillera. C. QUANTI & SPORTS MED.
4. Factors Affecting Quality of Medical
Education in Fatima University. D. QUANTI & MEDICAL ED.
5. Relationship of Verbally Aggressive
Behavior to the Physical Aggression of a E. QUANTI & BEHAVIORAL
Person. SCI.
What’s In
Directions: Analyze the given research titles. For each of the following, (a) determine
the most appropriate research approach to be used and (b) explain the reason of your
choice. Use the format below.
1. A study on the effect of gender in the attitude of youth towards social media.
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. A study on thoughts of grade 12 students on difficulties in solving math problems.
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
8
________________________________________________________________________
3. A study on how a baby learns to use eating using utensils.
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. A study on how paramedics work when called to assist in a vehicular accident.

a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. A study on the effect of remediation activities on the performance of students in

mathematics.
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What’s New
Directions. Read the questions carefully. Discuss your answer briefly. Use the space
provided.
The Different Disciplines of Quantitative Research

A. QUANTI & ANTHROPOLOGY
B. QUANTI & COMMUNICATION
C. QUANTI & SPORTS MED.
D. QUANTI & MEDICAL ED.
E. QUANTI & BEHAVIORAL SCI.
1. How is quantitative research related or important to a different field of

discipline?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Choose two disciplines of research from the box above and explain how
quantitative research was used.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
What is It
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS
People do research to find solutions, even tentative ones, to problems, in order

to improve or enhance ways of doing things, to disprove or provide a new hypothesis,
or simply to find answers to questions or solutions to problems in daily life. Research
findings can affect people’s lives, ways of doing things, laws, rules, and regulations,
as well as policies, among others. Widely, quantitative research is often used because
of its emphasis on proof rather than discovery.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH & ACCOUNTING, BUSINESS and MANAGEMENT

(ABM)
Researches can help design a new product or service, figuring out what is
needed, and ensure the development of the product targeted towards demand. The
businessmen can also utilize research results to guarantee sufficient distribution of
their products and decide where they need to increase their product distribution.
Conducting researches can also help a business determine whether now is the proper
time to open another branch or whether it needs to apply for a new loan. It may also
help a small business decide if a procedure or strategy should be changed to meet
the requirements of the customer base. Research is important for any organization
to remain in the market. The primary function of research in ABM is to correctly
determine its customers and their preferences, establish the enterprise in the most
feasible location, deliver quality goods and services, analyze what the competitors
are doing and find ways on how to continuously satisfy the growing and varied needs
of the clients.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropology is a research method of combining qualitative and quantitative
research data. It is concerned with exploring connections simultaneously, amidst
cultural differences, alternatives, and identity. In the contemporary academic, socio-
cultural, and political climate, these concepts have immense symbolic overtones.
Quantitative research is used in Anthropology in many aspects, like true
experiments that may use in studying people provided that you follow certain steps
(Bernard, 2004). This looks into the Effects of intervention in the ethnic behavior of
a group. In here, you need at least two groups, called the treatment group and the
control group. One group gets the intervention, while the other group does not.
Individuals may be randomly assigned, either to the intervention group or to the
control group to ensure that the groups are equivalent. Then, the groups are
measured on one or more dependent variables; this is called the pre-test. After which,
the intervention is introduced. Lastly, the dependent variables are measured again.
This is the post-test.
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and COMMUNICATION
Researchers are often interested in how an understanding of a particular
communication phenomenon might generalize to a larger population. For example,
researchers can advance questions like “What Effect do punitive behavioral control
statements have on a classroom? What communicative behaviors are associated with
different stages in romantic relationships? What communicative behaviors are used
to respond to co-workers displaying emotional stress? (Allen, Titsworth, Hunt, 2009)
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and SPORTS MEDICINE

Quantitative research is used to analyze how sports may be used as an
alternative way of medicating an illness. An example is a research done by the
University of Eastern Finland that investigated the relationship between
mushrooming of fast-food chains and obesity, as well as the intervention needed to
prevent children’s obesity from reaching serious proportions. The research focused
on the children’s physical activity and physical inactivity and the concomitant impact
on the children’s amount of adipose tissue (fat mass) and the endurance fitness. The
study is used to analyze certain the effect of physical activity in weight control.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and MEDICAL EDUCATION

Quantitative research in medical education tends to be predominantly
observational research based on surveys or correlational studies. The designs test
interventions like curriculum, teaching-learning process, or assessment with an
experimental group. Either a comparison or controlled group learners may allow
researchers to overcome validity concerns and infer potential cause-effect
generalizations. Researchers are using it to cope with the emerging trends in recent
times.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Relationship Questions in today’s quantitative trend tend to explore how one
behavior exhibited by people is related to other types of behavior. Examples are
verbally aggressive behaviors related to physical aggression – that is when a person
has a level of verbally aggressive behavior, does he or she tend to be physically
aggressive? Are supervisor’s communication skills related to the emotional
experiences of employees?
Questions of difference explore how patterns of behavior or perceptions might
differ from one group or type of a person to another: Do people with disabilities
experience emotional labor differently from those without disabilities? Do women
perceive talkativeness (or lack of it) differently from men? Do communication styles
differ from one culture to the next? (Alle, Titsworth, Hunt, 2009).
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN EDUCATION

Quasi Experiments are most often used in evaluating social problems.
Suppose a researcher has invented a technique for improving reading comprehension
among third graders. She/he selects two third-grade classes in a school district. One
of them gets the intervention and the other does not. Students are measured before
and after the intervention to see whether their reading scores improve. This design
11
contains many of the elements of a true experiment, but the participants are not
assigned randomly to the treatment and control groups.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and PSYCHOLOGY

Mertens (2005) says that the dominant paradigms that guided early
psychological research were positivism and its successor, post-positivism. Positivism
is based on rationalistic and empiricist philosophy, that originated with Aristotle,
Francis Bacon, John Locke, August Comte, and Immanuel Kant. The underlying
assumptions of positivism include the belief that the social world can be studied in
the same way as the natural world, that there is a method for studying the social
world that is value-free, and that explanations of a causal nature can be provided.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH & SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, and

MATHEMATICS
Medical practitioners, for example, conduct researches to obtain significant
information about diseases trends and risk factors, results of various health
interventions, patterns of care, and health care cost and use. The different
approaches to research provide complementary insights. Researchers help in
determining the effectiveness and even side effect of drugs and therapies in different
populations and various institutions. It is also necessary in evaluating experiences
in clinical practice in order to develop mechanisms for best practices and to ensure
high-quality patient care. Researchers in these fields ultimately aim for man’s
longevity.
As for engineers, architects, and other builders, research helps in providing
designs that are creatively beautiful and at the same time give more convenience and
efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adapt to the ever-changing society.
New materials and procedures may be developed so as to further strengthen the
structural materials that can withstand various calamities and disasters.
What’s More
TRUE or FALSE. Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Write T after
the item when the sentence is true while F if is false.
1. The primary function of research in business management is to correctly

determine its customer’s preferences. ________
2. Both qualitative and quantitative research is used in collecting data in
Anthropology. ____
3. Qualitative research could answer the problem of “The effect do punitive
behavioral control statements have on the classroom”. _____
4. Quasi experiments are most often used in social problems. _____
5. Correlational research study is used in medical fields. _____
6. Causal comparative research design is used in psychology. _____
7. Quantitative research is the systematic, empirical investigation of observable
phenomena via statistical techniques. _____
12
8. Qualitative research is used to analyze how sports may be used as an alternative
way of medicating an illness _____
9. Quantitative research explores questions about relationships of certain patterns
of behavior. _____
10. People do research to find solutions to problems. _____
What I Have Learned

MATCHING TYPE. Directions: Identify what discipline the given research title is
related to. Match the item from COLUMN A with COLUMN B. by placing the letter of
the correct Write the letter of your answer on the space before the number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Factors Affecting Crime Rates in
Karuhatan, Valenzuela City. A. QUANTI &
2. Video Integration in Teaching Science in ANTHROPOLOGY
Grade 12 of GTDL National High School.
3. Communicative Behaviors Associated in B. QUANTI & SPORTS MED.
Different Stages of a Romantic
Relationship. C. QUANTI & BEHAVIORAL
4. Ethnographic Study: Changes of Aeta SCI.
Behaviors in past 5 years.
5. Relationship of Physical Activity to the D. QUANTI & EDUCATION
Amount of Adipose Tissue and Endurance
Fitness of Children Aged 15 – 22 in Gen. T G. QUANTI & PSYCHOEOGY
de Leon Valenzuela City.
What I Can Do
Directions: Identify which discipline/field of study does the following research title
is related to. Briefly explain your choice. Use the space provided.
1. A study on the effect of gender on the attitude of youth towards social media.
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. A study on thoughts of grade 12 students on difficulties in solving math

problems.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
13
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

mathematics.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. A study on the effect of senior high school students in the choice of reading
materials.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
7. A study on the experiences of winners in the singing contest.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
8. A study on the effect of parental involvement on student’s academic

performance.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
9. A study on the probable number of enrollees in the school the next school year
based on their enrolment statistics in a school for a five-year period.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
14
10. A study on the extent to which television commercials affect the consumers’
consumption of the products of a particular chain.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
ESSAY. Briefly explain what is asked below. (Use separate sheet)
How important is quantitative research across fields? Cite at least five fields and
explain how quantitative research is interconnected with them.
CONCEPT MAP. Complete the concept map given below by presenting the
importance of quantitative research to different fields. You may add additional figures
if necessary. Maximize the shapes given.
15
Lesson Kinds and Types of Variables and their
3 Uses
What I need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to differentiate kinds of variables and
their uses (CS_RS12-Ia_c-3).
What I Know
I. IDENTIFICATION. Directions: Identify what is being asked in each number.
Write your answer on the space after the statement. Choose your answer
from the box below.
VARIABLE DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT
CONTROL CONTINUOUS INTERVENING
CONFOUNDING INTERVAL NOMINAL
ORDINAL RATIO ABSTRACT
1. It refers to the characteristics that have two or more mutually exclusive values or
properties. ________________________
2. Variables that represent categories that cannot be ordered in any particular way.
________________________
3. Special kind of independent variables that are measured in a study because they
potentially influence the dependent variable. __________________________
4. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers
when there is an absolute zero, as opposed to net worth, which can have a negative
debt-to-income ratio-level variable. ____________________________
5. Kind of variable that are not actually measured or observed in a study. They exist
but their influence cannot be directly detected in a study. __________________________
6. It “stands between” the independent and dependent variables, and they show the
effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
__________________________
7. Variables that represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to smallest.
_____________________
8. Kind of variable that probably cause, influence, or effect outcomes. They are
variably called treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables.
________________________
9. Variables that depend on independent variables; they are the outcomes or results
of the influence of the independent variable. _______________________
10. Variables that have values that lie along with an evenly dispersed range of
numbers. ______________
16
II. DETERMINATION. Directions: Determine the type of variable given. Write I if
the variable is Interval, N if Nominal, R if Ratio, and O if Ordinal. Write your answer
on the space provided.
1. Freshman, Sophomore ___________
2. Person’s net worth ___________
3. Male or female ___________
4. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ___________
5. Political Affiliation __________
What’s In
Directions: Below are researches related to different disciplines across the fields.
List down the kinds or types of variables that you think used in each.
1. A study on the effect of gender on the attitude of youth towards social media.
______________________________________________________________________
2. A study on thoughts of grade 12 students on difficulties in solving math

problems.
______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

mathematics.
______________________________________________________________________
6. A study on the effect of senior high school students in the choice of reading
materials.
______________________________________________________________________
7. A study on the experiences of winners in the singing contest.

______________________________________________________________________
8. A study on the effect of parental involvement on student’s academic

performance.
______________________________________________________________________
9. A study on the probable number of enrollees in the school the next school year
based on their enrolment statistics in a school for a five-year period.
______________________________________________________________________
17
10. A study on the extent to which television commercials affect the consumers’
consumption of the products of a particular chain.
________________________________________________________________________
What’s New
Directions: Analyze the given research titles. For each of the title, (a) identify the
independent variable/s; and (b) the dependent variable.
1. A study on the effect on the academic performance of the students

a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
2. A study on the relation of the length of the study period and the grade of the
students
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
3. A study on senior high school students’ choice of movie types

a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
4. A study on customers’ satisfaction based on the quality of food offered in fast

food
a.________________________________________________________________________b.______
__________________________________________________________________
5. A study on whether the choice of type of footwears differs between genders

a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
What is It
KINDS OF VARIABLES
Several experts have lumped together with the following as the major kinds of
variables:
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES – Those that probably cause, influence, or affect

outcomes. They are invariably called treatment, manipulated, antecedent, or
18
predictor variables. This is the cause variable or the one responsible for the
conditions that act on something else to bring about changes.
EXAMPLE: A study is on the relationship between study habits and academic
performance of Upper Tumapok NHS senior high school students. STUDY
HABITS is the independent variable because it influenced the outcome or the
performance of the students.
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that depend on the independent variables; they

are the outcomes or results of the influence of the independent variable. That is why
it is also called the outcome variable.
EXAMPLE: A study is on the relationship between study habits and academic
performance of UTNHS senior high school students. ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE is the dependent variable because it is depending on the
study habits of the students; if the students change their study habits the
academic performance also changes.
TYPES OF VARIABLES (ALLEN, TITSWORTH, HUNT, 2009)

1. CONTINUOUS VARIABLES – A variable that can take an infinite number on the
value that can occur within the population. Its values can be divided into fractions.
Examples of this type of variable include age, height, and temperature. Continuous
variables can be further categorized as:
a. INTERVAL VARIABLES – It has values that lie along with an evenly
dispersed range of numbers. It is a measurement where the difference between
two values does have meaning. Examples of interval data include temperature,
a person’s net worth (how much money you have when you subtract your debt
from your assets), etc. In temperature, this may illustrate as the difference
between a temperature of 60 degrees and 50 degrees is the same as the
difference between 30 degrees and 20 degrees. The interval between values
makes sense and can be interpreted.
b. RATIO VARIABLES – It has values that lie along with an evenly dispersed
range of numbers when there is absolute zero. It possesses the properties of
interval variable and has a clear definition of zero, an indication that there is
none of that variable. Examples of these are height, weight, and distance. Most
scores stemming from response to survey items are ratio-level values because
they typically cannot go below zero. Temperature measured in degrees Celsius
and degrees Fahrenheit is not a ratio variable because 0 under these
temperatures scales does not mean any temperature at all.
2. DISCRETE VARIABLES – This is also known as a categorical or classificatory

variable. This is any variable that has a limited number of distinct values, and which
cannot be divided into fractions like sex, blood group, and the number of children in
the family. A discrete variable may also categorize into:
a. NOMINAL VARIABLE – It represents categories that cannot be ordered in
any particular way. It is a variable with no quantitative value. It has two or
more categories but does not imply the ordering of cases. Common examples
of this variable include eye color, business type, religion, biological sex,
19
political affiliation, basketball fan affiliation, etc. A sub-type of nominal scale
with only two categories just like sex is known as dichotomous.
b. ORDINAL VARIABLE – It represents categories that can be ordered from
greatest to smallest. This variable has two or more categories that can be
ranked. Examples of ordinal variables include education level, income
brackets, etc. An illustration of this is if you asked people if they liked listening
to music while studying and they could answer “NOT VERY MUCH”, “MUCH”,
“VERY MUCH” then you have an ordinal variable. While you can rank them,
we cannot place a value on them. In this type, distances between attributes
do not have any meaning. For example, you used educational attainment as
a variable on the survey, you might code elementary school graduates =1, high
graduates =2, college undergraduate =3, and college graduate = 4. In this
measure, a higher number means better education. Even though we can rank
these from lowest to highest, the spacing between the values may not be the
same across the levels of the variables. The distance between 3 and 4 is not
the same as the distance between 1 and 2.
What’s More
A. Directions: Analyze the given research titles. For each of the following, (a) identify
the independent variable/s; and (b) the dependent variable.
1. A study on the extent to which work efficiency affects employee retention

a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
2. A study on the relation between age and internet search engine preference
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
3. A study on the time required for mice to respond to different decibels of sound
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
4. A study on the relationship between average family income and food expenditure
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
5. A study on the relation between study habits and performance of grade 10

students
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
B. Directions: Determine the type of variable given in each number. Write I if the
variable is Interval, N if Nominal, R if Ratio, and O if Ordinal. Write your answer on
the space provided.
1. Military Title ___________
20
2. Temperature in degree Celsius ___________
3. Birthplace ___________
4. Year Level ___________
5. Favorite Type of Music ___________
6. Clothing such as hat, shirt, shoes ___________
7. A score in 5- item quiz in Math ___________
8. Feeling for today ___________
9. Means of Transportation ___________
10. How internet is used at home ___________
What I Have Learned

IDENTIFICATION. Directions: Identify what each statement is referring to. Write
your answer on the space provided.
_______________1. A variable that can take infinite number on the value that can
occur within the population its values can be divided into
fractions.
_______________2. They are the outcomes or results of the influence of the
independent variable.
_______________3. It is a variable with no quantitative value.
_______________4. Is an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any type of category
that can be measured.
_______________5. It represents categories that can be ordered from greatest to
smallest.
_______________6. It represents categories that cannot be ordered in any particular
way.
_______________7. It is a measurement where the difference between two values does
have meaning.
_______________8. This is the cause variable or the one responsible for the conditions
that act on something else to bring about changes.
_______________9. It has values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers
when there is absolute zero.
_______________10. This is any variable that has limited number of distinct values,
and which cannot be divided into fractions
What I Can Do
Directions: Give at least (5) usages of variables in Quantitative research.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
21
Assessment
IDENTIFICATION. Determine the independent and dependent variables in each
research title presented below then identify whether the variable is discrete or
continuous.
FOR EXAMPLE: “A study on the relationship of study habits and academic

performance of BSU college students”.
VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT DISCRETE/ DEPENDENT DISCRETE/
CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS
STUDY HABITS DISCRETE ACADEMIC DISCRETE
PERFORMANCE
Begin here:
VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT DISCRETE/ DEPENDENT DISCRETE/
CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS
1. The effect of gender in the attitude of youth towards social media.
2. Thoughts of grade 12 students on difficulties in solving math problems.
3. A study on the relationship between average family income and food

expenditure
4. Effect of remediation activities on the performance of students in

mathematics.
5. The effect of senior high school students in the choice of reading materials.
6. The experiences of winners in the singing contest.
7. The effect of parental involvement on student’s academic performance.
8. The probable number of enrollees in the school the next school year based on
their enrolment statistics in a school for a five-year period.
9. The extent to which television commercials affect the consumers’ consumption

of the products of a particular chain.
10. The relation between age and internet search engine preference.
22
Directions: Determine the independent and dependent variables in each research
title presented below then identify whether the variable is discrete or continuous.
DO THIS USING THE 5 RESEARCH TITLES YOU SUBMITTED.

(See Additional Activities Q1- Lesson )
23
Range of research topics in the area of
Lesson
inquiry, value of research in the area of
4 and
interest, the specificity and feasibility
5
of the problem posed.
What I need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• design research used in daily life.
• write a research title.
• describe the background of the research.
• state research questions.
• indicate scope and delimitation of the study.
• present written statement of the problem.
What I Know
TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong.
Write your answer on the space provided.
1. In designing a research, researchers can make use of their own experiences.

____________________
2. A research topic is a situation that has a strong impact to society or to nature.
___________________
3. There are no particular rules in identifying a research topic.
_________________________________
4. Researchers should select a research topic that they are not interested to.
________________________
5. Researches may be done again or replicated with some changes in the subjects
of study. ____________
6. Researcher should consider his/her knowledge and experience in the identified
topic area. __________
7. Required data can be made available to the researcher and the entire research
agenda is manageable in size. ____________________
8. Expected results must have the potential to contribute to existing literature,
practices, and policies. ____________________
9. Researcher should not consider the acceptability and the applicability in
choosing a research topic. ________________
10. Rationale of the study can be more specific, similar to research statements.
_____________________
24
What’s In
Directions: Listed below are research titles. Identify the following:
a. Research focus or problems
b. variables
c. respondents
1. Sleep behavior and its relationships to Academic Achievement

a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
c.________________________________________________________________________
2. Early reading matters: A study of effective reading strategies for every learner
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
c.________________________________________________________________________
3. Effect of students global warming awareness on their waste management behavior.

a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
c.________________________________________________________________________
4. Ethyl Alcohol from ripe banana peelings

a.__________________________________________________________________
b.__________________________________________________________________
c.________________________________________________________________________
5. Fuel briquettes from dried banana leaves and waste papers

a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
c.________________________________________________________________________
What’s New
Directions: From the given news article below, identify the topic/trend and the
research focus/problem that you would like to address. Use the table below for
your answers.
Situation: Private Tutoring is Abhorrent Says, Private School Head

By James Connington, June 20, 2015)
Heads of some top private schools have spoken out against parents who
excessively tutor, or interview prep their children to try and gain them a place.
25
Parents are making children act like "performing animals " by putting them
through extensive private tutoring to gain places at leading independent schools,
headteachers have warned.
Being tutored in an attempt to make children appear brighter than they really
are in interviews and entrance exams is "abhorrent.” according to Andrew Halls, the
headmaster of fee-paying King's College School, Wimbledon.
“It is really important parents choose a school where their child will be valued
for the sort of boy or girl they are, not crippled by the idea that they have not lived
up to your ambitions,” said Mr. Halls.
“What sort of childhood is that and what sort of basis for adulthood? The
preparation to do for an interview is to be interested, it is not to be taught how to
look interested."
• Pressure to get into top schools has reached a crisis point.'
• After-school tutoring 'is like child abuse,' says top head.
Dr. Andrew Mayfield, director of admissions at St. Paul's School, in Barnes,
West London, said children can be "crushed" by getting into schools that are not
appropriate for them.
“If you are trying to tutor them to get them in, then that’s probably not the
best school for them. You’re probably trying to overcook them,” he said. "A child's
happiness, well-being, and development are more important than the reputation of
a school." The right school is one where a child can "flourish without external
support," he added.
Currently, a whole industry thrives around school admissions, with some

companies charging more than £50 an hour for tutoring and interview preparation.
Hilary French, the headmistress of Newcastle High School for Girls, said： 'They
are preying on parental anxiety, offering an unnecessary service, and cannot really
know what schools want.
“We all need to learn to accept who we are and not pretend to be someone
different； self-esteem is key to future success, built-in childhood and very easily
knocked, so parents should try to celebrate their child and his or her achievements
as they are, not as they would wish them to be.
Mrs. French said children who have been prepped often do worse during the
admissions process because they ''think along predetermined, learnt lines rather
than thinking through things： they tend to be more wooden’ than natural.”
Topic or Trend Research Focus or Problems

(Affected areas by the trend)
26
What is It
Design a Research Useful in Daily Life
There are specific guidelines that must consider in selecting a research topic to
ensure the acceptability and applicability of the chosen topic.
Acceptability – refers to how researchers view the topic in relation to the field of
study.
Applicability – refers to the usefulness of the research output to a wider group of
people and that it has implications to theory, research, and practice.
Research problem- are the issues, controversies, or concerns studied by the
researchers (Creswell 2005).
Research problems – is an area affected by the identified topic or trend in the field
that you would like to address, investigate, or study, whether historically,
descriptively, or experimentally (De Guzman 2015).
Components of Research Problem Write-up
Trends
Context
Problems
Research
Rationale
Problem
Knowledge
Significance
Practice
1. context or background of the study – shows how the problem is formulated.

- It places the research problem in a bigger setting.
- discuss what is known and unknown about the research topic.
2. Rationale – indicates the major purpose and the specific objectives for the conduct
of the study. It shows the specific manner of what is being investigated.
3. Significance of the study – specify who will benefit from the study and how.
Example of Significance of the Study:

This study will benefit the following:
Students. The information derived from the study will help them realize the
value of studying mathematics. Students will know that dividing polynomials is not
as difficult as they thought. They can use the extended synthetic division strategy to
bridge their mathematics learning ability in dividing polynomials.
27
Teachers. This will enhance their knowledge and skills in teaching extended
synthetic division of polynomials in mathematics. This will provide insights to
mathematics teachers to continue to find or develop new strategies in teaching math.
The teacher will explore more bridging strategies to improve the mathematics
learning of their students.
Researchers. This will provide an additional reference in their research paper
that is related to mathematics learning. The information of this study will serve as
their guide to find or create their own learning strategy to be tested or used in
classroom instruction. Researchers can replicate this study to improve the
mathematics learning of the students in senior high school who do encounter similar
difficulties in algebra.
Stating Research Questions
Research Question- is a way of expressing the researcher’s interest in the problem

or phenomenon.
• there could be more than one research question for a study, depending on the
difficulty and range of the proposed work.
• Each question should be clear and specific, refer to the problem or
phenomenon, reflect an intervention in experimental work, and note the target
population or participants.
• a well-written research question will also shed light on appropriate research
methods.
Examples of a good questions from Experimental Research:

• Will the use of the Self-Regulated Strategy Development Model for written
expression improve the composition skills of students with learning
disabilities?
• Would students in classrooms of teachers receiving training on teaching early
numeracy skills show better academic performance in mathematics when
compared to those in control classrooms?
• Would a combined repeated reading and question generation intervention
improve the reading achievement of students with learning disabilities?
• Will tomato seeds germinate better with direct sunlight or under a greenhouse.
Examples of good questions from Descriptive Research:

• What are the beliefs and attitudes of basic education mathematics teachers
regarding teaching students with learning disabilities?
• How are the alternative assessments and achievement standards
implemented for students at risk?
• What are the achievement goals of students with ADHD?
• How tomato seed germinate easily?
28
Scope and Limitation of the study
– specify what the researcher intends to do and not to do in the study.
– describe the topic to be studied, the focus of the study, the population it
belongs, and the time frame when the data is to be collected.
Example of Scope and Limitation of the Study:

This study is delimited to the use of extended synthetic division in
polynomials, its effect on mathematics learning of Grades 7-10 junior high school
students in General Tiburcio de Leon National High School for the School Year 2017-
2018. The participants in the experiment were the Grades 7- 10 junior high school
students chosen by purposive sampling.
What’s More
Directions: From the given topic /trend and the research focus/problem,
write down as many questions as you can that you would like to address. (Use
additional paper if necessary)
Questions to address
Research Focus/
Topic or Trend arising from the
Problem
problem
Teaching Strategies
1. Singapore Way of Math Achievement
Teaching Level
Mathematics Math Anxiety
Study Habits
Trash volume
Littering
2. Use of Robots to
Trash Segregation
collect Trash
Recycling
Peoples Discipline
What I Have Learned

IDENTIFICATION. Directions: Read the following statement and identify what it
refers to. Write your answer on the space provided.
_______________ 1. It shows how the problem is formulated.
_______________ 2. Indicates the major purpose and the specific objectives for the
conduct of the study.
________________3. A way of expressing the researchers’ interest in a problem or
phenomenon.
_______________ 4. Specify the researchers’ intention on what to do and not to do in
the study.
29
_______________ 5. Identifies the contribution of the paper to current knowledge and
or practices.
_______________ 6. It contain variables used in the study, research design, research
problems to be investigated and respondents of the study.
_______________ 7. It is an area affected by the identified topic in the field that the
researcher wishes to address, investigate, or study, whether
historically, descriptively, or experimentally.
_______________ 8. Discuss what is known and unknown about the topic.
_______________ 9. It discusses the purpose of the study or what the paper want to
accomplish.
_______________ 10. Specify who will benefit from the study and how.
What I Can Do
Directions: From the given situation below, identify the topic/trend, the
research focus/problem to address, and then formulate research questions.
Growing Tomato Plants from Seed

Watters Garden Center com. January 26, 2017, Ken Lain, the Mountain
Gardener
Why is it best to plant tomatoes outside from plants instead of seeds?
Tomato trivia. Where can one find the best local tomato varieties?
I have had garden success by putting started tomato plants in my garden
rather than sowing seed directly into the soil. This technique also
guarantees I'll be picking fresh juicy vegetables two to six weeks earlier than
my gardening friend who chooses to start tomato seeds outside.
So why start tomato plants from seed? Since tomatoes are heat lovers, most
gardeners do not have growing seasons long enough to start tomatoes from
seed outdoors. Consequently, tomatoes usually are started indoors by seed.
Questions to address
Research Focus/
Topic or Trend arising from the
Problem
problem
30
Assessment
A. Write the “Introduction” and “Background of the study” based on the approved
research title.
B. Formulate your Research Questions/Statement of the Problem.
(Use another sheet of paper)
Directions: Write the “Significance of the study” and “Scope and Limitation of
the study” based on the approved research title.
Formulation of Conceptual Framework,

Lesson Define terms in the study, Lists
6 and Research Hypothesis, and Present
7 Objectively Written Review of Related
Literature and Conceptual Framework.
What I need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• illustrate and explain the conceptual framework.
• define terms used in the study.
• list down research hypothesis.
• present objectively written review of related literature and conceptual
framework.
What I Know
TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong.
Use the space provided.
_____ 1. Review of Related Literature is a vital component in any research
undertaking.
_____ 2. The researcher should avoid a circular definition.
_____ 3. Hypotheses can be the claim of the researchers, assumption, or what
the researcher wanted to determine.
_____ 4. Variables in the conceptual framework may be manifest or latent.
_____ 5. The null hypothesis should not indicate “there is no significant
relationship between independent and dependent variable.
31
_____ 6. The literature review section of the research paper contains the
theoretical and conceptual bases of the arguments of the study.
_____ 7. Writing a literature review does not entail only summarizing what
authors of previous research have done.
_____ 8. Terms defined by Wikipedia is not acceptable as a valid definition
because of its lack of credibility.
_____ 9. The hypothesis does not show the relationship between independent
and dependent variables.
_____ 10. A literature review requires synthesizing the findings of the previous
researchers to show conflicting results. While the current research can
verify the real scenario in this conflict to come up with something
which has not been done yet in the previous research.
What’s In
Directions: From the approved Research Title that you have, list down the terms that
you wish to define operationally. (Use another paper)
What’s New
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Directions: Encircle the letter of the word that corresponds with
the meaning of the underlined word in the sentence.
1. The enrollment date given by the registrar is tentative, so we have several days
more to catch up with the deadline of the registration.
a. temporary b. fixed c. slowly d. recorded
2. I will try to infer the meaning of your puzzle but let me be guided by some clues.
a. repeat b. answer c. think d. guess
3. Keep on reading to improve your craft in writing.

a. penmanship and grammar b. time and effort
c. articulation and prediction d. art plus skills
4. Between husband and wife or writing and reading, there is a correlative

relationship.
a. doubtful b. mutual c. close d. instant
5. Read the memo to ascertain the truth about the new salary scheme.
a. test b. prove c. find out d. reach out
32
What is It
Conceptual Framework
– Is a tentative theory regarding the topic under investigation usually shown as a
diagram (Punch 2009).
– It explains the hypothesized relationships among variables thus making it easy to
understand the arguments advanced by the study.
– variables in the conceptual framework maybe manifest or latent.
Manifest variable – is an observable variable that is readily measurable.
Latent variable – cannot be readily measured by a single question.
Illustration of Conceptual Framework

To illustrate in the diagram, there is a need to associate certain shapes with
the elements of the conceptual framework, namely:
1. Type of variable under investigation grouped according to how readily it can be
measured.
2. the hypothesized relationship between two variables.
Express the following hypothesis as a conceptual framework.
Example:
Adapted from Push and pull factors affecting Filipino students Shadow Education
(SE) participation
By Belinda de Castro and Allan de Guzman (2010)
H1：Regardless of parent’s educational attainment, students still participate
in SE activities.
H2: SE participation is not only determined by family income.
H3: Higher sibship size creates less participation in SE activities.
H4: Sibship structure does not affect SE participation.
H5: Academic Performance is not a predictor of SE participation.
H6: Gender parity is manifested in the availment of SE services.
H7: The higher the education level of students the greater is their need for
SE services.
H8: Factors such as diploma disease, high stakes tests, school quality, peer
pressure, and mass media promotions fend to increase demand for SE
services.
H9: SE provider attributes such as accessibility, diverse program typologies,
and teacher pedagogy contribute to the increase in demand for such
service industry.
33
Push Factors
(personal and family profile)
Parents’ Educational Push Factors

Attainment
(environment profile)
Family Income
Diploma Disease, High Stake
Tests, Deteriorating School
Sibship Size Quality, Peer Pressure, Mass
Shadow
Media
education
Sibship Structure Participation
Pull Factors
(SE Service provider Attribute)

Academic
Performance
Accessibility, Program
Gender Diversity, Teacher Pedagogy
Students’ Educational
Level
Academic Performance
Lectures Module
Definition of Terms – terms in the research study should be defined operationally

or used in the study.
Three (3) parts of formal Definition of Terms
1. The term or concept to be defined.

2. The collected term or general class to which the concept belongs.
34
3. The specific characteristics or attributes that distinguish the concept
defined from all other concepts in its general classification.
Example:
Teamwork (the term to be defined) – may be defined as a shared positive,
fulfilling, work-related psychological state (the collective term to which the
concept belongs) or characterized by group vigor, dedication, and absorption, to
which emerges from the interaction and shared experiences of the work team
(the specific characteristic of the term).
Hypothesis
• “a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an educated conjecture” that is
based on the extensive review of the literature. (Leedy and Omrod, 2013)
• provides a tentative explanation to questions that serve as a basis of solutions
to the identified problems in the investigation.
•
Guidelines in formulating hypotheses (Lapan et.al., 2012; Mc Bride,2013)
1. Express your hypothesis in declarative form.
2. Support your hypothesis with ideas based on theories, known facts, previous
studies, and your own experience and wisdom.
3. Establish a logical relationship between the hypotheses and the research
problem.
4. Have your hypotheses predict the nature of the relationship between or among
variables.
5. Ascertain the possibility of having some means of testing, analyzing, and
investigating your hypotheses.
6. Avoid wordiness by using clear, exact, or specific language and stating the
hypotheses.
Types of Hypothesis According to Relationships of Variables (Independent and

Dependent Variables)
1. Correlation – hypothesis showing correlation deals with relationship in the
behavioral patterns between two variables without any implied causality.
Example:
Correlation: The more a student is good in English, the less his
performance in Math is.
2. Effects- hypothesis showing effects deal also with a relationship with

behavioral patterns but causality is implied.
Example:
Effects: The more time spent studying, the better the academic performance
becomes.
3. Differences – explicitly state the test variable and the grouping variable.
test variable – indicates the variable in which the differences are taken.
35
This may be measured using any of the four scales: Nominal, ordinal,
interval, or ratio.
grouping variable – indicates the number of grouping samples that are

being compared. This is measured on a nominal scale.
Example:
There is no significant difference in the Math performance of the students
when grouped according to gender.
There is a significant difference in the growth of the plants using three
different types of fertilizers.
Types of Hypothesis According to Form

1. Null Hypothesis (Ho) – is the assumption about the behavior of the population
or sample observation.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) – is the claim or assumption that we are
attempting to establish.
Example:
Research Situation 1:
The researcher would like to know the effect of tutoring in the Academic
performance of the students availing it.
Null hypothesis: Private tutoring has no significant effect on the academic

performance of students availing it.
Alternative hypothesis: Private tutoring significantly affects the academic
performance of students availing it.
Research Situation 2:
A researcher is interested in whether the order of questions in a multiple-
choice type of test affects the number of items answered correctly. The researcher
makes three forms of tests: one with easy items first and difficult items last; another
is with easy items last and difficult items first; and a third with no order at all, easy
and difficult items mixed together. The three forms were given to 60 students, with
each student getting only one form of test (20 students taking each form of the test).
The researcher then compares the scores of the students taking the three forms of
tests.
Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the tests scores of the

students when grouped according to the test form taken/
Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference in the test scores of
the students when grouped according to the test form taken.
Literature Review
– is a written synthesis of the related reference materials read for the study such
as journal articles, books, and other documents that describe the past and current
state of the information about the focus of the study.
36
– It lays down the organization of the literature into subtopics so as to surface
the need for the study and the arguments of the study (Creswell 2005).
Grey literature – refers to the concept papers, theses, and dissertations uploaded
on the internet by an individual or an illegitimate group, which were not peer-
reviewed by experts in the field.
Points to Consider when Writing the Review of Related Literature

When constructing the review of related literature, the researcher must be able to
ensure the following:
• Provide context of the study and clarify the relationship between the
proposed research and previous research, both empirical and theoretical.
• Show how the proposed study is unique from previous research.
• Convince the reader that the study is timely and worthwhile.
• Demonstrate a critical ability as a scholar, not simply a knowledge of others’
works (e.g., “Jones says...” “Anderson states..."). Formulate an argument from
your perspective.
• Make assertions and convince the reader of their legitimacy by providing
logical and empirical support. All assertions must be accompanied by empirical
support.
Essential Elements of a Literature Review
1. Synthesis part - should contain the definition of the variable and its historical
development, synthesis of the findings from previous researches that will
either support or contradict the hypothesis relative to the variable being
discussed.
- This will revolve around relationships and effects with another variable or
its difference when grouped according to a certain profile.
2. Argument part - This will surface the rationale for the hypothesis concerning
the variables or a statement leading to the argument of the study should be
explicitly written. This will allow the researcher to indicate whether the said
hypothesis has not been investigated yet or had produced conflicting results
as indicated in the synthesis.
Standards of Adequacy in a Literature Review (McMillan and Schumacker

2010, 98-99)
The adequacy of the review of related literature is judged using three criteria:
1. the selection of the sources,
2. the synthesis and analysis of the literature,
3. relevance of the literature to the current study.
What’s More
Directions: Draw the conceptual framework for the following set of hypotheses.
1. H1： The more the employees are satisfied, the more they are committed to the
organization.
37
H2： The more the employees are committed to the organization, the lesser is their
intent to leave the organization.
2. H1： Stress has a negative effect on the academic performance of the students.
H2: Coping strategies of students will moderate the effect of stress on their
academic performance.
What I Have Learned

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Directions: Choose the correct answer from the box below
and write your answer on the space provided before the number.
Manifest variable Effects
Latent variable Null hypothesis
Conceptual Framework Grey Literature
Hypothesis Test Variable
Correlation Grouping Variable
_______________1. A type of hypothesis according to relationships that deals with the

behavioral patterns between two variables without any implied
causality.
_______________2. Refers to the concept papers, theses, and dissertations uploaded
on the internet by an individual or an illegitimate group, which
were not peer-reviewed by experts in the field.
_______________3. A variable that cannot be readily measured by a single question.
_______________4. A type of hypothesis formed in the assumption about the behavior
of the population or sample observation.
_______________5. indicates the variable in which the differences are taken and may
be measured using any of the four scales such as nominal,
ordinal, interval, or ratio.
_______________6. It explains the hypothesized relationships among variables thus,
making it easy to understand the arguments advanced by the
study.
_______________7. Is an observable variable that is readily measurable.
_______________8. A type of hypothesis according to relationships showing effects that
deals also with the relationship with behavioral patterns, but
causality is implied.
_______________9. A variable that indicates the number of grouping samples that are
being compared and can be measured in nominal scale.
_______________10. A type of hypothesis according to form that is the claim or
assumption that researcher attempting to establish.
38
What I Can Do
Directions: Analyze the following hypothesis. Give the appropriate collective term and
specific characteristic of the term. Use the space provided.
1. Self-esteem reflects a person's overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or

her own worth It is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self.
Collective term: ____________________________________________________________
Specific Characteristics of the term: ________________________________________
2. Acceleration refers to the act or process of moving faster or happening more

quickly.
Collective term: ____________________________________________________________
Specific Characteristics of the term: ________________________________________
3. Academic performance is the outcome of education—the extent to which a
student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals.
Collective term: ___________________________________________________________
Specific Characteristics of the term: _______________________________________
4. Job satisfaction is the level of contentment employees feel about their work,
which can affect performance.
Collective term: ___________________________________________________________
5. Study habits refer to the behavior used when preparing for tests or learning
academic material.
Collective term: ____________________________________________________________
Assessment
Search for at least 10 “Related Literature” based on the approved research title and
write your literature review. (Use another sheet of paper)
A. Illustrate and explain the “Conceptual Framework” based on the approved

research title.
B. Operationally Define terms used in your research study.
39
References
Chin Uy, Ronaldo Cabauatan, Belinda De Castro & Jeanette Perez-Grajo. “Practical
Research 2” Revised Edition. Vibal Publishing.2020.
Esther L. Baraceros. “Practical Research 2”. Second Edition. Rex Publishing.2019.
Jay-Ar V. Mariano, “Practical Research 2”. 2016
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Valenzuela

Pio Valenzuela Street, Marulas
Valenzuela City
Telefax: 8-292-4340
Email Address: sdovalenzuela@deped.gov.ph
40

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Practical Research 2

Development Team of the Module

Writers : Jaime Boy A. Alegre - Gen. T. De Leon National High School

Printed in the Philippines by:

Department of Education – National Capital Region

Pio Valenzuela Street

Telefax: (02) 292 -32 – 47

The module is divided into seven lessons, namely:

What I need to Know

1. Data is in the form of words, pictures, or objects.

Directions: Write QUANTITATIVE when the sentence is true. If not, write

1. In quantitative research, researchers know in advance what they are looking

1. A study comparing the performance of Grade 12 in Gen. T de Leon National High

2. Surveying what viewers do in Ugong, Valenzuela prefers to watch between GMA

Give at least (2) of your own examples of quantitative research.

STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

What I Have Learned

1. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?

1. Sleep behavior and its relationships to Academic Achievement

3. Effect of student’s global warming awareness on their waste management

4. Ethyl Alcohol from ripe banana peelings

5. Fuel briquettes from dried banana leaves and waste papers

1. Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research?

2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

4. This characteristic of quantitative research refers to its necessity to arrive at more

No. Research Title Research Design

What I need to Know

4. A study on how paramedics work when called to assist in a vehicular accident.

5. A study on the effect of remediation activities on the performance of students in

The Different Disciplines of Quantitative Research

1. How is quantitative research related or important to a different field of

IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS

People do research to find solutions, even tentative ones, to problems, in order

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH & ACCOUNTING, BUSINESS and MANAGEMENT

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and ANTHROPOLOGY

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and SPORTS MEDICINE

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and MEDICAL EDUCATION

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN EDUCATION

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and PSYCHOLOGY

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH & SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, and

1. The primary function of research in business management is to correctly

What I Have Learned

2. A study on thoughts of grade 12 students on difficulties in solving math

4. A study on how paramedics work when called to assist in a vehicular accident.

5. A study on the effect of remediation activities on the performance of students in

7. A study on the experiences of winners in the singing contest.

8. A study on the effect of parental involvement on student’s academic

What I need to Know

2. A study on thoughts of grade 12 students on difficulties in solving math

3. A study on how a baby learns to use eating using utensils.

4. A study on how paramedics work when called to assist in a vehicular accident.

5. A study on the effect of remediation activities on the performance of students in

7. A study on the experiences of winners in the singing contest.

8. A study on the effect of parental involvement on student’s academic

1. A study on the effect on the academic performance of the students

3. A study on senior high school students’ choice of movie types

4. A study on customers’ satisfaction based on the quality of food offered in fast

5. A study on whether the choice of type of footwears differs between genders

1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES – Those that probably cause, influence, or affect

2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that depend on the independent variables; they

TYPES OF VARIABLES (ALLEN, TITSWORTH, HUNT, 2009)