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DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Linear Equations
There are 3 characteristics of LDE:
1. Dependent variable and all its derivatives are of the first degree.
2. No product of the dependent variable and/or any of its derivatives are present.
3. No non-linear functions of the dependent variable or its derivatives occur.
I
(If g(x) = 0, then LDE is homogeneous, if g(x) ≠ 0 then LDE is nonhomogeneous)
4
2
+
+ 2
dy
*
*
⑳ 𝜇(𝑥)
Step 4: Multiply both sides with the integrating factor (IF): + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) .
Step 5: Conclude the left-hand side to be the derivative of the integrating factor (IF) and the
dependent variable y.
𝑑
𝜇 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝜇 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
S1 :
Standard
form
o -4 o o
0
4 f(x) =
P(M)
= -
S2 :
die ↳I
S-4
-
die
SPCU) e
=
e =
If e
S3 :
""
(0)
e-4 (n 44)
* -
:
side :
34 : multiply both
+" =
55 :
A (e- y)
an
30
Getry)
=
36 :
C
4xy
-
=
C
=
S7 : & -
e-Pu
4I
ce
y
=
Example 3: Solve xy’ - 6y = x6ex
22"
Ky'-by
=
S1 :
x
6
- =
-
n
f(x) :
0
PCM) -G inx
:
1
.
:
S2 Ginx = x =
- n6
-
e
nax
=
26 = e
If edPChlar =
gui er]
33 : :
-
G ·
x
- 9
(y
-
y] =.
84
x e
:
[y' y]
=
° -
ex
[x 9 =
S5
-
:
bypartsa
s
z
Integration
[ny) Se
-
=
: x
36 :
S
x- y
=
Jen or d
x3 >e
+
y
Ih
Je
f(x) =
② PCM) = 24 ,
eSzar
e
eSPCal an
:
③ If =
ex" (5e ) -
"
④ e
"(y +
2xy) =
=
5
⑤(ex y
= 5
9e
⑥ St [en"
y ydn
:
+ C
en2 y
= 5x
+ C
5x
= -
y ex
⑰
-
e
c =
-
3
Example 5: Feb 2023
![x Si
- di
① (n" + 2y)dx - udy = 0
⑨ y] :
dy
2y) di x
x
(x"
=
+ C
2y
+
-
=
x
My 2
x" 2y
=
+
die
u2
x3
it +C
=
-
- E
=
-
x ck'
e flas:- y +
④ Paul
=
= I
crit
2
x= 1 y
: -
I
,
x [xy 4
[ zy)
- 2 =
Cl +
-
④ x
= x
-
2
=
2
x
n2x y) =
⑤ C
--
Exercise:
Find the general solution of the given differential equation
b)
Ans: 𝑖 = + 𝑖 − 𝑒 /