Lab Report 1 ENS53

EXERCISE NO.
THE CLIMATIC FACTORS IN THE ECOSYSTEM
COURSE TITLE: ENS 53 (TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY)
LAB PROFESSOR: JOSE HERMIS P. PATRICIO, PhD
DATE PERFORMED: AUGUST 19-24, 2019
DATE SUBMITTED: AUGUST 27, 2019
GROUP NO: 3
NAME OF STUDENT: DAGALA, VANICHIE YAFFA
MEMBERS:
CABALUNA, MELLANIE
DAUMAR, MARINELA
DELA CRUZ, KESCUIA PEARL
MALERIADO, ALYANNA
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ABSTRACT
The climatic factors at an open grassland and forested area located near the
College of Nursing was examined using various devices such as laboratory
thermometer, ruler, and rain gauge. Various climatic factors such as temperature,
precipitation, and evaporation were noted from the 19th until the 26th of August. The
objectives of this lab were to learn about the various climatological factors, and to
observe the possible relationships that exist among such factors. In conclusion,
weather and climate variability have various significant parameters such as rain,
temperature, wind and humidity that inflict impact on the abiotic and biotic nature on
earth. These parameters have effect on the occurrence, abundance, seasonality and
behavior of living organisms as well as quality of air, water and soil. It is also
observed that the volume of rain that falls in a heavy shower depends on the amount
of water vapor in the atmosphere. At higher temperatures the atmosphere may
contain more water vapor, thus increasing the chance of heavy showers.
INTRODUCTION
According to A. N. Strahler and A. H. Strahler (1976), 'the total assemblage of

components interacting with group of organisms is known as ecological system or
more simply, an ecosystem. Ecosystems have inputs of matter and energy, used to
build biological structure, to produce and to maintain necessary internal energy
levels. Matter and energy are also exported from an ecosystem. An ecosystem tends
to achieve a balance of the various processes and activities within it'. The term
Ecosystem deals with the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components within the
environment along with the factors interacting each other. An ecosystem can be as
large as an ocean or as small as a local pond. Ecosystems provide people with food,
goods, medicines, and many other products. They also play a vital role in nutrient
cycling, water purification, and climate moderation. All weather and climatic
parameters affect the ecosystem elements in various ways. In turn, biotic elements
influence the development of microclimate in an ecosystem.
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Weather and Climate have profound effects on ecosystems and the habitats
that support life on earth. The variation of temperature, humidity and precipitation the
quality of water, soil forming process directly will influence the floral growth and
faunal composition. Even though smaller changes are taking place in weather
conditions a fairly high impact may be observed on natural resources.
To observe the above concept, an experiment was conducted with the

following objectives: (1) identify the various climatological factors, and (2) to observe
the possible relationships that exist among such factors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
I. Materials
The materials used in the experiment were as follows: laboratory

thermometer, rain gauge, ruler, marking pen, masking tapes, data notebook, and four
buckets.
II. Procedures
Two types of environment were chosen for the experiment, one is an open
grassland while the other is a forested area. Two buckets were placed in each area.
The buckets were labeled Bucket A and Bucket B. Bucket A was used for measuring
precipitation while Bucket B was used for measuring the evaporation. In each of the
study area, aerial temperature was measured in five random points using the
laboratory thermometer in degrees Celsius.
The precipitation was measured using a rain gauge. After 24 hours of

exposing the buckets in the study areas, the amount of precipitation was collected
then transferred in the rain gauge to be measured per day. For the evaporation, 4
liters of water was placed in the bucket and was left at the study area. After 24-hour
duration, the volume of water left in the buckets were measured per day.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The table below contains the measurements that were recorded during the
observation of the experiment. The temperature, precipitation rate, and evaporation
4
were listed. The temperature was measured using degrees Celsius while the
precipitation rate and evaporation were measured using millimeters.
Table 1. Measurements of the various climatological factors
STUDY TEMPERATURE, PRECIPITATION RATE, EVAPORATION,

SITE ˚C mm/day mm/day
OPEN
31˚C 110 mm/day 8 mm/day
FIELD
Mean 31.6˚C 27.4 mm 12.2 mm
FOREST
AREA
Mean 28.4˚C 18.6 mm 5 mm
For five consecutive days the temperature, precipitation rate, and evaporation
were measured and recorded. Precipitation is the amount of water that falls down
from clouds. In this study the precipitation measured by measurement stations is
considered. The origin of precipitation is water vapor condensing around particles in
the atmosphere. If these droplets grow and reach a critical size they will fall down
due to gravitational force acting on its mass. The condensation rate is strongly
dependent on temperature changes. Since warm air can contain more water vapor
than cold air, condensation can be triggered by cooling a parcel of air
From the measurements that was recorded it was observed that the volume of
rain that falls in a heavy shower depends on the amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere. At higher temperatures the atmosphere may contain more water vapor,
thus increasing the chance of heavy showers. The properties of a rain shower are
strongly dependent on the time scale being studied, from five minutes to several
5
hours or days, for instance. Christopher Moseley and Jan O. Haerter, Berg has
studied the behaviour of different types of rain shower at varying temperatures, a
process described in the latest issue of Nature Geoscience (Berg et. al., 2013).They
conclude that convective precipitation (as in summer thunderstorms) intensified far
more quickly at elevated temperatures, especially temperatures around 12 to
20°C. When they studied connected periods of steady rain, they found that the heavy
convective showers become more intensive, and also that they maintain this high
intensity for their entire duration. Rain from more widespread precipitation areas did
not show any obvious structure at altered temperatures. Heavy rain has far-reaching
consequences for nature and society alike. Heavy rain showers also present a
greater threat at higher temperatures, as they maintain their high intensity over a
more prolonged period.
CONCLUSION
The purpose of this lab were to learn about the various climatological factors,
and to observe the possible relationships that exist among such factors. Weather
and Climate variability have various significant parameters such as Rain,
Temperature, Wind and Humidity that inflict impact on the abiotic and biotic nature on
earth. These parameters have effect on the occurrence, abundance, seasonality and
behavior of living organisms as well as quality of air, water and soil.
Temperature is a factor that influences species distribution because

organisms must either maintain a specific internal temperature or inhabit an
environment that will keep the body within a temperature range that supports their
metabolism. Light intensity influences the manufacture of plant food, stem length,
leaf color and flowering. Plants, animals, insects and microbes are adapted to small
changes in climate. However, climatic conditions vary widely over the earth.
Organisms adapted to low temperature would not do well in a desert or tropical
climate.
The two most important climatic factors for ecosystems are sunlight and
water. Sunlight is necessary for plants to grow, and to provide energy to warm the
earth's atmosphere. Light intensity controls plant growth. Light duration affects plant
flowering and animal/insect habits. All living organisms require some amount of
water. The abiotic factors regulate the presence or survival of the particular species
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in that particular environment though biotic factors dependency on abiotic factors is

for food, protection, shelter, or reproduction. Climatographs are used to illustrate the
average temperature and rainfall experienced at a particular place over the course of
a year. The graphs consist of a red line graph showing average monthly
temperature, and a simple column graph showing average monthly rainfall figures.
Rainfall is, by tradition, shown in blue.
LITERATURE CITED
Chapin, F. Stuart; Pamela A. Matson; Harold A. Mooney (2002). Principles of

Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95443-1.
Chapin, F. Stuart; Pamela A. Matson; Peter M. Vitousek (2011). Principles of

Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology (Second ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-
9503-2.
Krebs, Charles J. (2009). Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and

Abundance (Sixth ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-321-
50743-3.
https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10-lifesciences/biosphere-to-
ecosystems/08-biosphere-to-ecosystems-05
https://peda.net/kenya/css/subjects/biology/form-three/ecology2/foe
https://web.extension.illinois.edu/ecosystems/teacherguide1.cfm
http://www.shareyouressays.com/essays/the-role-of-temperature-as-an-ecology-
factor-essay/121302
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EXERCISE NO.

THE CLIMATIC FACTORS IN THE ECOSYSTEM

COURSE TITLE: ENS 53 (TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY)

LAB PROFESSOR: JOSE HERMIS P. PATRICIO, PhD

DATE PERFORMED: AUGUST 19-24, 2019

DATE SUBMITTED: AUGUST 27, 2019

NAME OF STUDENT: DAGALA, VANICHIE YAFFA

DELA CRUZ, KESCUIA PEARL

According to A. N. Strahler and A. H. Strahler (1976), 'the total assemblage of

To observe the above concept, an experiment was conducted with the

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The materials used in the experiment were as follows: laboratory

The precipitation was measured using a rain gauge. After 24 hours of

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Measurements of the various climatological factors

STUDY TEMPERATURE, PRECIPITATION RATE, EVAPORATION,

Temperature is a factor that influences species distribution because

in that particular environment though biotic factors dependency on abiotic factors is

Chapin, F. Stuart; Pamela A. Matson; Harold A. Mooney (2002). Principles of

Chapin, F. Stuart; Pamela A. Matson; Peter M. Vitousek (2011). Principles of

Krebs, Charles J. (2009). Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and

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