Linear Algebra

Lecture 2a
Sections 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5

15 February 2022
Jeroen Zuiddam
Students group 1
• Mateo Abrahami de Melverda
• Luuk Boekestein
• Chloë Constantin
• Micol Cresto-Dina
• Omar Disselkoen
• Dermot Edmondson
• Emre Erciyes
• Manó Erdődi
• Dongli Fan
• Jago Hanuszewicz
• Sapna Hassan
• Diederik Hilberts
• Ananya Jain
• Joep Kapma
• Hazal Karaağaç
• Alexander Karam
• Mimi Kobayashi (maybe online)
• Sophie Langedijk
• Thibault Lim (online)
• Zoé Lucas
• Robert McFarlane
• Aleksandra Zidarova
• Marion Kieffer
• Boya Shi
(24 students)
Today
1. System of linear equations (1.1)
2. Row reduction, reduced echelon form (1.2) revision
3. Vector equations (1.3)
4. The matrix equation Ax = b (1.4)
5. Parametric vector form (1.5)

Assignment 1: to be handed in this Friday Feb 18, 23:59

1 .

System of linear
equations

{ ( b) F)
4
✗ it
2×2+3×3 =
I 2 3 4

4×1+5×2 +6×3=7 ng u 5

6kt
-7×2+8×3=9 6 7 P g

Fact : either 0
,
i or
infinitely many solution
 2. Row Reduction , reduced echelon form Example 1

t.i.it.li#:::i 3)
4
( :
56 7 o l 2
% echelon
form

( : : :| :-) :¥ 1 : : :| :3)
reduced echelon
-3 -6 g o ① 2
o
*
-

p p

( : i :/ 3) d-
l 2 3 4

i
a- -

at
✗ 2=31-2 t
0 = 0

for t ER .
Example 2

% :| : 1 :p: :
0 O l
.
.

( ? ;) ) ( )
l I 4 I 0 0

°
-1 o i 0 reduced echelon form
, 0 O l

1 : : : .li
l I 4

f) g+ )^
"

(g
1 I 4

' -
echelon form
,
o
 FI

( {
l

3)
I o o 2 2
.
✗I =

101
O l 0 ! ×, = 3 unique .

l
o o l 4 ✗
3 = 4
,

EI

( {
I

4)
I 0 0 2 2
✗I =
.

'

l '
3 no Tol
O O
Xz = 3

o o
of 0 = 4
(inconsistent )

{
EI
(
! -2

)
' 0 -1
.

✗i ✗
3=-2
infinitely
-

o 1 2 13
✗2
I -2×3=3
many
sots .

0 °
0 0
,
0 = 0
 Vector
3.
equations
Éiie ×, +
* II. D= KID
I
Solve 1in with matrix
.

system augur
.

k¥ :
Ci 's :) d- i

9
( !u )
'

o , .in

( a) I
1 I
- i
o i -

( {
✗ i =3
?z )
' °
→
• , ✗ 2=-2
E- ✗ ik ) + ✗
4) txt :) =/-3 )

¥
2 I 2 3

"
2 I 2 3

-2.20-2+1
2 I 2 3 ↳

::::
::÷¥
O l -
2 I
reduced echelon

10
form

(01-2/1)
2 I * =

✗ 2=1+2
1- at
t
?⃝
Except ×, + ✗a
=/ ¥ )

:# ¥
ii
I 1 3
12 5

004

inconsistent

1¥ )¢spanf:) }
redtube.ir has if if
only
Xiv, + . - -
+ ✗
gree = W a solution and

WE span { Vi ,
-
, V6 } .

>

I can 2 vectors in IR span all of R ?

this would mean that ✗ i
(E) + ✗
a
( def ) =

(§) has a

solution for g. hi
every

1:11 :) . .
. .

1%1 :) [ this can be nonzero

for some i .
co-ndusro.in ✗ in + ✗ are W has solution for W
every
+ a
--
=
.

iff the red .

echelon form of (vi. . -

V4 ) has no zero row .

"

CI .
if men
,
then m vectors can never
span R

V1 . . -

Vm W

| I
"
"

eoeff .

the
system
is overdetermined
 /

the A- ✗ =b
u .
matrix
equation .

Def .
matrix vector

)
bxztcxz
f) ( ¥;) (
b +

(
c ax ,
a

d e dx , + exztfxz

=
×,
(d) (e)
+ ✗ 1- ✗
3 (f) .

a) =/ d)
31-2.4
EI
( f E) (4) =/
1- "

o .
> + a.

HIV ;)
①
defined
#
• not

note n m

=/ +3+14=4;)
"

4%3 )
.
' +

2+6
Matrixasoperahon .

you can think about a matrix A as an

operation / function

that takes a vector as

input and outputs a new vector :

A : v - Ar
q in a

nxm matrix RM Rn
 matrix-vectorequatior.lt

""
1
Given

• math ✗ A
I 1 I

•
vector b

A
oi
Solve ✗ = W

E± .
A- =/ 113 ) b- -
(3) I

ol -2
03 Xi
✗2=-2
= 3

Solve A- ✗ = b
co¥n : A- ✗ = b has

(3)
.

( I 's )( %) =
the same solution set as

with matrix
the system augur
.

(Alb )
Notation ,
The column space of a matrix A =
( ai az . - -

aq
)
is Col (A) =
span Lai ,
-

,
ale } .

Note Ax -
- b has a solution
.

⇐ Xia , + . . .
+ ✗ qaq = b has a solution

←→ be span Jai ,
-

,aéf= Col / A)

① 1) (E) =/ ¥ )
:
" 3
E. solve

÷
125
004 no solution
E. some
/ g) (E)
"
=
" 3
"

÷
11 3

11 3

000

Xi = I
0 I 2
✗ 2=2
.
5. Parametric vector form
to represent infinite solution set of vector
equation

( / f) 1203

:*
txanpll .
A = I 39 "
*
1203

c. : :Y¥;)
some
-

to ) E free var

✗ it at =3 A = 3 -2£

✗2 = t →
✗a = t
✗ 3=5
✗ 3=5

Solution set in
parametric vector torn =

{ (E) tf! ) + : TER

} .