12

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2

Quarter 1
Module 1 (Week 1)

Nature of Inquiry
and Research

Compiler/Contextualizer
Reynaldo V. Moral, PhD
MT-1, Don Sergio Osmeňa Sr. MNHS
 QUARTER 2
MODULE 1- (WEEK 1)
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH

Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of the

concepts learned about inquiry and research.

Performance Standard : The learner shall be able to decide on suitable

quantitative research in different areas of interest.

Competencies : 1. Explain the meaning of research in relation to

inquiry; and
2. Point out the similarities and differences of research and
inquiry.
CS_RS12-1a-c-1

Learning Outcomes : 1. Relate an unfamiliar term with other terms to

discover the meaning of such difficult term; and
2. Speculate about quantitative research.

What I Know
Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. What is meant by a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation to
answer existing future problems of man?
A. biology C. research
B. natural science D. sociology
2. Which characteristic of a researcher wherein man is always doubtful as to the
accuracy of the results?
A. healthy criticism C. intellectual curiosity
B. intellectual honesty D. prudence
3. Which type of research that explains phenomena by collecting numerical data that
are analyzed using mathematically based methods (statistics)?
A. basic research C. qualitative research
 B. mixed research D. quantitative research
4. Which of the following is not the characteristic of quantitative research?
A. It is reliable and objective.
B. It prefers collecting data in a natural setting
C. It tests theories or hypothesis.
D. It uses statistics to generalize finding.
5. What way of behavior when a person is inclined to do quantitative research and
wants to discover truth?
A. a careful way C. an exact manner
B. a personal way D. an indirect way
6. Quantitative research usually happens in the hard sciences. Which does not belong
to the group?
A. biology C. physics
B. chemistry D. psychology
7. What is the best way to solve problem?
A. computation C. research
B. experimentation D. tabulation
8. Why do some students think of quantitative research as complex subject?
Because of its use of:
A. factual data C. numerical data
B. hypotheses D. theories
9. What characteristic of research that starts with a problem and ends with a
problem?
A. analytical C. logical
B. cyclical D. methodical
10. Which quality of a good researcher shows preciseness in conducting his
research?
A. economical C. resourceful
B. efficient D. scientific
11. Which type of information which describes quantitative data?
A. numerical in nature and have the property of measurability
B. possessing the element of quantity
C. the researcher accumulates because of their quantity
D. all of the above
12. When the researcher establishes different treatments and studies their effects, what
type of research should be used?
A. descriptive research C. experimental research
B. educational research D. survey research
13. What type of experimental design in which the control and experimental groups
are given tests at the beginning and at the end of the school year?
A. counter balanced C. pretest-posttest
B. parallel-group D. two-pair group
14. What research design in which the study focuses at the present condition?
A. case study C. experimental
B. descriptive D. historical
15. What type of experimental design which involves one treatment with two or more
levels is
A. parallel group C. two-group
B. single-group D. two-pair group

Lesso Inquiry vs. Research:

n1 A Review
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Relate an unfamiliar term with other terms to discover the meaning of such
difficult term.
2. Define quantitative research accurately.
3. Explain the meaning of research in relation to inquiry.
4. Judge the applicability of inquiry or research to a given situation; and 5.Point
out the similarities and differences of research and inquiry; and appraise the
value of concepts learned about inquiry and research.

What’s In
Vocabulary Improvement
Instructions: Based on your stock knowledge and on the words surrounding the middle
word, define the middle word in each cluster. Construct sentences using
the newly learned words. Write your answer on a piece of paper.
 What’s New

Free Writing

Instructions: What do you recall about these two words: Inquiry and Research? Write the
freely on your answer sheet without worrying about your grammar.

What else do you know about Inquiry and Research? Expand what you know about
them by reading the following text.

What Is It
Nature of Inquiry and Research

Inquiry, a term that is synonymous with the word investigation. When you
inquire, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something. You do this kind of
examination through your HOST or higher order thinking strategies of inferential,
analytical, critical, creative, and appreciative thinking to discover more
understandable or meaningful things beyond such object of your inquiry. Thinking in
this manner makes you ask open-ended questions to elicit views, opinions, and
beliefs or other concepts in relation to your research (Small in Baraceros, 2016).

What is Research?

Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking. Starting

from particular to more complex ideas, you execute varied thinking acts that range
from lower-order to higher-order thinking strategies reflected
by these research activities: identifying the topic or problem, gathering data, making
theories, formulating hypothesis, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
Cognitively driven terms like empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical,
methodical, and replicable are the right descriptive words to characterize research.
These powerful modifiers that your previous research subject, Practical Research 1,
explained to a certain extent are the very same terms to characterize any quantitative
research you intend to carry out this time.

Best & Khan (1989) defined research as the systematic and objective analysis
and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of
generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate
control of events. For example, Moral’s (2019) Theory on Creative Pedagogy in
Research states that “Teachers’ attributes and their creative teaching practices lead to
students’ positive attitudes and research productivity.” Based on systematic review,
the construction of the generated theory underwent an intensive process of carrying
on a scientific method of analysis.

Methods of Research

To be a researcher is to be scientist, who must think logically or

systematically; that is, your research activities must follow a certain order, like doing
inductive thinking that makes you ponder on specific ideas first, then move to more
complex concepts like conclusions or generalizations. Or do the opposite of inductive
thinking which is deductive thinking that lets you start from forming generalizations
to examining details about the subject matter. These are not only the approaches,
though, that you can adhere to in planning your research work. Depending on your
topic and purpose, you are free to choose from several approaches, methods, and
types of research you learned in your previous research subject, Practical Research 1.

Inquiry vis-à-vis Research

Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or

information about people, things, places, or events. You do this by investigating or
asking questions about something you are inquisitive about. Research is analogous to
inquiry, in that, both involve investigation of something through questioning.
However, the meaning of research is more complicated than inquiry because it does
not center mainly on raising questions about the topic, but also on carrying out a
particular order of research stages. Each stage of research process is not an individual
task because the knowledge you obtain through each stage comes not only from
yourself but other people as well. Thus, similar to inquiry, research involves
cooperative learning.

Both inquiry and research encourage you to formulate questions to direct you
to the exact information you want to discover about the object of
 your curiosity. Your questions operate like a scrutiny of a person’s attire to find out
what are hidden between or among the compartments or folded parts of his/her
clothes. Although the core word for both inquiry and research are investigation or
questioning, they are not the same in all aspects. Research includes more complex
acts of investigation than inquiry because the former follows a scientific procedure of
discovering truths or meanings about things in this world (Mujis &Ransome in
Baraceros, 2016).

Based on types of data needed, the kind of data you want to work on reflects
whether you wish to do a quantitative or a qualitative research in general.

Qualitative research requires non-numerical data, which means that the

research uses words rather than numbers to express the results, the inquiry, or
investigation about people’s beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles regarding the object
of the study. These opinionated answers from people are not measurable; so, verbal
language is the right way to express your findings in qualitative research.

Meanwhile, quantitative research involves measurement of data. Thus, it

presents research findings referring to the number or frequency of something in
numerical forms (i.e., using percentages, fractions, and numbers).

What’s More
Enrichment Activity #1
Instructions: Explain your understanding of inquiry and research by answering the
following questions. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. Compare and contrast Inquiry and Research.

2. Which is easier to carry out: Inquiry or Research? Give reasons for your answer?
3. How can a researcher be a scientist?
4. What if you do things randomly in research, what will be the consequence?
5.Should you immediately concern yourself with data analysis prior to
research approach? Why? Why not?

Enrichment Activity #2
Instructions: Prove how inquisitive you are by raising investigative questions about
these topics:

1. COVID 19
2. Email vs. Postal Mail
3.Anti-Terrorism Law
4.Carcinogenic Foods
5.Era of Globalization
 6. Social Networking
7. Social Amelioration Program (SAP)

What I Have Learned

Instructions: Use percentage grade (50% to 100%) to indicate the extent of your learning
about each of the following topics:

1.Differences and similarities between Inquiry and Research

2.Definition of research

3. Nature of Inquiry

4.Nature of research

5.Moral’s Theory

What I Can Do
Instructions: Examine the setup of your family, your school, or any organization you
are a member in. Which aspect of each group do you? want to know
more through inquiry or research? Present your answers to this question in a
tabular form. The first example is done for you. Write
your answer on a sheet of paper.
Example:

Inquiry question: Who broke your pot?

Research question: Why are some graduating senior high school
students not willing to wear togas.

Social Inqui Research

Institutions ry
Family
School
Organization
 Additional Activity
Speculation
Instructions: Recall the hottest issue in town. Prove how inquisitive you are by raising
top-level probing questions about it.

Example: Police authorities investigating a criminal case / suspected law violator.

Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Lesso Characteristics,
n2 Strengths and
Weaknesses of
Quantitative Research

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Familiarize themselves with vocabulary terms to clarify things about

quantitative research.
2. Find out the characteristics of research and the researcher;
3. Define quantitative research accurately;
4. Follow the steps in using quantitative research; and
5. Uncover the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research.

. What’s In
Vocabulary Improvement
Instructions: To acquire substantial knowledge on some topics in this lesson, activate
your schemata about the underlined word in each sentence. Get clues
from its use in the sentence.

1. Demonstrate through a hand gesture the magnitude of the screen that you think
is enough to block the window.
Meaning:

2. In looks, Malaysians are analogous to Filipinos, but in language, they are not.
Meaning:
 3. Please use precise words to explain your point for the listeners’ quick
understanding of your ideas.
Meaning:

4. The plastic bag becomes inflated with much air blown into it; deflated, with
air released from such container.

Meaning:

5. A person experiences moral instability if he does not pattern his life after
Jesus Christ, the way, the truth, and the life.

Meaning:

What’s New

Image Intensifier

Instructions: Choose one from among the situations which for you is easy to justify.
Why?

Set A - Ninety percent (90%) of the examinees passed the college

entrance exams.
Twenty pages of the book contain grammatically incorrect sentences.

Set B - A big number of examinees passed the college entrance exams.

Several pages of the book contain grammatically incorrect sentences.

What do you think? Does your choice between Set A and B align itself to the
content of the following selection or run counter to the text? Read the text to find out
the truth.

What Is It

Characteristics of Research
 According to Calmorin & Calmorin (2007), there are seven characteristics of
research. These are (1) empirical, (2) logical, (3) cyclical, (4) analytical, (5)
critical, (6) methodical, and (7) replicability.
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience observation by
the researcher. The collection of data relies on practical experience
without considering scientific
knowledge or theory.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
Scientific study is done in an orderly manner so that the investigator
has confidence on the results.
3. Cyclical. Research is cyclical process because it starts with a problem and
ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering
data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A higher
level of confidence must be established.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical without bias
using systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated
or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at
valid conclusive results. Similarities and differences of replicated
research can be compared.
Qualities of a Good Researcher
There are 10 qualities of a good researcher. These qualities are (1)
research- oriented, (2) efficient, (3) scientific, (4) effective, (5)
active, (6) resourceful, (7) creative, (8) honest, (9) economical, and
(10) religious. The 10 qualities of a good researcher have the acronym
RESEARCHER. A researcher who possesses these qualities are the kind of
investigator the government needs because he can respond to the
socioeconomic development problems of the country and can compete
globally.
Characteristics of the Researcher
There are five characteristics of a researcher. These are (1) intellectual
curiosity, (2) prudence, (3) healthy criticism, (4) intellectual honesty, and (5)
intellectual creativity.
1. Intellectual curiosity. A researcher undertakes deep thinking and
inquiry of the things, problems, and situations around him.
2. Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his research
study at the right time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and
economically.
3. Healthy criticism. The researcher is always doubtful as to the
truthfulness of the results.
4. Intellectual honesty. An intelligent researcher is honest to
collect or gather data or facts to arrive at honest
results.
5. Intellectual creativity. A productive and resourceful investigator
always creates new research.
Quantitative research, according to Aliaga and Anderson (2000), is
“explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using
mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).” This type of research
utilizes numbers and statistical analysis. It is ideal in studying phenomenon which
must contend with the problems of measurement.
In scientific usage, a phenomenon is any event that is observable, however
common it might be, even if it requires the use of instrumentation to observe, record,
or compile data concerning it. In natural science, it can be questions like, “why is the
sky blue?” or in social sciences it can be, “what is the effect of television viewing to
the academic performance of a child?” (Chico & Matira, 2016).
Standards of Quantitative Research
Here are some standards or criteria in quantitative research (Mujis & Sharp in
Baraceros, 2016).
Standards Quantitative Research

Mental survey of reality Exists in the physical world

Cause-effect relationships Revealed by automatic

descriptions of
circumstances or conditions
Researcher’s involvement with the Objective; least involvement by
object or subject of the study the researcher
 Expression of data, data analysis, Numerals, statistics
and findings
Research plan Plans all research aspects
before collecting data
Behavior toward research Control or manipulation of
aspects/conditions research conditions by the
researcher
Obtaining knowledge Scientific method

Purpose Evaluates objectives and

examines cause-effect
relationships
Data-analysis technique Mathematically based methods

Style of expression Impersonal, scientific. Or

systematic
Sampling technique Random sampling as the
most preferred

Steps in Doing Quantitative Research

The way to undertake research is very simple. There are only three steps that
you will follow. These are (Chico & Matira, 2016):

1) Observing and explaining occurrences. This is where you will apply the four
“W”; Who, What, Where, and Why. The answer for these “W s” can be
presented in the form of a question. It can also be expressed as a
hypothesis.

2) The collection of information in quantitative research is what makes it different

from qualitative research. Quantitative research is focused

specifically on numerical information.

3) Using mathematics to analyze the data collected. This is done with

statistics.

List of the Advantages of Quantitative Research

1. The quantitative approach allows you to reach a higher sample size.
2. You can collect information quickly when using quantitative research.
3. Quantitative research uses randomized samples. 4.Results
duplication is possible when using quantitative
research.
5. Quantitative research can focus on facts or a series of information.
6. The research performed with the quantitative approach is
anonymous.
 7. Quantitative research doesn’t require direct observation to be
useful.

List of the Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

1. This method doesn’t consider the meaning behind social
phenomena.
2. Every answer provided in this research method must stand on its own.
3. Quantitative research sometimes creates unnatural
environments.
4. Some efforts at randomization will not create usable
information.
5. There is no access to specific feedback.
6.Quantitative research studies can be very expensive.
7. Answer validity always creates a cloud of doubt on the final results.
8. Individual characteristics don’t always apply to the general
population.

What’s More
Enrichment Activity #1
Instructions: Answer the following questions based on your knowledge gained from
the discussion. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Define quantitative research.

2. Explain at least two (2) characteristics of a good researcher.
3. Explain at least (2) advantages and disadvantages of
quantitative research.

Enrichment Activity #2
Instructions: Analyze the following research titles. State your reason why you will
use or will not use quantitative types of
research.

Research Title Reas

on
Cultural Diversity, Attitudes, and
Values of Radio Soap Opera
Listeners
A Narrative-Developmental
Approach to Early Emotions
A Sketchbook of Memories
Design and Analysis of the
Student Strengths Index (SSI)
for
 Non-traditional Graduate Student
The Effectiveness of Integrative
Approach in Social Studies
through Contextualization

What I Have Learned

Instructions: Write a short essay about things you learned the most and the least
through the topics dealt with in this lesson. Give your essay an
interesting title. Do it on separate sheet of paper.

What I Can Do
Instructions: Examine the setup of your family, your school, or any organization
you are a member in. Which aspect of each group do you want to
know more through inquiry or research?
Present your answers to this question in a tabular form.

Social Institutions Inqui Research

ry
Family

School

Organization

Additional Activity
Instructions: Formulate a quantitative research question about the following topics:

a. Gender (male and female)

b. Learning Styles (visual, audio, kinesthetic, etc.)
c. Communication media (TV, newspaper, cellphones, email, Facebook)
d. Public order and safety (labor strikes, drug addiction, crime, robbery, etc.)
e. Home quarantine (Enhanced Community Quarantine,
f. Modified Enhanced Community Quarantine, General
Community Quarantine)
Lesson Experimental Research
3
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Increase your vocabulary by giving the meanings, characteristics,

and examples of terms used to explain some concepts about
experimental research.
2. Obtain a thorough understanding of experimental research.
3.Justify the link between scientific thinking and
experimental thinking; and

What’s In
Instructions: Using your experience or background knowledge about the given
words that were used in the reading selection for this lesson, know
the meaning of such words situated in the middle of the Frayer Model
Map. Explain your understanding of the word by writing some details
about it in each quadrant of the map. Be guided also by the clues in
the sentences below each graph. The first one serves as an example.

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

 What’s New
Image Intensifier

Instructions: Name some famous and great inventions you have

known since birth. What makes you say they are great? How do you
think did the inventors come to discover the value or greatness of
their creations?
Could the following selection give you the answer to your questions about the
inventors? Read the text to discover answers to your questions.

What Is It
Definition of Experimental Research Design

Experimental design is a quantitative research that treats or deals with the

object or subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and determines the
extent of the effects or influence of the treatment of the object/subject, then discovers
the causes of such effects. The term “experiment” requires manipulation of variables
to observe effects or results (Baraceros 2016; Vizcarra 2003).

This design describes what will be. It means that a researcher has to
determine the effects of variables being manipulated together with the main
objectives of the study. The main objectives of the study are the dependent variables
or the output of the study. The factors that influence dependent variables are the
independent variables.

In conducting an experimental research, first, give a pre-test to examine the

initial condition of both groups in relation to the variable, condition or factor; second,
apply to the control group a new condition; and third, give the latter group a post-
test to determine the effects or influence or condition applied on them.

The validity and reliability of the output are dependent on the types of
experimental design used by the researcher. There are two types of experimental
designs: the Weak Experimental comprising:1) one-shot case study, 2) one-group
pretest and post-test, and 3) static group pre-test-post- test design. True
Experimental designs are more complex and rigid because
they attempt to include or treat other factors that might influence dependent
variables. It uses random selection in determining who among the participants
should compose the experimental group or the control group The commonly used
designs are classified into1) randomized post-test only,
2) randomized pre-test post-test control group, and 3) randomized Solomon four-
group.

Quasi-Experimental Designs include: 1) Time-series experimental design,)

matching- only design, and 3) counter balanced design. No randomization is done
among the designs; instead, the employment of several techniques is the bases for
controlling possible treats. These designs adopt a comparative technique in choosing
the subjects.

In which field of knowledge does true experimental research usually take

place? People in hard sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy, and the like)
love to do this kind of research; those in soft sciences (Psychology, Sociology,
Humanities, Literature, and other subjects falling under Social Sciences) usually do
quasi-experimental research.

What’s More

Enrichment Activity #1
Instructions: Explain your understanding about the text by answering the following
questions on the given lines.
1. Compare and contrast the basic types of experimental research.
2.What is the primary factor in determining whether a research is true
experimental or quasi experimental.
3. What are the implications of declaring what is true by means of a quasi-
experimental research?
4. Which is better between the two types of experimental research?
Justify your choice.
5. Do you know somebody who has already done an experimental
research? Describe this person including how he/she carried out his/her
research work.

Enrichment Activity #2
Instructions: Using the Venn diagram, present the major and minor classifications
of experimental research. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.
 What I Have Learned
Instructions: Make a written outline of all the ideas you have discovered from the
reading selection of this lesson. Rank them in order on the lines
provided. See to it that the topics you have learned the most are in the
higher rank, and those you have learned the least, are in the lower
rank.

3rd Rank
2nd Rank
1st Rank

What I Can Do
Instructions: Show trough a PowerPoint presentation a flow chart showing the
sequential occurrence of the research stages in each type of quasi-
experimental research. For those without computer, use a separate
sheet of bond paper.

Additional Activity
Instructions: Present graphically the major and minor classifications of
experimental research on a sheet of paper.
Lesson Non-Experimental
4 Research

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to:

1. Increase their vocabulary in English;

2. Familiarize with the nature of non-experimental research.
3. Trace the development of survey research; and
4. Present a good plan of survey research.

What’s In
Instructions: Give the meaning of the underlined word in each sentence. Be
guided by the context clues. Use the underlined words in a
meaningful sentence. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. How could light be diffused all over the place, if it was placed
between two posts?
2. Give me a concrete evidence of its veracity to make me say yes to your
offer right away.
3. A greedy man ends to manipulate things for his own benefit.
4. Being a versatile actor, he can give an excellent portrayal
of various character roles.

5. Try to understand the poem in conjunction with the picture near its title.

What’s New
Instructions: Accomplish the following KWL Chart to form mental pictures about
the reading material titled, non-Experi- mental Research that you
are about to read a few minutes from now. Write your answer on
a sheet
of paper.
 What I learned
What I already know What I want to know this after reading the
text)

What Is It
WHAT IS NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH?

Non-experimental research is a research that lacks the manipu-

manipulation of an independent variable. Rather than manipulating an
independent variable, researchers conducting non-experimental research simply
measure variables as they naturally occur (in the
lab or real world).

Most researchers in psychology consider the distinction between

experimental and non-experimental research to be an extremely important one. This
is because although experimental research can provide strong evidence that changes
in an independent variable cause differences in a dependent variable, non-
experimental research generally cannot. As we will see, however, this inability to
make causal conclusions does not mean that non-experimental research is less
important than experimental research.

What is Descriptive Research?

Descriptive research is a type of research that describes a population,

situation, or phenomenon that is being studied. It focuses on answering the how,
what, when, and where questions in a research problem, rather than the why.

What Are the Types of Descriptive Research?

Descriptive research is classified into different types according to the kind

of approach that is used in conducting descriptive research. The different types of
descriptive research are highlighted below:
 Descriptive-survey research uses surveys to gather data about varying subjects.
This data aims to know the extent to which different conditions can be obtained
among these subjects.

For example, a researcher wants to determine the qualifications of employed

professionals in Maryland. He uses a survey as his research instrument, and each
item on the survey related to qualifications is subjected to a Yes/No answer.

Descriptive-normative survey is an extension of the descriptive- survey, with

the addition being the normative element. In the descriptive-normative survey, the
results of the study should be compared with the norm.

For example, an organization that wishes to test the skills of its employees by a
team may have them take a skills test. The skills tests are the evaluation tool
in this case, and the result of this test is compared with the norm of each role.

Descriptive status is a quantitative description technique that seeks to

answer questions about real-life situations.

For example: a researcher researching on the income of the employees in a

company and the relationship with their performance.

Descriptive-analysis method of research describes a subject by further

analyzing it, which in this case involves dividing it into 2 parts.

For example, the HR personnel of a company that wishes to analyze the job
role of each employee of the company may divide the employees into the people that
work at the Headquarters in the US and those that work from Oslo, Norway office.
A questionnaire is devised to analyze the job role of employees with similar salaries
and work in similar positions.

Descriptive classification. This method is employed in biological sciences for

the classification of plants and animals.

For example, a researcher who wishes to classify the sea animals into different
species will collect samples from various search stations, and then classify them
accordingly.
Descriptive comparative. The researcher considers 2 variables which are not
manipulated and establish a formal procedure to conclude that one is better than the
other.

For example, an examination body wants to determine the better method of

conducting tests between paper-based and computer-based tests.
WHEN TO USE NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH?

There are many times in which non-experimental research is preferred,

including when:

1. The research question or hypothesis relates to a single variable rather than a

statistical relationship between two variables (Example: How accurate are
people’s first impressions?).

2. The research question pertains to a non-causal statistical relationship

between variables (Example: Is there a correlation between
verbalintelligence and mathematical intelligence?).

3. The research question is about a causal relationship, but the independent

variable cannot be manipulated, or participants cannot be randomly assigned
to conditions or orders of conditions for practical or ethical reasons (Example:
does damage to a person’s hippocampus impair the formation of long-
term memory traces?).

4. The research question is broad and exploratory, or is about what it is like

to have a particular experience (Example: what is it like to be a working
mother diagnosed with depression?).

TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Non-experimental research falls into three broad categories: cross-sectional

research, correlational research, and observational research.

First, cross-sectional research involves comparing two or more pre-existing

groups of people. What makes this approach non- experimental is that there is no
manipulation of an independent variable and no random assignment of participants
to groups. Cross- sectional designs are commonly used by developmental
psychologists who study aging and by researchers interested in sex differences.

Second, Correlational research is considered non-experimental because it

focuses on the statistical relationship between two variables but does not include the
manipulation of an independent variable. More specifically, the researcher
measures two continuous variables with little or no attempt to control extraneous
variables and then assesses the relationship between them.

Third, Observational research is non-experimental because it focuses on

making observations of behavior in a natural or laboratory setting without
manipulating anything.
 What’s More

Enrichment Activity #1

Instructions: For each of the following studies, decide which type of research design it is and
explain why. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A researcher conducts detailed interviews with unmarried teenage fathers to

learn about how they feel and what they think about their role as fathers and
summarizes their feelings in a written narrative.
2. A researcher measures the impulsivity of a large sample of drivers and looks at
the statistical relationship between this variable and the number of traffic
tickets the drivers have received.
3. A researcher randomly assigns patients with low back pain either to a treatment
involving hypnosis or to a treatment involving exercise. She then measures their
level of low back pain after 3 months.
4. A college instructor gives weekly quizzes to students in one section of his
course but no weekly quizzes to students in another section to see whether this
influences their test performance.

Enrichment Activity #2

Sample Survey
Instructions: Put an X over the number that best corresponds to your answer
based on the degrees of your agreement. Write your answer on a sheet of
paper.

Strongl Moderately Neither Moderatel Strongl

Sample Question Agree
y Agree y y
nor
Agre Disagree Disagre
Disagree
e e
I like I like to read
newspapers like Sun
Star or Freeman. 5 4 3 2 1

I spent 2 hours every

day reading books. 5 4 3 2 1

I love I love to visit

libraries. 5 4 3 2 1

My favorite place in
school is the library. 5 4 3 2 1

I have a collection of
books at home. 5 4 3 2 1
 What I Have Learned
Instructions: Based on the extent of your understanding of non- experimental research, rank
the following from 1 to10, with 1 being the most learned and 10, not learned well. Write
your answer on a sheet of paper.

Meaning of non-experimental research

Relation between non-experimental research and quasi
experimental
Meaning of quasi-experimental research
Ethics in social research
Pluses and minuses of survey research
Survey research design
Purposes of survey research
Characteristics of non-experimental research
Data-gathering techniques of a sociology researcher
Nature of survey research

What I can Do

Instructions: Prepare a short survey form that you will send via email or messenger to the
households/ senior high school students. It can be a topic about home quarantine or
blended learning. Write your introductory letter instruction in answering the survey
on a separate sheet of paper and then questions that you would like to ask about the
respondents. Limit your questions to only five items.

Template for Transmittal Letter

Address:

Greetings/Salutation: Body:

Complimentary Close:

Signature:
 Sample Survey Form
Name (Optional):

M Neith St
M
Samp Strongly Moderate er Strongl
le Agree ly Agree Moderatel yD
Questi Agree y Disagree Disagre
nor
on Disagre e
e

5 4 3 2 1
1
5 4 3 2
1
5 4 3 2
1
5 4 3 2
1
5 4 3 2

Assessment

Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your final answer on a
separate sheet of paper

1. Which of the concept does not belong to the group as a characteristic of research?
A. critical B. logical C. theoretical D. replicability

2. What type of research that describes events, persons, and so on without the use of
numerical data?
A. quantitative research C. qualitative research
B. theoretical research D. hypothetical research

3. What is the type of analysis on the construction of the generated theory and underwent
an intensive process of carrying on a scientific method?
A. breakdown review C. systematic review
B. marathon review D. extensive review

4. What does it involves if the researcher’s attitudes, traits, and beliefs affect the
production of research?
A. process B. plan C. goal D. result

5. Which characteristic of research that starts with a problem and ends with a problem?
A. logical B. analytical C. methodical D. cyclical

6. Research should follow an orderly and sequential procedure. What is

meant by this characteristic?
A. research should be empirical C. research should be analytical
B. research should be systematic D. research should be objective
7. What makes a quantitative research different from a qualitative one?
A. It uses statistics in the treatment of data
B. it establishes facts and make predictions
C. it uses deductive method analysis
D. it is sometimes personally engaged

8. Which of the following statement does not show as an advantage in quantitative

research?
A. It does not consider the meaning behind social phenomena
B. Quantitative research uses randomized samples
C. Results duplication is possible when using quantitative research
D. You can collect information quickly

9. Which of the following manner shows correct findings in quantitative research?

A. Majority preferred to study with online learning during the pandemic
B. perhaps, 60% consider module unnecessary in their studies
C. Out of 100 senior high school students, 85 find modules beneficial to their
studies
D. Students find modules indispensable or necessary

10. In which field of knowledge does a true experimental research usually takes place?
A. hard sciences C. purposive sciences
B. literal sciences D. purposive sciences

11. Which is an example of quasi-experimental design?

A. correlational C. randomized pre-test and post-test
B. matching only D. One group pre-test and post-test

12. What are the two general types of experimental designs?

A. hard and soft experimental designs
B. weak and true experimental designs
C. hard and weak experimental designs
D. specific and general experimental designs

13. What is the type of research when a researcher wishes to classify the sea animals into
different species and collect samples from various search stations?
A. descriptive classification C. descriptive normative
B. descriptive comparative D. descriptive qualitative

14. The researcher wishes to determine the magnitude of association between Social
Studies and English grades of his students. What is the best research design to be used?
A. correlational B. historical C. experimental D.quasi-experimental

15. In a quasi- experimental design, how are participants assigned to groups?

A. An allied chooses which group the participants will belong to
B. Participants are randomly assigned
C. Participants are not randomly assigned
D. Participants decide which experimental group to take part in
Answer Keys
 References

Books

Aquino, G.V. (1992). Fundamentals of Research. Mandaluyong City: National

Book Store.

Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2 (First Edition). Quezon City:

Rex Bookstore.

Calmorin, L.P. &Calmorin, M.A. (2007). Research Methods and

Thesis Writing(Second Edition). Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

st
Chico, A.M. &Matira, M.D. (2016). Practical Research for the 21
Century Learners (Quantitative Research), Sampaloc, Manila: St.
Augustine
Publications, Inc.

Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High
School 2. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

Vizcarra, F.O. (2003). Introduction to Educational Research.

Quezon City: Great Books Trading

Moral, R.V. (2019). Moral’s Theory on Creative Pedagogy in Research. PhD diss.,
CNU Cebu City. Vizcarra, F.O. (2003). Introduction to Educational
Research. Quezon City: Great Books Trading.

Internet Sources

https://greengarageblog.org/15-advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-quantitative- research

https://csus.libguides.com/res-meth/quant- res

https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/05/06/offi cial-

statement-2/

https://opentext.wsu.edu/carriecuttler/chapter/overview-of- non-
experimental- research/

https://www.formpl.us/blog/descriptive-research
 https://greengarageblog.org/15-advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-quantitative- research

https://csus.libguides.com/res-meth/quant-res

https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/05/06/official-statement-2/

References

Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2 (First Edition). Quezon City: Rex
Bookstore.

Calmorin, L.P. & Calmorin, M.A. (2007). Research Methods and Thesis Writing (Second
Edition. Manila: Rex Book Store.

Chico, A.M. & Matira, M.D. (2016). Practical Research for the 21st Century Learners
(Quantitative Research). Sampaloc, Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc.

Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2.
Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

Moral, R.V. (2012). Cultural Diversity, Attitudes, and Values of Radio Soap Opera
Listeners. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Cebu Normal University.

Vizcarra, F.O. (2003). Introduction to Educational Research. Quezon City: Great Books
Trading.

https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+quantitative+research+designs&rlz=1
C1CHBF_enPH913PH914&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8mY66ob
ntAhVRyYsBHYWZA-
sQ_AUoAXoECBIQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=ZKvkKIBvkIqRZM

Note: Pls. check on this website with the sample below and insert with the
references aboved in alphabetical order.Use tinyurl and pls. refer to the
guide.

Khan Academy (n.d).Interpreting slope and y-intercept for linear models, Retrieved
September 4,2020, from https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-statistics/
bivariate-data-ap/least-squares-regression/e/interpreting-slope-and-y- intercept-of-
lines-of-best-fit